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Mondes Anciens », 6 | 2015 Women Dedicators on the Athenian Acropolis and Their Role in Family Festivals Cahiers « Mondes anciens » Histoire et anthropologie des mondes anciens 6 | 2015 Mères grecques Women Dedicators on the Athenian Acropolis and their Role in Family Festivals: The Evidence for Maternal Votives between 530-450 BCE Les femmes dédicantes sur l'Acropole d'Athènes et leur rôle dans les fêtes familiales. Les dépôts votifs maternels comme éléments de preuve entre 530 et 450 avant J.-C. Amalia Avramidou Édition électronique URL : http://journals.openedition.org/mondesanciens/1365 DOI : 10.4000/mondesanciens.1365 ISSN : 2107-0199 Éditeur UMR 8210 Anthropologie et Histoire des Mondes Antiques Référence électronique Amalia Avramidou, « Women Dedicators on the Athenian Acropolis and their Role in Family Festivals: The Evidence for Maternal Votives between 530-450 BCE », Cahiers « Mondes anciens » [En ligne], 6 | 2015, mis en ligne le 23 janvier 2015, consulté le 19 avril 2019. URL : http:// journals.openedition.org/mondesanciens/1365 ; DOI : 10.4000/mondesanciens.1365 Ce document a été généré automatiquement le 19 avril 2019. Les Cahiers « Mondes Anciens » sont mis à disposition selon les termes de la licence Creative Commons Attribution - Pas d'Utilisation Commerciale - Pas de Modification 4.0 International. Women Dedicators on the Athenian Acropolis and their Role in Family Festivals... 1 Women Dedicators on the Athenian Acropolis and their Role in Family Festivals: The Evidence for Maternal Votives between 530-450 BCE Les femmes dédicantes sur l'Acropole d'Athènes et leur rôle dans les fêtes familiales. Les dépôts votifs maternels comme éléments de preuve entre 530 et 450 avant J.-C. Amalia Avramidou 1 As a major place of worship, the Acropolis of Athens received hundreds of votive offerings during the Late Archaic and Early Classical periods (Keesling 2005, p. 396-397 ; Scholl 2007). This study concentrates on a handful of offerings among female dedications set up by or on behalf of women, which can be specifically attributed to mothers through epigraphic or other corroborating evidence. The question of maternal dedications on the Acropolis may come as a surprise, since Athena is conceived as a political deity, associated predominantly with male heroes, male citizens, and the notion of autochthony (Loraux 1993 and 2000). The patron deity of Athens is rarely mentioned when treating questions of birth and maternity, with the exception, of course, of her own unorthodox offspring, Erichthonios, and the up-bringing of future Athenian citizens (Kron 1976, p. 55-67, and more recently Shapiro 2003, p. 87-89 and Avramidou 2011, p. 33-35). And it is in this capacity that she receives offerings from women representing their oikos, as I argue below. Moreover, let us keep in mind that Athena was not the only deity worshipped on the Acropolis; among the various cults on the Sacred Rock a family-related god, Zeus Herkeios, received maternal dedications, as well. 2 This paper reevaluates the role of women, and more specifically of mothers, as representatives of the oikos and examines their participation in private and public family ceremonies. The timeframe of the study is purposefully restricted within the Late Archaic and Early Classical periods (roughly from 530 to 470-450 BCE) because of the abundance of Cahiers « Mondes anciens », 6 | 2015 Women Dedicators on the Athenian Acropolis and their Role in Family Festivals... 2 female and joint family dedications, and the richness of contextual evidence available for comparison. Diverse classes of material are brought into examination in order to achieve plurality of evidence while investigating the role of women within family rituals and dedications.1 Starting with an exploration of the inscribed dedications, I proceed with an overview of the imagery of votive pinakes (plaques) and reliefs, along with a survey on shapes and iconography of the pottery deposited on the Acropolis.2 3 Before I embark on the study of maternal dedications from the Acropolis, it is important to remember the parameters that obscure this endeavor. When discussing finds from the Acropolis, one needs to be aware of the inadequate methodologies used during the early excavations of the 19th century, which resulted in confusing stratigraphy and lacking documentation (Glowacki 1998, p. 79, esp. n. 4; Schulze 2004, p. 11-14; Stewart 2008). Furthermore, one has to acknowledge that neither all objects found on the Sacred Rock had a votive character, nor was Athena the sole recipient of the dedicated objects.3 Similarly, as with the majority of dedications in Greek sanctuaries, not all dedications carry inscriptions and even when they are inscribed, not all of them give the name of the donor. To make things more challenging, even when a woman’s name is attested as the devotee, it is rarely accompanied by information about her family status, leaving us in the dark about her position within the oikos.4 Inscribed Offerings 4 Despite the limitations outlined above, I was able to detect nearly forty inscribed offerings from the Acropolis naming a woman dedicator, dated between the Late Archaic and Early Classical periods (Table 1). Of these, only two were offered specifically by mothers, a bronze hydria and a marble votive pillar, while one can make a case for several other bronze and a couple of clay vessels and attempt to interpret them as maternal dedications (see discussion below). At least two examples from the second half of the fifth century were offered by married women, allowing the assumption that they were mothers, as well (IG I 3 888 ca. 450 BCE [wife of Eumelides], 894 [wife of Prepis]). Moreover, it is not uncommon for a relative, such as a spouse, a child, a parent or a sibling, to fulfill a dedication on behalf of a woman (mother or other), e.g., IG I 3 703 (Thoutime), 745 (Aristomache and Archestrate), and from the fourth century IG II2 4914 (Alkippe), but, despite the variety of our samples, the majority of female offerings reveals little information about a woman’s family ties. Table 1. Catalogue of Inscribed Female Votives from the Late Archaic-Early Classical Acropolis Date IG I3 Object Inv. No. Findspot Dedicator (BCE) Athens, National Archaeological 1 536 Bronze base Museum X 6944; 480 ? Glyke Lazzarini 1976, no. 667 Athens, National Ch]alchis 2 537 Bronze base Archaeological 480 ? and Thethis Museum X 6942 Cahiers « Mondes anciens », 6 | 2015 Women Dedicators on the Athenian Acropolis and their Role in Family Festivals... 3 Athens, National Archaeological 3 538 Bronze base Museum X 6947; ca. 480 ? Klearete Lazzarini 1976, no. 25 Athens, National Bronze statuette Archaeological 4 540 of Athena Museum 6447; ca. 480 ? Meleso Promachos Lazzarini 1976, no. 647 Athens, National Archaeological Bronze miniature 5 546 Museum X 6837; ca. 500 ? Phrygia shield Lazzarini 1976, no. 46 Athens, National Archaeological 6 547 Bronze cymbal Museum X 500-475 ? Lysilla 17525; Lazzarini 1976, no. 632 Athens, National From the Bronze mirror 7 548bis Archaeological 480 Brauroneia Glyke handle Museum 6944 sanctuary Athens, National Archaeological Bronze chernibeion 8 555 Museum X 7176; 525-500 ? Timagora (handle) Lazzarini 1976, no. 229 Athens, National Archaeological 9 560 Bronze phiale Museum X 726; 500-480 ? Nika[tta] Lazzarini 1976, no. 12 (Nika) Athens, National Archaeological Early 10 565 Bronze chernibeion Museum X 7336; fifth ? Kapanis Lazzarini 1976, century no. 648 Athens, National Archaeological ca. 11 567 Bronze lekane Museum X 7271; ? Meli[tei]a 475-450 Lazzarini 1976, no. 670 Acropolis Museum 5902; ca. 12 571 Bronze oinochoe ? Himera? Lazzarini 1976, 500-480 no. 16 Cahiers « Mondes anciens », 6 | 2015 Women Dedicators on the Athenian Acropolis and their Role in Family Festivals... 4 Athens, National Archaeological Early Bronze oinochoe 13 572 Museum X fifth ? Myrto handle 17524; Lazzarini century 1976, no. 10 Athens, National Archaeological A mother on 14 573 Bronze hydria Museum X 7294; 500-480 ? behalf of her Lazzarini 1976, sons 277, no 717 Athens, National Archaeological 15 574 Bronze hydria Museum X 7274; ca. 475 S]mikythe Lazzarini 1976, no. 666 Acropolis ca. 16 577 Kylix ? Smikra Museum 5897 500-480 End of Base of three Lazzarini 1976, 17 609 sixth Chionis tripods no 237 century Athens, Epigraphical In the Museum 6321; Persershutt 18 615 Pillar monument Lazzarini 1976, 525-510 Ergokleia near the no. 617; Tholos Raubitschek 1949, no. 232 Athens, National fr a: east of Archaeological ca. Parthenon, fr 19 656 Low base Museum 6250; Ph]sakythe 510-500 b: SW corner Raubitschek of Parthenon. 1949, no. 81 fr a: Found east of the Athens, National Parthenon, fr Archaeological b: near north Museum 6241; wall, ca 50 20 683 Votive column Lazzarini 1976, 510-500 meters west Iphidike no. 3; of where most Raubitschek of the korai 1949, no. 3 were found, fr c: SW from Parthenon Cahiers « Mondes anciens », 6 | 2015 Women Dedicators on the Athenian Acropolis and their Role in Family Festivals... 5 Athens, National Found in the Archaeological pit under the Museum 12780 + Parthenon Phryne and 21 700 Low base 6383; Lazzarini ca. 490 column drum, Smik[ythe] 1976, no. 23; built into the Raubitschek north wall 1949, no. 93 Athens, National Archaeological Votive pillar Early Museum 6333 On behalf of 22 703 crowned by fifth ? +6475; Thoutime capital century Raubitschek 1949, no. 284 Athens, National Archaeological On behalf of Museum 6301; Found near Aristomache 23 745 Low statue base 500-480? Löhr 2000, no. the north wall and 23; Raubitschek Archestrate 1949, no. 79 Acropolis Museum, courtyard no inv. no.; 24 767 Votive column 500-480 ? Empedia Lazzarini 1976, no. 649b; Raubitschek 1949, no. 25 Athens, National Found Archaeological For the Animal statue between the 25 773 Museum 6263 500-480 mother of base Erechtheion +6263a; Löhr 33, Timarchos and Propylaia no. 33 Acropolis Found in Early Base for ritual Museum 607; debris inside 26 794 fifth Smikythe basin Raubitschek the century 1949, no.
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