Terry Oroszi, EdD Boonshoft School of Medicine, WSU Intelligence Analysis Career Training Program, WSARC The Dayton Think Tank, Dayton, OH Briefing: This research identifies the attributes of an American terrorist by studying the patterns within 34 demographic variables and exploring their correlation with the motivation to commit crimes related to . We believe that such an understanding will help to halt the recruitment of American citizens by instructing concerned parents, coaches, teachers, and family members how to quickly identify a person that is susceptible to radicalization and how to intervene. Studies conducted 20 years ago have identified some markers by examining international terrorists: single, male, early 20’s, university education, and from an affluent middle or upper-class family (Russell, 1977; Jenkins, 1980, Dingley, 1997). This study confirms the previous findings and expands upon them by examining 519 U.S. citizens convicted of crimes related to terrorism. Additional characteristics scrutinized include the location of residence, crime and imprisonment, religion, organizational alliances, race, heritage and path to citizenship, field of study and occupation, social status, military experience, mental health, marriage and family, conviction, punishment, and target. We endeavor to continue identifying the common traits of terrorists and the social circumstances that render a person susceptible to radicalization and prime them to commit acts of terrorism. By creating a well-sourced and researched list of behaviors we offer methods for community-based curbing of radicalization. Briefing: This research identifies the attributes of an American terrorist by studying the patterns within 34 demographic variables and exploring their correlation with the motivation to commit crimes related to terrorism. We believe that such an understanding will help to halt the recruitment of American citizens by instructing concerned parents, coaches, teachers, and family members how to quickly identify a person that is susceptible to radicalization and how to intervene. Studies conducted 20 years ago have identified some markers by examining international terrorists: single, male, early 20’s, university education, and from an affluent middle or upper-class family. This study confirms the previous findings and expands upon them by examining 519 U.S. citizens convicted of crimes related to terrorism. Additional characteristics scrutinized include the location of residence, crime and imprisonment, religion, organizational alliances, race, heritage and path to citizenship, field of study and occupation, social status, military experience, mental health, marriage and family, conviction, punishment, and target. We endeavor to continue identifying the common traits of terrorists and the social circumstances that render a person susceptible to radicalization and prime them to commit acts of terrorism. By creating a well-sourced and researched list of behaviors we offer methods for community-based curbing of radicalization. Learning Objectives

• Speak with confidence on several aspects of terrorism Improved in the . Communication • Educate others on the true aspects of terrorism and terrorists, based on real data/statistics.

• Recognize and appropriately respond to potential threats related to terrorism, including the subtle Enhanced signs. Response • Summarize and apply the fundamentals of terrorism to other aspects of violent behaviors.

• Recommend a strategy based on your interpretation of the data presented and communicate that strategy Crisis Decision- with others. Making • Identify markers of a developing extremist and the tools to help steer them down a better path. Definitions of Terrorism

Domestic Terrorism International Terrorism Terrorism “…the unlawful use of “…activities that involve violent “The unlawful use of force and violence against acts or acts dangerous to violence or threat of persons or property to human life that is a violation of violence, often motivated intimidate or coerce a the criminal law…, appear to by religious, political, or government, the civilian be intended to intimidate or other ideological population, or any segment coerce a civilian population, beliefs, to instill fear and thereof, in furtherance of influence the policy of a coerce governments or political or social objectives” government, or to affect the societies in pursuit of conduct of a government by goals that are usually mass destruction, political” assassination, or kidnapping” What makes a crime an act of terror?

• The type of crime and scale of its outcome should not be used to determine if a crime is an act of terrorism.

• If the individuals or groups committing the acts of violence are doing so because the victims do not follow their personal or religious beliefs or the act can be used as a tool for political gain, then the chances are they are acts of terrorism.

If an individual pulls out a gun and fires at school kids or co-workers, the individual is not likely to be prosecuted as a terrorist. As recent as 1983 the FBI would not investigate a terrorist act unless it had more than one person involved.

Terrorism Legislation INTENT In a criminal case, not related to terrorism the burden of “proving intent” is on the prosecution. In the case of terrorism, acts that "appear to be intended" to intimidate, coerce, retaliate may still qualify as terroristic crimes without additional evidence.

Thirty pieces of legislation related to terrorism were enacted in the United States in 2015-2016. Domestic or International Terrorist?

A B Domestic or International Terrorist?

A B

If an individual plans or trains for a terror act in the US – Domestic Terrorist (A) If the individual plans or trains for a terror act out of the US – International Terrorist (B) Learning Through Game-playing

Are you a potential recruit or have hidden aspirations to become a terrorist? The Profile Of An American Terrorist

Last Man Standing The 8-marker profile (stems Gender of the American from patterns identified) of a terrorist is presented Terrorist as a game. This is to get people relaxed and encourage interactive communication. 600 483 500 The last man standing has an increased change of 400 becoming radicalized. Participants have many 300 opportunities to “sit” if they do not want to be the last person standing. To Begin. 200 100 36 0 EVERYONE STAND Male Female

1. If you are female please sit down.

Gender Sample Size Additional Sources: 1. Sjoberg, L., & Gentry, C. Male 483 E. (Eds.). (2011). Women, gender, and terrorism. University of Georgia Press. Female 36 Total 519 The Profile Of An American Terrorist

2. If you are between 15 - 43 yrs. old you are more likely to have terrorist aspirations.

Additional Sources: 1. Oots, K. L. (1989). Organizational Of the 483 Males ~80% 15 years old – 43 years perspectives on the formation and disintegration of terrorist groups. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 12(3), old; Male Ave. = 32 years old 139-152. 2. Hughbank, R. J., & Hughbank, D. L. (2008). The application of the social learning theory to domestic Of the 36 Females ~80% 17 years old – 46 years terrorist recruitment. SWATdigest. com. old; Ave. = 35.5 Years old The Profile Of An American Terrorist

#25 Confirmed Unemployed, #9 of those College-Educated with a college education. Terrorists 200 Not STEM 150 180 36% 100 115 50 STEM 64% 0 Yes No

“Groups like ISIS can be selective; recruits are banging on their doors to join” 3. Educated (increased chances with unemployment) Keep “Women areStanding. soft, gentle, and innocent”

Additional Sources: Richardson, C. (2011). Relative Sample Size = #292 deprivation theory in terrorism: A study of higher education and unemployment as predictors of terrorism. College # Terrorists Politics Department, New York University. Russell, C. A., & Miller, B. H. (1977). Profile of a Yes 180 (61%) Terrorist. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 1(1), 17-34. No 115 The Profile Of An American Terrorist

Male Terror Relationships Female Terror Relationships 376

20

11

# Terrorists # # Terrorists # 88 6 60 16 2 2 1 1

Single Married Children Divorced Widower Married Single Children Divorced Engaged Widow Relationship Type

4. If you are married or have a girlfriend sit down. “Women are soft, gentle, and innocent”

Additional Sources: Winkates, J. (2006). Suicide terrorism: martyrdom Single 376 78.26% for organizational objectives. Journal of Third World Studies, 23(1), 87. Married 88 2) Pape, R. A. (2003). The strategic logic of suicide terrorism. American 18.22% political science review, 97(03), 343-361. 3) Osipov, V., & Ivakin, Y. Divorced 16 3.50% (2009). Terrorists: Statistical Profile. In Information Fusion and Widowed 1 Geographic Information Systems (pp. 241-250). Springer Berlin 0.20% Heidelberg. children 60 10% The Profile Of An American Terrorist Ciccolo's parents divorced when he was in grade school. He lived with his mother on Cape Cod. He was charged with

His mother took him to “He played father figure to the lost men, live in Florida, leaving providing them with jobs, housing, beer and his Syrian father drugs.” behind. 5. If you are raised by a mother or grandmother (no father figure)

please“Women are continue soft, gentle, and to innocent stand.”

Additional Sources: 1)Lombardi, M., Ragab, E., & Chin, V. (Eds.). (2014). Countering radicalization and “Among the 25 most-cited school shooters since violent extremism among youth to prevent Columbine, 75 percent were reared in broken homes.” terrorism (Vol. 118). IOS Press. 2)Gerstenfeld, P. B., & Grant, D. R. (2004). Crimes of hate: Selected (Kao, Emilie, (2018) The Crisis of Fatherless Shooters.) readings. Sage. The Profile Of An American Terrorist

Social Class (#248) “The poor are too busy “A 1977 study of terrorist profiles which surviving to get caught up supported the conclusion that terrorists 121 with terrorism” are generally middle or upper class”

46 46 2 9 25

Upper Class Upper Middle Middle Working Class/Blue Unemployed Student Class/professional Class/Professional Collar

6. If you come from a poor family sit down. “Women are soft, gentle, and innocent” “Groups like ISIS can be selective; recruits are banging on their doors to join”

Additional Sources: 1) Mitra, S. (2008). Poverty and terrorism. Economics of Peace and Security Journal, 3(2), 57-61. 2) Han, C., Janmaat, J. G., Hoskins, All other B., & Green, A. (2012). Perceptions of inequalities: Implications for social Classes, Working cohesion. London: Centre for Learning and Life Chances in Knowledge Economies and Societies 3)Burgoon, B. (2004). On welfare and terror social 103, 46% (lower) welfare policies and politicaleconomic roots of terrorism. Amsterdam Class, School for Social Science The Profile Of An American Terrorist

Parent's Home Country

168

37 28 19 16 12 11 10 10 9 7 6 6 6 5 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

7. If you live in a country/location different from your place of Identifiedorigin Ethnicity keep of US standing. Born 2+ Generations

Additional Sources: Dr, Olivia Stone, 1. Choi, S. W. (2010). N = 498 Fighting terrorism through the rule of law?. Journal of Conflict Resolution. 2) Ginges, J. (1997). Deterring the terrorist: A 116 68 13 4 psychological evaluation of different strategies for deterring terrorism. Terrorism and Political Violence,9(1), 170-185. Naturalized U.S. Born The Profile Of An American Terrorist

This map depicts the countries of origin for 474 non-US born parents of men and women that have been charged with terrorist acts that were committed in the United States of America since 2001. The map excludes 302 American born parents and due to data availability, does not represent a complete data set. The map also excludes 256 parents of unknown or vague decent, (Dr Olivia Stone, PhD APAM Christ Church, NZ) 7. If you live in a country/location different from your place of Identifiedorigin Ethnicity keep of US standing. Born 2+ Generations

Additional Sources: Dr, Olivia Stone, 1. Choi, S. W. (2010). N = 498 Fighting terrorism through the rule of law?. Journal of Conflict Resolution. 2) Ginges, J. (1997). Deterring the terrorist: A 116 68 13 4 psychological evaluation of different strategies for deterring terrorism. Terrorism and Political Violence,9(1), 170-185. Naturalized U.S. Born The Profile Of An American Terrorist

“People who are more open to terrorist Terror alert as recruitment and radicalization tend to: boy pilot flies plane into Feel angry, alienated or disenfranchised.” skyscraper! Deangelis, Tori (2009), Understanding Terrorism, Vol 40, No. 10 “The young man Charles Bishop is best “Many found the radicalized individuals described as a young man who had very to have feelings of anger and hatred.” few friends and was very much a loner ... Aarten, Pauline ( 2017), The Narrative of a troubled young man.” Victimization and Deradicalization: An Expert View. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, Vol. 41

8. Lastly, are you isolated, angry or do you feel victimized?

“Women are soft, gentle, and innocent”

Additional Sources: 1) Ozeren, S., & Gunes, I. D. (2007). Introduction: Sociological and Psychological Aspects of Terrorism. NATO Security Through Science Series E Human and Societal Dynamics, 22, 1. 2) Staub, E. (2007). Preventing violence and terrorism and promoting positive relations between Dutch and Muslim communities in Amsterdam. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 13(3), 333-360. 3)Richards, J. (2007). Terrorism in Europe: The local aspects of a global threat. JihadMonitor. org. 4) Mills, G., & Herbst, J. (2007). Africa, Terrorism and AFRICOM. The RUSI Journal, 152(2), 40-45. The Profile Of An American Terrorist

What Can We Do? Fighting terrorism in our community, neighborhood, in our schools and our homes.

Global Problems

Poverty, Pollution, and World Peace The Profile Of An American Terrorist Educated Between 15 - 43 (increased Single. yrs. old. chances with unemployment).

Middle/Working Live away from No active father class. childhood home. figure.

Feel isolated, angry victimized. The Profile Of An American Terrorist Help them improve Be a friend and Encourage them to their resume to find mentor. Change join productive gainful their narrative to groups employment. something positive.

Talk to them about Do not be afraid to Be that father (or their country, social call out/address big brother/sister) norms, and tell bad behavior. figure. them about yours.

If you SEE something, SAY something. The Research: 519 American Citizens Charged with Acts of Terror Since 9/11

• Abid Naseer • Ali Kourani (Ali Mohamad Kourani, Jacob • Aziz Sayyed • Adam Raishani (Saddam Mohamed Raishani) Lewis Daniel) • Barry Walter Bujol • Adam Dandach • Bagegni • Basaaly Saeed Moalin • Adam Gadahn (Azzam al-Amriki) • Ali Muhammad Brown • Bernard Raymond Augustine • Adam Lynn Cunningham • Ali Saleh • Betim Kaziu • Adam Nauveed Hayat • Ali Shukri Amin • Bilal Abood • Adam Shafi • Allen Walter lyon (Hammad Abdur- • Bilal Mazloum • Adel Daoud Raheem) • Bonnell (Buster) Hughes • Adis Medunjanin • Alton Nolen (Jah'Keem Yisrael) • Brandon L. Baxter • Adnan Abdihamid Farah • Alwar Pouryan • Brian Neal Vinas • Ahmad Abousamra • Aman Hassan Yemer • Brother of Mohammed Hamzah Khan • Ahmad Hussam Al Din Fayeq Abdul Aziz (Abu • Amer Sinan Alhaggagi • Bruce Edwards Ivins Bakr Alsinawi) • Amera Akl • Burhan Hassan • Ahmad Khan Rahami • Amiir Farouk Ibrahim • Burson Augustin • Ahmed Abdel Sattar • Amina Farah Ali • Byron Williams • Ahmed Abdullah Minni • Amr I. Elgindy (Anthony Elgindy) • Cabdulaahi Ahmed Faarax • Ahmed Ali Omar • Andrew Joseph III Stack • Carlos Eduardo Almonte • Ahmed Hassan Al-Uqaily • Anes Subasic • Carlos Leon Bledsoe • Ahmed Hussein Mahamud • Anthony M. Hayne • Cary Lee Ogborn • Ahmed Ibrahim Bilal • Antonio Martinez (Muhammad Hussain) • Casey Charles Spain • Ahmed Mohamed Isse • Anwar Awlaki • Castelli Marie • Ahmed Mohammed El Gammal • Arafat M. Nagi • Cedric Carpenter • • Ariel Bradley • Charles Bishop • Akba Jordan • Arifeen Gojali • Christopher Lee Cornell • Akram Abdallah • Arman Ali • Christopher Paul • Akram Musleh • Arwah Jaber • Clark Calloway • Alaa Saadeh • Asher Abed Khan • Clifford L. Cousins • Alberto Renteria (Abu Hudhayfa al-Mexiki) • Ashraf Alzaim (Ashraf Zaim) • Coleman Barney • Alex Hernandez • Asia Siddiqui • Colleen Larose (Jihad Jane Fatima LaRose) • Alexander Ciccolo • Asif Ahmed Salim • Conner C. Stevens • Alexander E. Blair • Atal Bashar • Craig Benedict Baxam • Alexander Samuel Smith (Amir Alexander) • Avin Marsalis Brown • Dahir Gurey Sheikh Ali Guled • Ali al-Tamimi • Awais Younis • Damon Joseph • Ali Asad Chandia • Aziz Ihab Sayyed • Dan Roberts The Research: 519 American Citizens Charged with Acts of Terror Since 9/11

• Daniel Cowart • Emanuel L Lutchman • Hanad Mustafe Musse • Daniel Joseph Maldonado (Daniel Aljughaifi) • Emerson Begolly • Haris Qamar • • Enaam M. Arnaout • Harlem Suarez • Daniel Seth Franey (Abu Dawuud) • Enrique Marquez Jr. • Hasan Akbar • • Daniel Wells Herriman • Eric Harroun Hasan Ali Ayesh • Hasan Edmonds • Daniela Greene • Eric Reginald Robinson • Hassan Kamal • Darren Arness Jackson (Daod) • Erick Jamal Hendricks • Hassan Moussa Makki • • Erwin Antonio Rios David Williams IV • Hatem Naji Fariz • Esteban Santiago • David Wright (Dawud SharifAbdul Khaliq, Dawud • Hawo Mohamed Hassan Sharif Wright, Dawud Sharif Wright, Dawud • Everitt Aaron Jameson • Heather Elizabeth Coffman SharifAbdul Wright • Eyad Suleiman • Henry Dewitt McFarland III • David Yamasu ("Dawud Qatal al-Amriki") • Fadhil Al- Khaledy • Hinda Osman Dhirane • Dayne Atani Christian (Shakur) • Faisal Mohammad • Hoda Muthana (Umm Jihad) • Decarus Lowell Thomas (Abdul Malik Abdul • • Hor I. Akl • Kareem) Farah Mohamed Beledi • Ibraheem Musaibli • Fareed Mumuni • Demetrius “Van” Crocker • Ibrahim A. Mohammad • • Demetrius Pitts (Abdur Raheem Rafiq) • Ikaika Erik Kang • Father of Mohamad Saeed Kodaimati • • Imran Rabbani Derrick Shareef (Talib Abu Salam Ibn Shareef) • Fawaz Mohammed Damrah • Derrick Thompson • Said Natsheh • Fawaz Rahal • Ismaaiyl Brinsley • Domingue Frederick Jr. (Walli Mujahidh) • • Ismail Alsarabbi • Donald Ray Morgan • Frederick Thomas • Issa Doreh • Donald T. Surratt • Gale Nettles • • Douglas McAuthur McCain • Garrett Asger Grimsley • Izhar Khan • Douglas Wright • Gen Mustafe Noorudiin • Jaber Elbaneh • Dylan Boyd (Mohammed) • Ghassan Elashi • Jaelyn Delshaun Young • Dzhokhar Anzorovich Tsarnaev • Gregory Hubbard (Jibreel) • Jaffrey Khan • Edward Archer • Gregory Lepsky • Jalil Ibn Ameer Aziz • Edward Feltus • Gregory Vernon Patterson • Jamal Bana • Ehsanul Islam Sadequee • Gufran Ahmed Kauser Mohammed • James Cromitie (Abdul Rehman Abdul Rahman) • Guled Ali Omar • Elias Akhdar • James Earnest Thompson (Ujaama Earnest James) • Hafiz Muhammed Sher Ali Khan • Elizabeth Lecron • James Elshafay • Hamid Hayat • Elton Simpson • James Gonzalo Medina • Hamza Naj Ahmed • Elvis Redzepagic • James Ray McElroy • Hanad Abdullahi Mohallim • James W. Von Brunn The Research: 519 American Citizens Charged with Acts of Terror Since 9/11

• Jamie Paulin Ramirez • Justin Nojan Sullivan • Mahmud Faruq Brent • Jarallah Wasil • Kaan Sercan Damlarkaya • Mansour J Arbabsiar (Manssor) • Jared Loughner • • Marc Harold Ramsey • Jason Michael Ludke • Kamal Said Hassan • Marcos Alonso Zea • Jayyousi Kifah • Karunakaran Kandasamy (Karuna) • Marie Antoinette Castelli • Jeffrey Leon Battle • Kary Kleman • Mark Robert Walker • Jehad Mostafa (Ahmad Guery and Emir • Keonna Thomas • Marlon Hicks Anwar) • Kevin Lamar James • Marwan Othman El-Hindi • Jessie Curtis Morton • Kevin William Harpham • Masoud Ahmad Khan • Jim David Adkisson • Khaled ad-Dusarii • Matthew Aaron Llaneza • John Allen Muhammad • Khaled T. Safadi • Mediha Medy Salkicevic • John Georgelas (Yahya Abu Hassan) • Khaled T. Steitiye • (Talib Islam) • John Patrick Bedell • Khaleel Ahmed • Michael Anderson • John Philip Walker Lindh (Sulayman al-Faris, • Khalid Ouazzani • (Fritz Mueller) Abu Sulayman al-Irlandi) • Khalil Abu-Rayyan • Michael Mixon (alias Abdul Tawala Ibn Ali • "John T. Booker Jr. (Muhammed Abdullah • Khwaja Mahmood Hasan Alishtari) Hassan)" • Kobe Diallo Williams • Michael Queen • Jonas M. Edmonds • Kori Taylor (Kori Ali Muhammad) • Michael Todd Wolfe • José Padilla • Kristi Goldstein • Michael Wallace Hardee • Jose Pimentel (Muhammad Yusuf) • Lamont Ranson • Michelle Marie Bastian • Joseph Anthony Davis (Abdul-Latif Abu Khalid) • Levar Haley Washington • Moeed Abdul Salam • Joseph Cohen (Yousef Mohamid Al-Khattab) • Liban Haji Mohamed • Mohamad Jamal Khweis (Abu Omar) • Joseph Hassan Farrokh • Lionel Nelson Williams (Harun Ash-Shababi) • Mohamad Saeed Kodaimati • Joseph Jeffrey Brice • Lonnie Vernon • Mohamed Abdi • Joshua Clough • Lucas Helder • Mohamed Abdihamid Farah • Joshua Cummings • Luis Portorreal • Mohamed Albanna • Joshua Matthew Stone • Lynn Irene Stewart • Mohamed Amiin Ali Roble • Joshua Ray Van Haften • Lynn Wingate • Mohammad Zaki Amawi • Joshua Ryne Goldberg • Maalik Alim Jones • Mohammed Hamzah Khan • Joshua S. Stafford • Maher "Mike" Hawash • Mohammed Hesham Youssef (Abu Turab) • Jude Kenan Mohammad • Mahin Khan • Mohammed Junaid Babar • Judith L. Bruey • Mahmoud Alessa • Mohammed Mosharref Hossain • Justin Kaliebe • Mahmoud Amin Mohamed Elhassan • Mohammed Subeh The Research: 519 American Citizens Charged with Acts of Terror Since 9/11

• Mohammed Wali Zazi • Numan Maflahi • Richard David Hupper (Piraton) • Mohammed Yousry • October Martinique Lewis • Richard Poplawski • Mohimanul Bhuiya (Saleh Muhammad) • Oded Orbach • Robel Kidane Phillipos • Monasser Mosad Omian • Omar Ali • Robert Blake Jackson • Moner Mohammad Abu Salha • Omar Kattan • Robert Goldstein • Moussa Ali Hamdan • Omar Mir Seddique Mateen • Robert Lorenzo Hester Jr. • Mubarak Hamed • Omar Shafik Hammami • Robert McCullum (Amir Said Abdul • Mufid Abdulqader • Omar Shishani Rahman Al-Ghazi) • Mufid Elfgeeh • Onta Williams • Roger Stockham • • Parveg Ahmed • Ronald Allen Grecula • Muhanad Mahmoud Al Farekh • • Rothschild Augustine • Muktar Al-Bakri • Patrick Alan Lawwill • Roxanne Laura Kopke • Munir Abdulkadir Abdulkader • Paul G. Rockwood Jr • Ruben Shumpert • Munther Omar Saleh • Paul Hall (Hassan Abu-Jihaad) • Russel Defreitas • Mustafa Al-Aboody • Paul Schlesselman • Russel Dennison (Abdullah Chekdamize) • Nachimuthu Socrates • Pete Seda (Pirouz Sedaghaty) • Ryan Gibson Anderson • Nader Elhuzayel • Raees Alam Qazi • Sabirhan Hasanoff • Nader Saadeh • Rafil Dhafir • • Nadia Rockwood • Rahatul Ashikim Khan • Saddam Mohamed Raishani • Nadir Hamid Soofi • Rahmat Abdhir • Sadik Monasser Omian • • Rahmo Kodaimati • Safya Roe Yassin • Narseal Batiste • Raja Lahrasib Khan • • Naser Jason Abdo • Ramy Zamzam • Said Azzam Mohamad Rahim • Nasser Abuali (terrorism unlikely) • Randall Blue Chapman (Seifullah) • Said Mohamad Harb • Naturalized Citizenhan Lawwill • Randall Garett Cole • Sajmir Alimehmeti (Abdul Qawii) • Naveed Afzal Haq • Randall Todd Royer • Salah Osman Ahmed • Nemr Ali Rahal • Randy Lamar Wilson Jr. (Rasheed) • Saleh Elahwal • Nicholas Alexander Rovinski • Rasel Raihan (Abu Abdullah al-Amriki) • Samantha Marie Elhassani • Nicholas Michael Teausant • Rawdah Abdisalaam (Umm Waqqas) • Samer el Debek • Nicholas Young • Ray H. Adams • Sami Osmake (Abdul Samia) • Nicole Mansfield • Raymond Dillard (Jeff Osborn) • Samih Fadl Jamal • • Reed Stanley Berry • Samir Zafar Khan • Nihad Rosic • Rene Wright (Rafiq Sabir) • Samuel Baptiste • Noelle Velentzas • Reza Niknejad • Samuel J. Crump • Noor Salman • • Samuel Rahamin Topaz The Research: 519 American Citizens Charged with Acts of Terror Since 9/11

• Samuel Shannahan • Theophilus Burroughs • Zakaryia Abdin • Samy Mohamed Hamzeh • Thomas Bastian • Zakia Nasrin • Samy Mohammed El-Goarany • Timothy Loren McCoy Fleming • Zale H. Thompson • Santos Colon Jr. (Ahmad Shakoor) • Tnuza Jamal Hassan • Zarein Ahmedzay • Sari Abdullah al-Kambodi • Traci Elaine Upshur • Zeinab Taleb-Jedi • Schaeffer Cox • Troy Matthew Kastigar (Abdirahman) • Ziyad Yaghi • Sean Andrew Duncan • Umar Chaudhry • Zoobia Shahnaz • Sebastian Gregerson • Umar Farooq • Zubair Ahmed • • Umer Hayat • Zulfi Hoxha ("Abu Hamza al-Amriki") • Shaker Masri • Usaama Abdullah Rahim • Shannon Maureen Conley • Vincent Armstrong • • Vincente Rafael Pierre (Rafael Upshur) • Sheheryar Alam Qazi • Waqar Hassan Khan • Shelton Thomas Bell • Wasil Farooqui • Shirwa Ahmed • Wesam El-Hanafi • Shivam Patel • William Krar • Shueyb Mossa Jokan • • Sinh Vinh Ngo • Yasein Taher • Sister of Mohammed Hamzah Khan • Yaser Esam Hamdi • Sixto Ramiro Garcia (Abdullah Ali) • Yasith Chhun • Sohiel Kabir • Yehuda Abraham • Soufian Amri • Yi Qing Chen • Stanley Grant Phanor • Yonathan Melaku • Sulejmah Hadzovic • Yong Ki Kwon • Sultane Roome Salim • Yosvany Padilla Conde • Syed Hashmi (Fahad) • Yousef Mohammed Ramadan • Syed Rizwan Farook • Yusuf Abdirizak Wehelie • Tahmeed Ahmad • Yusuf Jama • Tairod Webster Pugh • Yusuf Rodriguez (Abu Maria al-Mexiki) • Talha Haroon • Zacharia Yusuf Abdurahman • Tarek Mehanna • Zachary Adam Chesser (Abu Talhah al-Amrikee) • Tarik Dowdell () • Zakaria Boyd • Terrence McNeil • Zakaria Maruf • Terry L. Loewen Finding Patterns in The Data: A Collection and Comparison of 519 American Citizens Charged/Convicted of Terrorism Since 9/11 Demographics Careers • Gender • College Education (STEM) • Age at time of crime (M/F) • Profession • Residence at time of crime • Social Status (City/State) • Military • Parents Birth Country • Citizenship Type (Birth/Nat) Behind Bars • Top Ethnicities • Year of Crime (Timeline) • Relationship Status (inc. Children) • Official Charges (Top 12) • Mental Health • Crimes Involving Violence • FBI Allegiance • Sentencing (M/F) • Allegiance to Domestic Org. • Terrorism Camp • Allegiance to International Org. • The Terrorist’s Target • Awlaki Influence • Weapons Used • Cells/Partners/Lone Wolf • Prison Location • Religion and Terrorism Finding Patterns in The Data: A Collection and Comparison of 519 American Citizens Charged/Convicted of Terrorism Since 9/11 Demographics Careers • Gender • College Education (STEM) • Age at time of crime (M/F) • Profession • Residence at time of crime • Social Status (City/State) • Military • Parents Birth Country • Citizenship Type (Birth/Nat) Behind Bars • Top Ethnicities • Year of Crime (Timeline) • Relationship Status (inc. Children) • Official Charges (Top 12) • Mental Health • Crimes Involving Violence • FBI Allegiance • Sentencing (M/F) • Allegiance to Domestic Org. • Terrorism Camp • Allegiance to International Org. • The Terrorist’s Target • Awlaki Influence • Weapons Used • Cells/Partners/Lone Wolf • Prison Location • Religion and Terrorism Demographics: Gender and Age Age of American Terrorists at 36, 7% Time of Crime 200

150

483, 100 93% 50

Male Female 0 15-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65-74 75-84 85-94 FEMALE AGES MALE AGES 200 12 Female Ave. Male Ave. = 32 years old 10 = 35.5 Years 150 8 old 6 100 4 50 2

0 0 17-26 27-36 37-46 47-56 57-66 67-76 15- 24 25- 34 35- 44 45- 54 55- 64 65- 74 75- 84 85- 94 Demographics: Terrorism Residence Prior to Arrest Demographics: Terrorism Residence Prior to Arrest

80 72 70

60

50 44 39 40 36 35 34 29 30 22 21 20 18 18 15 13 11 9 9 9 10 8 6 6 6 6 5 5 5

0 NY VA CA MN OH FL TX MI IL NC NJ AZ WA AL MA OR PA MD CO DC GA MO AK AR WI Demographics: Terrorism Residence Prior to Arrest-Top 10 Cities

Top 10 Cities Where Terrorists Resided Prior to Arrest 45 42

40

35 32

30

25

20 15 15 12 12 10 10 10 9 9 9

5

0 New York Minneapolis, Chicago, IL Columbus, Miami, FL Cleveland, Falls Church, Detroit, MI , TX Lackawanna, City, NY MN OH OH VA NY Demographics: Parents Birth Country & Citizenship

PARENT'S HOME COUNTRY 180 170 160

140

120

100

80

60 40 40 30 21 16 14 20 11 10 10 9 8 7 7 6 6 5 4 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2

0

…

USA

IRAN

IRAQ

SYRIA

INDIA

EGYPT

SUDAN

YEMEN

BOSNIA

KUWAIT

JORDAN

KOSOVO

SOMALIA

ETHIOPIA

PAKISTAN

LEBANON

MOROCCO

PALESTINE

CAMBODIA

CARIBBEAN

WEST BANK

DOMINICAN

BANGLADESH

AFGHANISTAN Demographics: Parents Birth Country & Citizenship

Naturalized Citizens Parent's Home Country 30 27 25 20 15 15 10 9 9 10 7 6 6 5 5 4 5 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0

Citizenship Type U.S. Born Parent’s Home

Unknown 5% Country Naturalized 200 31% 150 167 100 50 15 12 12 9 8 7 5 5 4 3 2 0 Birth 64% Demographics: Parents Birth Country & Citizenship

Countries <2 U.S. terrorists are not included.

Citizen Type Unknown Somalia 27 15 9 Palestine 6 Sudan 5 Bangladesh 3 Cambodia 2 Haiti 1 Demographics: Top Ethnicities

ETHNICITY OF AMERICAN BORN TERRORISTS 200 146 150

100 75

50 13 8 2 2 1 1 0 CAUCASIAN AFRICAN - LATINO ASIAN HAITIAN SYRIAN H A W A I IA N TURKISH AMERICAN Male Ethnicity Female Ethnicity 133 140 14 13 120 100 12 71 80 10 60 40 8 12 20 8 2 2 1 1 6 0 4 4 2 1 0 Caucasian African-American Latino Demographics: Relationship Status Female Terror Relationships Male Terror Relationships 376 20

11 # Terrorists #

# Terrorists # 88 6 60 2 2 16 1 1

Single Married Children Divorced Widower Married Single Children Divorced Engaged Widow

Female Terrorists & Relationships 9 8 10

6

2 1

Married a Terrorist Terror Together Husband Unaware Engaged to a Terrorist Divorced a Terrorist Single Demographics: Mental Health

Only 11% (58 of 519) of the American males convicted of acts related to terrorism were diagnosed with mental illness. Finding Patterns in The Data: A Collection and Comparison of 519 American Citizens Charged/Convicted of Terrorism Since 9/11 Demographics Careers • Gender • College Education (STEM) • Age at time of crime (M/F) • Profession • Residence at time of crime • Social Status (City/State) • Military • Parents Birth Country • Citizenship Type (Birth/Nat) Behind Bars • Top Ethnicities • Year of Crime (Timeline) • Relationship Status (inc. Children) • Official Charges (Top 12) • Mental Health • Crimes Involving Violence • FBI Allegiance • Sentencing (M/F) • Allegiance to Domestic Org. • Terrorism Camp • Allegiance to International Org. • The Terrorist’s Target • Awlaki Influence • Weapons Used • Cells/Partners/Lone Wolf • Prison Location • Religion and Terrorism Allegiance: Domestic Terror Organizations

The U.S. government does not formally designate domestic terrorist organizations. Claiming an affiliation to a domestic terror organization is not illegal. Therefore, it may not be illegal to give money or other forms of material support to a domestic terrorist group, even if the group is known for its violence and hatred of others.

The First Amendment protects the right of people to associate with each other and to express their points of view. Allegiance: Domestic Terror Organizations

16

7 6 6 5 4 3 3 2 2 1

P I P P P I R P P/I P P/I AG WS RPG SCM AFM JDL JIS HUT Nazi RW NSM Fifty-Five of the Americans charged with acts related to terrorism self identifies as members in one of following groups. Political: Antigovernment (AG) which includes Sovereign Citizens Movement (SCM) members; The Revolution Peoples Group (RPC); National Socialist Movement (NSM); Hutaree (HUT); and two right wing groups, the Nazi party (Nazi) and the militias, in this case the Alabama Free Militia (AFM). Ideology: White Supremacy (also includes the Nazi and NSM members) and the Jewish Defense League. Religion: The Jam’iyyat Ul-Ilam Is-Saheeh (JIS). Allegiance: International Terror Organizations

International Terror Organizations 166

117

47 35 22 12 11 10 8 6 4 3 2 2 2 1 1 1

ISIS AQ AS T LT HEZ AN JeM H AQAP PT AF ASG AQI TT AHIF AI IRGC

Islamic State of and (ISIS/ISIL), Al-Qaeda (AQ), Al-Shabaab (AS), (T), Lashkar-e-Tayyiba (LT), Hezbollah (Hez), Nusra Front or Jabhat al-Nusra (AN), Jaish-e- Mohammed (JeM), Hamas (H), Al-Qaida in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP), Pakistan Taliban (PT), Al Fuqra (AF), Group (ASG), Al-Qaeda in Iraq (AQI), Tamil Tigers (TT), Al Haramain Islamic Foundation (AHIF), Ansar al-Islam (AI), and the Iranian Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC). Allegiance: Jamaat ul-Fuqra Organization Jamaat ul-Fuqra is an organization of mostly African-American based in Pakistan and the United States. Founder: Mubarak Ali Gilani

“al-Fuqra was organized into independent terrorist cells. An avowed enemy of the Nation of Islam, al-Fuqra has been linked by U.S. officials to 17 homicides and 13 firebombings in the United States. Its targets were usually other minorities or rival Muslim leaders.” (Southern Poverty Law Center SPLC) Allegiance: Anwar al-Awlaki Influence 94 U.S. Terrorists

18% of the American males convicted of acts related to terrorism were in possession of CDs, email correspondence, or were found with Awlaki YouTube videos in their internet history. Allegiance: Cells/Partners/Lone Wolf

• 2003 Jihad Cell (9 Members) • NY Terror Cell (5 Members) • Alaska Cell (5 Members) • The cell (7 Members) • Terror Cell (3 Members) • Toledo Terror Cell (6 Members) • Columbus Terror Cell (4 Members) • Torrance Four/Jam’iyyat Ul-Islam Is-Saheeh • D.C. Five or Pakistani Five Cell (JIS) (Prison Cell, 3 Members) (5 Members) • Florida cell (5 Members) • Fort Dix plot (6 Members) Partners Cells Lone Wolf • ISIS NY Cell (3 Members) • JDL Florida Cell (4 Members) 19% • Jihadist Cell/ISIS (3 Members) • Lackawanna Six or Cell (6 Members) • Miami Liberty Seven Cell (7 Members) 62% 19% • Newburgh Four (Prison Cell, 4 Members) Allegiance: Religion and Terrorism

19% 29%

52%

Not Muslim Raised Muslim Converted to Islam Finding Patterns in The Data: A Collection and Comparison of 519 American Citizens Charged/Convicted of Terrorism Since 9/11 Demographics Careers • Gender • College Education (STEM) • Age at time of crime (M/F) • Profession • Residence at time of crime • Social Status (City/State) • Military • Parents Birth Country • Citizenship Type (Birth/Nat) Behind Bars • Top Ethnicities • Year of Crime (Timeline) • Relationship Status (inc. Children) • Official Charges (Top 12) • Mental Health • Crimes Involving Violence • FBI Allegiance • Sentencing (M/F) • Allegiance to Domestic Org. • Terrorism Camp • Allegiance to International Org. • The Terrorist’s Target • Awlaki Influence • Weapons Used • Cells/Partners/Lone Wolf • Prison Location • Religion and Terrorism Careers: College Education College Educated S.T.E.M. Education 200 180 160 180 140 Not STEM 120 36% 100 115 STEM 80 64% 60 40 20 0 Yes No Not STEM STEM

Allegiance & College Yes No STEM Fields. Science, Technology, Engineering, Math (and Medicine). International 153 93 No Affiliation 13 10 Citizenship Type & College Yes No Domestic 11 11 Birth 122 84 Allegiance Unknown 3 1 Naturalized 50 25 Careers: College Education

Degree Degree Degree Accounting History Religious studies Aeronautics Mass communications Social worker Biology Math Sociology Business MBA Business administration Medical Degree (MD) Chemistry Multimedia Chinese Nursing Computer science Pharmacy Criminal justice Philosophy Dental Physics Economics Political science Education Premed Engineering Psychology Fire science Radiology Funeral services Careers: The Top Terrorist Occupations

Retail 9% Military 4% Miscellaneous Labor 6% Teaching 3% Food Service 6% Construction 3% Security Industry 6% Fitness/Martial Arts 3% Health Care 6% Communications 3% Transportation 4% Trucking 2% Computer/IT 4% Financial Industry 2% Careers: Social Status Male Social Class Female Social Class 120 6 107 5 5 100 5

80 4

3 60 3

41 40 36 2 24 1 1 1 20 17 1 4 2 0 0 Careers: Military (N=40) 8%

Mental Aligned with: Aligned with: US: Health Married Divorced Domestic International US: Birth Naturalized Military 48% 35% 13% 18% 75% 90% 8% Non-Military 11% 18% 3% 9% 81% 63% 32%

The years of service ranged from 1942 – 2017.

45% of the crimes occurred between 0 and 5 years from exiting the service.

88% served as enlisted members. Military Terrorists 20 Despite a future violent outcome, 30% of 15 19 these individuals received an honorable 10 5 9 5 3 1 discharge at the time they left the military. 0 # TERRORISTS # Army Marines Navy Army Air Force National of these individuals converted to Islam. Guard 75% MILITARY BRANCH Military Terrorists (N=40) 8%

Sign on bonus for military-only Why ? jobs, so they are unprepared for civilian life.

Non- Military Military Military take care of their people Mental with a home, job, food, so they can succeed Health 48% 11% without money management skills. Married 35% 18% Transition from military to civilian Divorced 13% 3% life is difficult. The sense of brotherhood, comradery, and community is gone. • combat engineer • infantry War experience can leave them with PTSD • patriot missile or other mental illnesses. They may be • rifleman checked more frequently than civilians. • signalman • supply specialist • tank crew Marriage Incentives. Extra pay means they may marry with less commitment. member Careers: Military

Our Study FBI Report American citizens with military experience active shooters with military charged and/or convicted of acts related to service terrorism. n=40 n=13

Affiliation (%) Army Affiliation (%)

Marines 3% 8% 8% 18% Navy 15% 46% 54% 25% Air Force 23% Coast Guard Finding Patterns in The Data: A Collection and Comparison of 519 American Citizens Charged/Convicted of Terrorism Since 9/11 Demographics Careers • Gender • College Education (STEM) • Age at time of crime (M/F) • Profession • Residence at time of crime • Social Status (City/State) • Military • Parents Birth Country • Citizenship Type (Birth/Nat) Behind Bars • Top Ethnicities • Year of Crime (Timeline) • Relationship Status (inc. Children) • Official Charges (Top 12) • Mental Health • Crimes Involving Violence • FBI Allegiance • Sentencing (M/F) • Allegiance to Domestic Org. • Terrorism Camp • Allegiance to International Org. • The Terrorist’s Target • Awlaki Influence • Weapons Used • Cells/Partners/Lone Wolf • Prison Location • Religion and Terrorism Behind Bars: Terror Timeline

80

70 75

60

50

40 42 42 41 40

30 32 30 31 27 25 20 22 23 22 19 16 10 12 12 8 0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Behind Bars: Official Charges (Top 12)

1

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Murder Terrorism Money Laundering Making False Statements Conspire to Levy War Against the US Obstruction of Justice Material Support WMD/CBRNe (inc. bomb) Attempt to join a terror org Attempt murder/Conspire to kill (murder) Weapons Behind Bars: Crimes Involving Violence

ALL TERRORISTS MILITARY TERRORISTS

Violence Violence 28% 29%

No No Violence Violence 71% 72%

Terror Crimes Involving Violence. While the definition include threat by violence a remarkable 71% are not using violence when committed the acts that got them charged. Behind Bars: FBI Involvement

No 40%

Yes 60% Behind Bars: Sentencing (terrorists that did not kill or injure)

Male Terrorists Sentencing

30 25 28 Average Sentence: 13 years 20 22 15 19 16 18 10 13 15 13 10 # TERRORISTS # 5 7 7 8 3 7 7 9 2 4 2 8 2 3 3 2 1 1 1 1 9 2 4 2 1 1 2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 26 27 28 30 32 35 40 45 48 65 SENTENCE LENGTH

Female Terrorist Sentencing 3.5 3 2.5 3 Average Sentence: 8 years 2 1.5 2 2 2 1 # TERRORISTS # 0.5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 8 9 10 11 12 15 19 20 SENTENCE LENGTH Behind Bars: Terrorism Camps

Terror Camp Locations Attended Saudi Arabia 28% Libya Lebanon Afghanistan/Pakistan

Somalia Did not Pakistan attend 72% Syria

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Only 5 women attended training camps, all in Syria. Behind Bars: The Terrorist’s Targets

American Terrorists Top Targets

Military Service Personnel 25 Public Places 22 Military Installations 17 Law Enforcement 16 Bridges 11 Govt. Fed Building 10 Govt Officials 9 Jewish Targets 8 Subways 5 FBI 5 Islamic targets 4 Famous People 4 GLBT Community 1 Church 1 Nuclear Power Plant 1

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Behind Bars: Weapons of Choice

140 Compare Military and Non-Military 120 120 Terrorist Weapons Use. 48% 45% 25% 26% 100 18% 21% 3% 3% 3% 0%

NONE EXPLOSIVES FIREARMS KNIVES BIOWEAPON 80 66 Military Non Military 60 54

40

20 8 2 1 1 0 None Explosives Firearms Knife Aircraft Car Missle Behind Bars: Prison Locations Learning Objectives

• Speak with confidence on several aspects of terrorism Improved in the United States. Communication • Educate others on the true aspects of terrorism and terrorists, based on real data/statistics.

• Recognize and appropriately respond to potential threats related to terrorism, including the subtle Enhanced signs. Response • Summarize and apply the fundamentals of terrorism to other aspects of violent behaviors.

• Recommend a strategy based on your interpretation of the data presented and communicate that strategy Crisis Decision- with others. Making • Identify markers of a developing extremist and the tools to help steer them down a better path. Questions?