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The Octopus, Resurfaced: California and the Southern Pacific Railroad, 1874-1894

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The Octopus, Resurfaced: California and the Southern Pacific Railroad, 1874-1894 ABSTRACT THE OCTOPUS, RESURFACED: CALIFORNIA AND THE SOUTHERN PACIFIC RAILROAD, 1874-1894 This thesis seeks to examine the extent to which Californians and the Southern Pacific Railroad were at odds during the twenty-year span from 1874–1894 through the framing of Frank Norris’s 1901 work, The Octopus, a representational yet highly sensational piece depicting antagonisms by one of the earliest American corporations against Californians. Bookending this span are two seminal events that demarcate a change in public sentiment towards the railroad, once thought to be a harbinger of progress and prosperity for the Golden State. In 1874, the San Francisco Chamber of Commerce sought to establish an oversight committee to regulate “extortionate” railroad freight rates and passenger fares. In 1894, in what has come to be known as the Pullman Strike, American Railway Union members in California brought the state to a virtual standstill in opposing the Southern Pacific’s decision to support Pullman and halt their locomotives without the sleeping cars attached. Contemporary scholarship on the Southern Pacific has shifted from a traditional narrative asserting the existence of an all- encompassing and corrupt railroad “Octopus” to propel a revisionist, almost apologist position imparting the beneficial contribution made by the Southern Pacific Railroad and Company towards the state. This work argues and examines a lesser-supported position that the Octopus existed, though uniquely or differently among the varying social strata of Gilded Age California in the late nineteenth-century. Michael G. Wilson December 2019 THE OCTOPUS, RESURFACED: CALIFORNIA AND THE SOUTHERN PACIFIC RAILROAD, 1874-1894 by Michael Gregory Wilson A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in History in the College of Social Sciences California State University, Fresno December 2019 © 2019 Michael G. Wilson APPROVED For the Department of History: We, the undersigned, certify that the thesis of the following student meets the required standards of scholarship, format, and style of the university and the student's graduate degree program for the awarding of the master's degree. Michael G. Wilson Thesis Author Daniel Cady (Chair) History Lori Clune History Bradley Hart Communication For the University Graduate Committee: Dean, Division of Graduate Studies AUTHORIZATION FOR REPRODUCTION OF MASTER’S THESIS X I grant permission for the reproduction of this thesis in part or in its entirety without further authorization from me, on the condition that the person or agency requesting reproduction absorbs the cost and provides proper acknowledgment of authorship. Permission to reproduce this thesis in part or in its entirety must be obtained from me. Signature of thesis author: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The undertaking and completion of this thesis would not have been possible without the generous help of those instrumental to the thesis writing process and to countless others who assisted in myriad ways. The committee substantiating this thesis, comprised of Professors of History, Dr. Daniel Cady, Dr. Lori Clune, and Professor of Political Science, Dr. Bradley Hart, not only molded an idea into a completed work, but made such an endeavor possible. Moreover, the respective guidance and insight of each committee chair made the undertaking altogether rewarding. Those affiliated with the university and Department of History, namely Graduate Coordinator, Dr. Bradley Jones and faculty member, Stephen Bohigian, have also provided instrumental guidance and support. The Special Collections staff and volunteers of the Henry Madden Library at Fresno State pulled back the curtain on a trove of primary sources housed at the university and elsewhere, elevating further an idea into reality. Thank you to the many kind and supportive individuals at Fresno State. Within the academic realm, the truly generous support from the Special Collections staff of the Charles E. Young Research Library at UCLA led to the discovery of sources that have remained largely untouched in contemporary analyses of nineteenth century railroads in California. A mention is extended to Civil War and Gilded Age Historian and Professor, Dr. Joan Waugh. The efforts of her knowledge and her willingness to assist undergraduate, graduate students, and alumni alike has manifested in a multitude of published theses and dissertations and throughout the pages of this work. A mention is also extended to Dr. William Deverell, Professor and Director of the Huntington-USC Institute on California and the West, whose seminal work, Railroad Crossing, and assistance with nineteenth-century newsprint sources proved truly indispensable. The knowledge of labor and unions of the period by Professor of History vi vi at Fresno City College, Mr. Paul Gilmore, has also proved invaluable to the contents of this thesis. The culminated support and selfless allocation of time by those outside the institution has, in equal measure, made this work possible. Many kind voices expressed their respective sentiments and input: colleagues behind the bar and friendly regulars (including professors) at Hi-Top Coffee in Fresno’s Tower District, library technicians over archival materials at the California State Railroad Museum in Sacramento, (thank you, Chris for your tremendous help with image reproduction/use rights) and loved ones conversing over meals, reading on their free time, and drawing parallels to current events and in popular culture. Of these loved ones, I extend my perpetual gratitude to Mom and Dad, Jeri and Roger Wilson. At what was clearly a foundational age, they fostered a love of locomotives and the “Wild West,” whether intentionally so or not. Over time, this love evolved into a greater interest in the history of these and other closely related subjects. Lastly, in striking to keep these acknowledgements succinct, to the individuals not named herein, (there are truly many) and to the future readers or scholars that may find this work of some benefit, thank you. There are simply not enough pages to properly nor adequately express my appreciation and gratitude. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page FIGURES ......................................................................................................................... viii INTRODUCTION: CORRUPTION CRESCENDO .......................................................... 1 Contested Routes & Colton Letters ............................................................................ 1 HISTORIOGRAPHY OF RAILROAD ANTAGONISMS IN CALIFORNIA ................. 8 CHAPTER I: FORESIGHT IN SAN FRANCISCO ........................................................ 23 The 1874 S.F. Chamber of Commerce & California Railroad Commission ............ 23 CHAPTER II: ANTI-RAILROAD SENTIMENT SOLIDIFIES ..................................... 32 The “Great” Strike & Mussel Slough ....................................................................... 32 CHAPTER III: DEAF TO THE DEMANDS OF THE PEOPLE .................................... 39 Southern Pacific Plight, 1880–1887 ......................................................................... 39 CHAPTER IV: “THE CURSE OF CALIFORNIA” ........................................................ 49 An Octopus Divided, Pullman Strike, & Twentieth-Century Legacy ...................... 49 CONCLUSION: THE OCTOPUS, REAFFIRMED ........................................................ 59 A Creature Above and Below ................................................................................... 59 AFTERWORD .................................................................................................................. 64 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................. 68 FIGURES Figure 1. George F. Keller’s “The Curse of California” from The Wasp, August 19, 1882. (Image in the Public Domain) Figure 2. Map of California to accompany printed agreement of S. O. Houghton as to the rights of the Southern Pacific R.R. Co. of Cal. to government lands under Acts of Congress passed July 27, 1866 and March 3, 1871 made before the committee of the judiciary of the Senate and Ho. of Reps. in May 1876. (Public Domain / Library of Congress) Figure 3. No. 75 Station, 5th & San Pedro St. Los Angeles Railroad Co. to Santa Monica, California, 1875 (Public Domain / USC Libraries) Steam locomotives like the one pictured were prevalent during the period 1874–1875. Though not a Southern Pacific engine, the one shown is a common “American 4-4-0” type and the passenger car is similar to the Pullman Palace Car design. Figure 4. Calamity Jane and Soldiers, Pullman Strike, Billings, Montana. (1894) (Montana Historical Society Research Center, Railroads in Montana Photograph Collection) Similar to the events depicted in the image from Montana, the Pullman Strike in California saw the American Railway Union and its supporters organize against state militia and eventually the United States Army. Though few soldiers are pictured in this example, the ARU often outnumbered its oppositional force. In Sacramento, California, many men of the state militia, who were themselves ARU members, laid down their arms to join the strikers. They were subsequently discharged (dishonorably) for mutinous behavior. Figure 5. Wreck of Southern Pacific Railroad Passenger Train (1894) (Courtesy of the California State Railroad Museum, Sacramento) This image depicts the event which many historians have identified as
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