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Hardy Kiwifruit Leaves (Actinidia Arguta): an Extraordinary Source of Value- T Added Compounds for Food Industry

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Hardy Kiwifruit Leaves (Actinidia Arguta): an Extraordinary Source of Value- T Added Compounds for Food Industry Food Chemistry 259 (2018) 113–121 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Food Chemistry journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/foodchem Hardy kiwifruit leaves (Actinidia arguta): An extraordinary source of value- T added compounds for food industry Diana Almeidaa,1, Diana Pintoa,1, Joana Santosa, Ana F. Vinhaa,b, Josman Palmeirac, ⁎ Helena N. Ferreirac, Francisca Rodriguesa, , M. Beatriz P.P. Oliveiraa a LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Farmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal b FCS/UFP, Faculty of Health Sciences, University Fernando Pessoa, Rua Carlos da Maia, 296, 4200-150 Porto, Portugal c REQUIMTE, Microbiology Service, Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n.° 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: The present study reports for the first time the identification and quantification of phenolic compounds, the Hardy kiwifruit leaves antioxidant and antimicrobial activities as well as the in vitro radical scavenging activity and intestinal cell Value-added compounds effects of A. arguta leaves extracts. Extractions were carried out under water, water:ethanol (50:50) and ethanol. Bioactivity The highest antioxidant activity were obtained in alcoholic extract (IC50 = 53.95 ± 3.09 μg/mL for DPPH; Cell viability 6628.42 ± 382.49 µmol/mg dry weight basis for FRAP) while the phenolic profile confirmed by HPLC analysis Industrial applications revealed highest amounts of phenolic acids (hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives) and flavonoids (flavan-3-ol and flavonols derivatives). An excellent scavenging activity against reactive oxygen and nitrogen species were de- termined for all extracts as well as no adverse effects on Caco-2 and HT29-MTX cells in concentrations below 100 μg/mL and 1000 μg/mL, respectively. These results highlight the potentialities of hardy kiwi leaves valor- ization. 1. Introduction provide several benefits, not only at the biocompatibility level, but also as sustainability aspects and preservation of the environment. In the last decades, plants and their derivatives have been a valuable The genus Actinidia (Actinidiaceae) is a deciduous woody, fruiting source of natural products for application in different areas, including vine, which integrates different species and cultivars that exhibit a food, pharmaceutical and cosmetics (Braga, Rodrigues, & Oliveira, variety of physical characteristics and sensory attributes (Singletary, 2015; Costa et al., 2014; Rodrigues, Santos, et al., 2015). Likewise, 2012). Kiwifruit is native of China, but it is now cultivated worldwide more attention has been given to the sustainability concept, whereas (∼15 Actinidia species). Nevertheless, only three species have com- sustainable production and consumption should embrace waste reduc- mercial importance: A. deliciosa (green kiwi), A. chinensis (gold kiwi) tion and energy efficiency (Rodrigues et al., 2013). Nowadays, one of and A. arguta (hardy kiwifruit). Currently, commercial growth of hardy the greatest challenges for food researchers and manufacturers are the kiwifruit has spread to many countries including the United States, sustainable food production and the delivery of high quality food pro- Italy, France, Greece, Brazil and Portugal (Nishiyama, 2007), wherein ducts. At the same time, an added functionality to prevent life-style New Zealand and Chile are the most significant producers, having related diseases is also advisable. For those reasons, a great number of produced in 2013, 318 632 and 212 999 metric tons, respectively research activities in the field of health related dietary aspects de- (O’Rourke, 2014). It is believed that the world production of kiwifruits monstrated the relation between the regular intake of phytochemicals tends to increase, considering the consumer’s interest and the nutri- (e.g. polyphenols, carotenoids and phytosterols), and the prevention of tional reports. According to several authors, hardy kiwifruit pulp con- life-style related diseases (such as cancer, obesity, diabetes and cardi- tains high amounts of ascorbic acid (50–430 mg/100 g fresh weight) ovascular complications or premature aging) (Ahmadi, Sadeghi, and relatively high contents of other nutraceuticals (Nishiyama, 2007; Modarresi, Abiri, & Mikaeli, 2010; Lim et al., 2016). In this context, Nishiyama et al., 2004). Gallic acid is described as the major phenolic characterizing the main bioactive compounds from natural sources can compound (∼2 mg/g fresh weight) in the pulp (Lim et al., 2016), also ⁎ Corresponding author at: LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n. ° 280, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal. E-mail addresses: fsarmento@ff.up.pt, [email protected] (F. Rodrigues). 1 The authors contributed equally to the present work. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.03.113 Received 12 December 2017; Received in revised form 14 March 2018; Accepted 25 March 2018 Available online 27 March 2018 0308-8146/ © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. D. Almeida et al. Food Chemistry 259 (2018) 113–121 presenting natural pigments (Antunes, Dandlen, Cavaco, & Miguel, Ciocalteu reagent (1:10, v/v) and 120 μL of 7.5% Na2CO3 solution, and 2010; Hunter, Skinner, Ferguson, & Stevenson, 2010). Furthermore, allowed to stand for 15 min at 45 °C before the absorbance was de- hardy kiwifruit possess 4- to 6-fold higher levels of myoinositol com- termined at 765 nm using a Synergy HT GENS5 Microplate Reader pared with the green or the yellow kiwi, being one of the richest dietary (BioTek Instruments, Inc., Winooski, VT, EUA). Gallic acid was used as sources of this sugar alcohol, recognized as an important nutrient for standard to obtain a calibration curve (linearity range = 5–100 ppm, human cells (Singletary, 2012). Nevertheless, until now no studies of A. R2 = 0.9987). The TPC of the extracts was expressed as milligrams of arguta leaves have been published regarding its bioactivity and safe- gallic acid equivalents (GAE) per gram of plant material on dry weight ness. The aim of this study is to assess the health-promoting properties basis (dw). of A. arguta leaves on the basis of a comprehensive study of the phenolic profile, bioactivity and cell viability (through intestinal cells). 2.5. Determination of total flavonoid content 2. Material and methods Total flavonoid content (TFC) was determined using a colorimetric assay previously validated (Rodrigues et al., 2013). Briefly, 30 µL of 2.1. Chemicals and reagents each extract was mixed with 75 µL of distilled water and 45 µL of 1% (w/v) NaNO2 solution. After 5 min, 45 µL of 5% (w/v) AlCl3 solution All chemicals and solvents used were of analytical grade, obtained were added, and after 1 min, 60 µL of NaOH (1 M) and 45 µL of distilled from commercial sources and used as received or dried by standard water were also added. The absorbance was read at 510 nm using the procedures. 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) were obtained from Synergy HT Microplate Reader. Catechin was used as a reference to plot Aldrich Chemical Co. (Steinheim, Germany). Folin–Ciocalteu reagent, the standard curve (linearity range = 5–300 ppm, R2 = 0.9999). TFC gallic acid, catechin and Triton X-100 were purchased from Sigma was expressed as mg of catechin equivalents (CAE) per g of plant ma- Chemical Co. (St. Louis, USA). Dihydrorhodamine 123 (DRH), 4,5- terial on dw. diaminofluorescein (DAF-2), hydrogen peroxide 30%, sodium hypo- chlorite solution with 4% available chlorine, 3-(aminopropyl)-1-hy- 2.6. In vitro antioxidant activity droxy-3-isopropyl-2-oxo-1-triazene (NOC-5), b-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), phenazine methosulphate (PMS), nitroblue tet- 2.6.1. DPPH free radical scavenging assay razolium chloride (NBT), α,α’-Azodiisobutyramidine dihydrochloride The DPPH assay was used to evaluate the free radical scavenging (AAPH), Tiron, Trolox, fluorescein sodium salt, lucigenin and quercetin activity of hardy kiwifruit leaves extracts. The reaction mixture was were obtained from Sigma Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany). Butylated prepared directly on a 96 well plate between different sample con- hydroxytoluene (BHT) and ascorbic acid were purchased from Merck centrations (30 μL) and an ethanolic solution (270 μL) containing DPPH − (Darmstadt, Germany) while dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) was from radicals (6 × 10 5 M) in each well. The reduction of the DPPH radical AppliChem (Darmstadt, Germany). Caco-2 clone type C2BBe1 and was determined at 517 nm at two-minute intervals, during 30 min HT29-MTX cell lines were obtained from the American Type Culture (Barros, Baptista, & Ferreira, 2007). The radical scavenging activity Collection (ATCC, USA). Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM), (RSA) was calculated as a percentage of DPPH discoloration using the Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS), non-essential amino acids, penicillin and equation:% RSA = [(ADPPH − AS)/ADPPH)] × 100, where AS is the ab- streptomycin, trypsin–EDTA and Hank’s Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS) sorbance of the solution when the sample extract has been added at a were purchased from Invitrogen Corporation (Life Technologies, S.A., particular level, and ADPPH is the absorbance of the DPPH solution Madrid, Spain). (Barros et al., 2007). The extract concentration providing 50% of ra- dical scavenging activity (IC50) was calculated from the graph of RSA 2.2. Samples percentage against the extract concentration. Hardy kiwifruit leaves were
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