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Malva Sylvestris L. Et Autres Mauves De France

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Malva Sylvestris L. Et Autres Mauves De France UNIVERSITÉ DE NANTES FACULTÉ DE PHARMACIE ANNÉE 2011 N° 3 THÈSE pour le DIPLÔME D‟ÉTAT DE DOCTEUR EN PHARMACIE par Maeva FLORES Présentée et soutenue publiquement le 28 mars 2011 Malva sylvestris L. et autres mauves de France Président : M. Yves-François POUCHUS, Professeur de Botanique et Mycologie Membres du jury : Mme Claire SALLENAVE-NAMONT, Maître de Conférences de Botanique et Mycologie Melle Caroline CHARRIER, Pharmacien Table des matières INDEX DES TABLEAUX ........................................................................................................ 8 TABLE DES ILLUSTRATIONS .............................................................................................. 9 AVANT-PROPOS ................................................................................................................... 14 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 15 Chapitre I - Aspects historiques ............................................................................................... 16 I.1 - Introduction .................................................................................................................... 16 I.2 - Préhistoire ....................................................................................................................... 18 I.3 - Antiquité ......................................................................................................................... 18 I.4 - Moyen âge ...................................................................................................................... 27 I.5 - Renaissance .................................................................................................................... 28 I.6 - Epoque contemporaine ................................................................................................... 28 Chapitre II - Taxonomie et description botanique ................................................................... 29 II.1 - Dénomination et étymologie ......................................................................................... 29 II.2 - Taxonomie .................................................................................................................... 29 II.2.1 - Introduction ............................................................................................................. 29 II.2.2 - L‟ordre des Malvales ............................................................................................... 29 II.2.2.1 - Evolution de la place de l‟ordre des Malvales dans la classification ................. 29 II.2.2.2 - Les classifications phylogéniques non moléculaires .......................................... 31 II.2.2.2.1 - La classification de Cronquist ....................................................................... 31 II.2.2.2.2 - Les autres classifications .............................................................................. 31 II.2.2.3 - Les Malvales selon les classifications non moléculaires .................................. 31 II.2.2.4 - Une classification basée sur l‟ADN : la classification APG .............................. 32 II.2.2.4.1 - Généralités .................................................................................................... 32 II.2.2.4.2 - L‟ordre des Malvales dans la classification APG ......................................... 34 II.2.3 - La famille des Malvacées ........................................................................................ 36 II.2.3.1 - Les Malvacées selon la classification classique des Angiospermes ou classification de Cronquist ................................................................................................ 36 II.2.3.2 - Les Malvacées selon l‟APG ............................................................................... 38 II.2.3.2.1 - Description des Malvacées selon l‟APG ...................................................... 38 II.2.3.2.2 - Les clades à l‟intérieur des Malvacées.......................................................... 40 II.2.3.2.2.1 - Les familles composant les Malvacées : ............................................... 40 II.2.3.2.2.2 - Les sous-familles : ................................................................................ 40 II.2.3.3 - Les Malvadendrina et les Byttneriina................................................................. 42 II.2.3.4 - Les Malvatheca .................................................................................................. 44 II.2.3.5 - La sous familles des Malvoideae ....................................................................... 45 II.2.3.6 - Les tribus constituant les Malvacées .................................................................. 45 II.2.4 - La tribu des Malveae ............................................................................................... 46 1 II.2.4.1 - Evolution des genres à l‟intérieur des Malveae en fonction des classifications 46 II.2.4.2 - La subdivision des tribus en sous-tribus et alliances.......................................... 48 II.2.4.2.1 - Les sous-tribus .............................................................................................. 48 II.2.4.2.2 - Les alliances .................................................................................................. 48 II.2.4.3 - Les Malveae selon l‟APG .................................................................................. 48 II.2.4.3.1 - Introduction ................................................................................................... 48 II.2.4.3.2 - Une séparation des Malveae en deux clades ................................................. 49 II.2.4.3.1 - Le Clade B .................................................................................................... 49 II.2.4.3.2 - L‟alliance Malva ........................................................................................... 51 II.2.5 - Le genre Malva ........................................................................................................ 52 II.2.5.1 - Introduction ........................................................................................................ 52 II.2.5.2 - La fleur ............................................................................................................... 52 II.2.5.2.1 - Le périanthe .................................................................................................. 54 II.2.5.2.2 - L‟androcée .................................................................................................... 56 II.2.5.2.3 - Le gynécée .................................................................................................... 58 II.2.5.2.4 - Développement des pièces sexuelles ............................................................ 60 II.2.5.3 - Les feuilles ......................................................................................................... 61 II.2.5.3.1 - Description .................................................................................................... 61 II.2.5.3.2 - Structure ........................................................................................................ 62 II.2.5.3.3 - Mouvements de veille et de sommeil des feuilles de mauve ........................ 62 II.2.5.4 - Les racines .......................................................................................................... 62 II.2.5.5 - Le fruit des Malva .............................................................................................. 63 II.2.5.6 - Le tissu des Malva .............................................................................................. 65 II.2.5.6.1 - Le liber stratifié ............................................................................................. 65 II.2.5.6.2 - Les poils des Malva ...................................................................................... 66 II.2.5.6.3 - Les tissus à mucilage .................................................................................... 67 II.2.5.7 - Naissance d‟une fleur de mauve (Payer, 1852) .................................................. 68 II.2.5.8 - La pollinisation des mauves ............................................................................... 69 II.2.5.8.1 - La production du nectar chez les mauves ..................................................... 70 II.2.5.8.2 - Le pollen ....................................................................................................... 71 II.3 - Malva sylvestris L. ........................................................................................................ 73 II.3.1 - Noms communs et répartition géographique de Malva sylvestris ........................... 73 II.3.2 - Habitat ..................................................................................................................... 73 II.3.3 - Description de Malva sylvestris ............................................................................... 73 II.3.4 - Les fleurs de Malva sylvestris ................................................................................. 75 II.3.5 - Feuilles de Malva sylvestris ..................................................................................... 78 II.3.6 - Tige de Malva sylvestris .......................................................................................... 80 II.3.7 - Racine de Malva sylvestris .....................................................................................
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