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Midlands State University State-Commercial Farmers

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Midlands State University State-Commercial Farmers MIDLANDS STATE UNIVERSITY STATE-COMMERCIAL FARMERS’ RELATIONS IN POST-COLONIAL ZIMBABWE: FROM WILLING-SELLER-WILLING-BUYER DISPENSATION TO THE NEW DISPENSATION (1980-2018) BY TAWANDA WILLIAM CHIBANDA (R0432617) A THESIS SUBMITTED IN FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN DEVELOPMENT STUDIES AT THE, MIDLANDS STATE UNIVERSITY SUPERVISOR: DR. T.M. MASHINGAIDZE CO-SUPERVISOR: PROF. S.J. NDLOVU-GATSHENI NOVEMBER 2020 DECLARATION I , TAWANDA WILLIAM CHIBANDA, declare that this thesis entitled, State-Commercial Farmers’ Relations in Post-Colonial Zimbabwe: From Willing-Seller-Willing-Buyer Dispensation to the New Dispensation (1980-2018) is my own original work and that all the sources contained in this thesis have been accurately reported and acknowledged, and that this document has not previously, either in its entirety or in part, been submitted for the purposes of obtaining an academic qualification or examination at any other university or institution. T.W. CHIBANDA R0432617 i DEDICATION To the late Pamisani Kadakure, thank you for being a role model and rest in peace elder. To farming unions, your voices on the land question remain critical. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude and appreciation to all the people who made this study a success. I give glory to the Lord for granting me the strength and wisdom to accomplish this study. I am greatly indebted to my supervisors, Dr T M Mashingaidze for his thoroughness and robust analysis of every part of the study and Professor S Ndlovu-Gatsheni for his guidance and analysis. My sincere gratitude goes to colleagues in the Midlands State University’s Department of Development Studies and Faculty of Arts members for their support. I wish to appreciate colleagues outside the Faculty of Arts for their support and guidance. To the Midlands State University Research and Post-graduate Studies Office, thank you for the support structures and availing the opportunity to carry out this study. I also appreciate the participation of the farming unions, their leadership and members for their views that were critical to the study. Political and civil society members were also instrumental in providing interesting and important views to the study; for that I am eternally grateful. My appreciation also goes to all my family members for their support and constant encouragement. Special appreciation goes to my sister Nyarai Chibanda for her unwavering support and my mother for believing in me. To my wife Mazvita, I appreciate your prayers and for being there in every step of the way. My son Keane, for the love and smiles you always show, I will cherish you forever. iii LIST OF ACRONYMS BIPPA Bilateral Investment Promotion and Protection Agreements CFU Commercial Farmers Union EPZ Export Processing Zone ESAP Economic Structural Adjustment Programme ICFU Indigenous Commercial Farmers Union JAG Justice for Agriculture GMB Grain Marketing Board JPAC Joint Presidents Agricultural Committee LHA Lancaster House Agreement MDC Movement for Democratic Change MFA Matabeleland Farmers Association NCA National Constitutional Assembly NFAZ National Farmers Association of Zimbabwe RAU Rhodesian Agricultural Union RFLA Rhodesian Farmers and Landowners Association RNFU Rhodesian National Farmers Union SACFA Southern African Commercial Farmers Association UDI Unilateral Declaration of Independence ZANU-PF Zimbabwe African National Union- Patriotic Front ZFU Zimbabwe Farmers Union ZJRI Zimbabwe Joint Resettlement Initiative ZNFU Zimbabwe National Farmers Union ZTA Zimbabwe Tobacco Association iv Table of Contents DECLARATION ............................................................................................................................... i DEDICATION ................................................................................................................................ ii LIST OF ACRONYMS ..................................................................................................................... iv Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 1 Historical Background .................................................................................................................. 7 Theoretical Framework .............................................................................................................. 21 Corporatism and the Commercial Farmers Union ............................................................................ 21 African Farmers and the state: A De-colonial Framework ................................................................ 26 Relevance of Coloniality to state-commercial farmers’ relations in post-colonial Zimbabwe ......... 29 Why Decoloniality? ........................................................................................................................... 31 Conceptual Framework .............................................................................................................. 37 Statement of the Problem .......................................................................................................... 43 Objectives.................................................................................................................................. 45 Research Questions ................................................................................................................... 46 Significance of the Study ............................................................................................................ 47 Methodology and Sources .......................................................................................................... 49 Data Gathering Instruments ....................................................................................................... 50 Target Population ...................................................................................................................... 53 Literature Review ...................................................................................................................... 55 CHAPTER 1 ................................................................................................................................. 75 STATE-COMMERCIAL FARMERS’ RELATIONS FROM (1980-1992) .................................................. 75 The Lancaster House Agreement and the land question .............................................................. 75 Farming groups that existed at independence ............................................................................. 81 The Commercial Farmers Union and the State (1980-1992) ......................................................... 85 Dennis Norman’s Influence ........................................................................................................ 86 Unity Attempts .......................................................................................................................... 89 Close ties between white farming leadership and government officials ....................................... 92 Matabeleland disturbances and CFU Apoliticism ......................................................................... 97 Beginning of Friction ................................................................................................................ 100 New appointments in the Agricultural Ministry and isolation of the CFU ................................... 111 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................... 113 CHAPTER 2 ............................................................................................................................... 115 v GROWING TENSIONS BETWEEN THE STATE AND THE COMMERCIAL FARMERS UNION (1992-2001) ................................................................................................................................................ 115 The Land Acquisition Act .......................................................................................................... 118 The Politics of Land Acquisition ................................................................................................ 125 White farmers abandoning Apoliticism ..................................................................................... 139 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................... 145 CHAPTER 3 ............................................................................................................................... 146 THE THIRD CHIMURENGA AND ITS EFFECT ON RELATIONS BETWEEN THE STATE AND COMMERCIAL FARMERS’ ORGANISATIONS ..................................................................................................... 146 War Veterans, farm invasions and anti-white rhetoric .............................................................. 148 Racialisation of land and the breakdown white farmer resistance to land reform ...................... 157 Sanctions and the blame game ................................................................................................. 160 Reaction of the Black farming community to Third Chimurenga ................................................ 163 Response by White Farmers to the Third Chimurenga ............................................................... 168 The emergence
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