Review, Vol. 25, No. 6

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Alternative title Zimbabwe ReviewZimbabwe Review: official organ of the Zimbabwe African Peoples' Union (ZAPU) Author/Creator Publicity and Information Bureau of the Zimbabwe African People's Union Publisher Publicity and Information Bureau of the Zimbabwe African People's Union Date 1994-11-00 Resource type Magazines (Periodicals) Language English Subject Coverage (spatial) Zimbabwe, Southern Africa (region) Coverage (temporal) 1994 Rights By kind permission of ZANU, the Zimbabwe African National Union Patriotic Front. Description EDITORIAL. LETTERS: Need for leadership education. Clinic lacks resources. The wrangle over cotton prices. NATIONAL NEWS: President's progress report to Congress. New executive for the Women's League. The ZANU PF Central Committee and Politburo. EU/SADC ministers hold conference. Poverty reduction in Matabeleland North. Exposing pupils to the world of work. Occupational injuries on the increase. National cleaner production centre for Zimbabwe. Still waters run deep. INTERNATIONAL: Russia wants Iraqi embargo lifted. Fast growing grasses as fuel. Drug patches help prevent premature births. Money mandarins lay siege to Africa's bank. New Rwanda government. The battle against drug running. Taiwan has no right to join UN. BBC declares war on CNN. Home most threatening place for women. British police seek better protection. US bans airlines from nine countries. Cuba protests use of its bay. Renamo gangs reported in Sofala. Government spurns Renamo demand to disarm riot police. FEATURES: Lack of dialogue causing strikes. Advantages of inward investment. TALKING POINT:

http://www.aluka.org Identity as a sight of struggle. POETRY: The unknown fallen heroes. Format extent 48 page(s) (length/size)

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0ealm nononUonPF I4' i -Zimbabwe Nqewsv 011ial Organ of ZANU PF DprmnofItmnadPulcty,1 Austin Road $ 1 . 0 ( c.slstx ,,,, P ...... nd Develop-..,_, Volume 25. No. 6. 1994, Registered at the G.P.0 as a Newspaper $ (inc. sales tax) ongress n.ia.an University FEB 0 9 1995 :....Library JIROa*. 00o*° : ,; g*~~ : a- V gm Z -F".PO!6Wur r"I'-Y.

OF LSJ C-, e 4./ THE NEW $50 NOTE The new $50 banknote will be issued on 14th March. It retains the traditional security features which have been improved and new ones have been introduced to make the note easy to recognise. Look for these five(5) distinctive features :" CHECKLIST Ifni 1T1 I The Zimbabwe Bird Watermark. 2 Two see-through rhinoceroses on either side which are in perfect register. 3 The security thread with RBZ50 printed on it. 4 Raised print which can easily be felt by running I your nail along it. 5 Extra small print which reads 50, 50, 50 ... situated to the left of the balancing rocks. FRONT i EKVE BLANK OF ZIMBABWE .:A,0000000:A ;~ooooi ,0 - 4 3 3 BACK The New $50 Note... the convenience of handling money is now here. Pub..h.d xy R 8 Z z7h M.rh 1994

Zimbabwe News Official Organ of ZANU PF 1. Editorial 2. Letters 3. National News: 4. International 5. Features: 6. Talking Point: 7. Poetry: Contents o...... o ...... 2 Need for leadership education ...... 3 C linic lacks resources ...... 3 The wrangle over cotton prices ...... 3 President's progress report to Congress ...... 4 New executive for the Women's League ...... 9 The ZANU PF Central Committee and Politburo ...... 10 EU/SADC ministers hold conference ...... 12 Poverty reduction in Matabeleland North ...... 14 Exposing pupils to the world of work ...... 14 Occupational injuries on the increase ...... 17 National cleaner production centre for Zimbabwe ...... 17 Still w aters run deep ...... 18 Russia wants Iraqi embargo lifted ...... 19 Fast growing grasses as fuel ...... 19 Drug patches help prevent premature births ...... 19 Money mandarins lay siege to Africa's bank ...... 20 New Rwanda government ...... 20 The battle against drug running ...... 21 Taiwan has no right to join UN ...... 23 BBC declares war on CNN ...... 24 Home most threatening place for women ...... 24 British police seek better protection ...... 25 US bans airlines from nine countries ...... 25 Cuba protests use of its bay ...... 26 Renamo gangs reported in Sofala ...... 27 Government spurns Renamo demand to disarm riot police ...... 27 Lack of dialogue causing strikes ...... 29 Advantages of inward investment ...... 30 Identity as a sight of struggle .. 32 The unknown fallen heroes ...... 39 Zimbabwe News is the official Organ of the Zimbabwe African National Union tZANU PFI and is produced on the authority of the Central Conmittee by the Department of Information and Publicity, Jongwe Printing and Publishing Co., No. 14 Austin Road, Workington, . World Copyright, Central Committee !ZANU PF1. Editorial Council: Cde N M Shamuyarira Cde. C.C. Chimutengwende Cde. C. Ndhlovu Cde S. Kachingwe Cde A. Sikhosana Cde. M. Munyati. Qm-lm ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 25 NO. 6, 1994

ZANU PF's democratic traditions disarm enemies THE world is today being told by the West to take up the word "democracy" as a watchword. Democracy is the natural method of managing public affairs. If there are culprits who have abused this word, they are the imperialists who, as colonialists, restricted its application to exclude the colonised and are now telling the formerly colonised people to practise it while at the same time, the same imperialists do not practise. The word "democracy" was applied by the ancient Greek city states is a compound of two Greek words: demos (people) and craetus (rule). Thus, origianlly democracy meant "the rule or the government of the people by the people themselves". In the 19th century, the American statesman, Abraham Lincoln, defined democracy as a "government of the people, by the people and for the people". One would think that Lincoln was a democrat who fully understood the meaning of democracy but John Wilkes Booth who assassinated him on April 14, 1865, shouted over Lincoln's copse: "sic semper tyrannis" (thus always to tyrants). It is obvious that Booth's idea of democracy was violently the opposite of what Abraham Lincoln stood for. Differences in the interpretation of democracy have existed since the invention of this word. The ancient Greeks, who invented the word, owned slaves whom they did not consider "people". So, all Greeks were "people" with the right to vote but their slaves had no vote. The rich apply democracy among themselves and exclude the poor. On the other hand, the poor include the rich in their application of democratic principles. We in ZANU PF apply the principles of democracy to cover all Zimbabweans regardless of class, race, sex or religion. However, ZANU PF applies democracy in favour of the majority who are the poor in our society. ZANU PF demonstrated its commitment to the application of democracy in favour of the poor majority when it held its Second People's Congress on September 22-26 this year. The Congress was atttended by delegates representing al social strata of the population but with an overwhelming presence of representatives of the poor majority. The 8 000 delegates were representing the workers, the peasants, the intelligensia, the women and the youth. There is no other political party in Zimbabwe that can match ZANU PF's cross-section representation of the entire population. Parties like 's Conservative Alliance represents white racism and nothing else; Dumbutshena's Forum Party represents multi-racial elitism in the service of foreign interests and nothing else; Tekere's ZUM, Sithole's Ndonga and the ragtag and bobtail of other minor groups collectively represent the frustration of failures and nothing else. These non]-representative opposition parties are making discordant noises about the absense of democracy under ZANU PF government when the mere fact of their existence testifies to ZANU PF's democractic tradition of giving equal opportunities even to lameduck political organisations. 13 ZIMBARWEWS V_QL.2.5_N0. 6. 1994

Several questions of ZANU PF's policies are raised over the recent wrangle on the price for cotton ' lint. The former Cotton Marketing Board (CMB), was restructured into a commercial company, the Cotton Company of Zimbabwe (CCZ). This exercise was in line with the adoption of the capitalist policy of ESAP. The policy calls for deregulation and removal of government controls and direct intervention. Need for leadership education Dear Editor The quality of a country's leadership is often reflected in the way a country is governed. This, therefore means the political leadership has a very important role to play in the development of a country. In this regard, a revolutionary political party like ZANU PF which becomes the pivot for peace, stability and the solution of problems must provide a good leadership not only within the Party, but also in government because the latter is the instrument for development. It is therefore important that all people given leadership positions should understand what leadership means. It demands of one to pay the highest sacrifice in everything that one does. While it is very important for every leader to read and be up-to-date on developments, one must not think they know everything. A leader must learn to listen to the people's views and seriously take them into account in making recommendations and decisions. A leader must be sympathetic, forgiving and forebearing. You must be able to give up everything for the cause that is worthwhile. Always hold the banner of unity and love for mankind so as to create conditions that are necessary to bring about the desired results. Remember, learning does not end. Forward with development Forward with ZANU PF Shamiso Mukanganga Nyashanu Harare When the policy of' ESAP was first imposed by the IMF and World Bank in 1991, the private sector which, in this country, is dominated by whites, both foreign and local welcomed this imposition for ideological reasons. For its implementation, however, the private capitalist sector looks upon the ZANU PF government for support as it is failing to stand up in competition with foreign goods under an environment of "free market forces." "The industry (textile) is in severe 4ifficulty, and nobody is coming to our assistance," says Mr. Ray Woolley, chairman of Central Africa Textile Manufacturers Association. Mr. Woolley disclosed that the textile industry was supported by the government in the na.at thrmuoh "exnrt incentives:;' The chairman of textile manufacturers said his industry had "lost more than $100 million of export incentives and incurred a further $240 million from the rise'in lint prices." Local and foreign capitalists and their bourgeois economists are on record castigating the "socialist policies' of ZANU PF and attributing all econaic 9 problems facing the country to these "socialist policies". The ZANU PF govenment has bent its policies over b'wards to accommodate the wishe-'of the capitalists but the same-i6al capitalists are now demanding ZAWTF government intervention! This algmjs sufficient to vindicate the ZANU Picy of central control of the rat4ial economy. Dear Editor from the councillor who is someoIbes Iwould like to draiv the attention of the authorities to what is going on at our clinic in Nyatate, Nyanga. The clinic operates for many days without drugs, especially those for children. to make matters worse, the members of staff will only offer a patient treatment if he or she produces a referral letter from the local councillor. Is the councillor a doctor? Due to this practice, many people iJ)the area are resorting to travelling mqre than five kilometres to Mount Mellerry Mission Hospital where they get treat ment without having to produce the councillor's letter. Could something be done about this practice which has brought a lot of suffering to our people. One of these days, somebody is going Worried Resident to die due to delays in getting a letter Nyanga Due to the ever rising costs of production, the cover price for the Zimbabwe News has been increased from 70 cents to $1. 00 with effect from this issue. ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 25 NO. 6, 1994 Letters The wrangle over cotton pricle

*Nto i Ne*s T11 2N ZA't F A IO ALP1,111 Pysdn' S. *es y* I Spy to Cogy pre National Chairman of ZANU PF Cde. JW. Msika. The two Vice Presidents and Second Secretaries, Cde. J.M. Nkomo and Cde. SV. Muzenda, Members of the Central Committee, Distinguished delegates and guests, comrades. Greetings in the name of our Party, ZANU PF. May 1, at the outset, warmly welcome you all to this our Second National People's Congress. I do so in the hope that the arrangements and facilities put before you are to your comfort and satisfaction. Let me, in the same spirit welcome our dear comrades representing sister parties and organisations from different countries who, by coming, have demonstrated their solidarity with us. Since our last ZANU PF National People's Congress held from 18th to 22nd December, 1989, 70 members of the Central Committee, provinces and political districts passed away. It is appropriate that, at this juncture, we observe a minute of silence in memory of our departed comrades, among whom are the First Lady Amai , then Secretary of the Women's League, and Cde. Enerst Rusununguko Kadungure, then Secretary for Youth, and Cdes. Lameck Chikanga Makanda, Mayor Urimbo, Christopher Machingura Ushewokunze, Sydney Donald Malunga, Joseph Culverwell, Willie Musarurwa and George Nyandoro. May I take this opportunity to thank the Party and the nation for the comfort and support they gave me during the bereavement of my wife. Comrades, it gives me great pleasure to present my report to you which discusses the resolutions adopted by the National People's Congress of 1989 and gives an account of tasks carried out by the Party during the past five-year term beginning December, 1989 extending to September, 1994. This report is, therefore, a summary of the annual reports presented to the Central Committee over this period. A fuller account of events and activities which took place during Cde. President R.G. Mugabe the period under review is in the respective annual reports. This term of office started with the historic Unity Accord between PF-ZAPU and ZANU PF cemented by our first National People's Congress in 1989. That Congress elected one hundred and sixty members to the Central Committee from whom the President and First Secretary of the Party appointed members of the Politburo. That National People's Congress passed a set of resolutions which were: Thesis 1 - The Party; Thesis 2 - Peace and National Security; Thesis 3 - Economic Development; Thesis 4 - Land Reform and Agriculture; Thesis 5 - Social Services; Thesis 6 - Natural Resources; Thesis 7 - Transport and Comnunication and Thesis 8 - International Relations. Thesis 1 - The Party The Party worked hard to consolidate the Unity Accord of December 22, 1987, harnessing the spirit of unity to fight tribalism, regionalism, nepotism and corruption. Whilst the Party is not yet on top of the situation, no effort will be spared to fight these vices which not only weaken the Party but impede progress. The Party is indeed a people's organisation comprising workers, peasants, patriotic intellectuals, professionals and students. It continues to grow stronger, sending tremors to the opposition. Of course, this does not call for complacency, particularly as we prepare for the coming general. elections. Socialism remains our swon ideology. However, the challenge is to continue to redefine it in a manner consistent with our culture and historical experience, the changing times and the aspirations of our people. Naturally, such an ideological synthesis calls for a committed and conscious cadreship which agitates for the realisation of our objectives. The Party continues to assert its authority over government and has defined policies which government has implemented. However, more needs to be done by way of harmonising the respective roles of the Party and government at all levels. Similarly, the principle of democratic centralism needs to be respected in the Party. In some instances, senior Party officials have dictated to lower organs instead of assisting them carry out their functions, thereby generating a lot of resentment and ill-feelings at lower echelons. This is a problem we need to address squarely if ever a sense of discipline is to be inculcated into the Party. Thesis 2 - Peace and National Security The Unity Accord, coupled with the recent attainment of political indepen. dence in South Africa, has yielded enormous peace dividend to our country. ZANU PF applauds the peace and democracy that have been ushered in with the demise of apartheid. Now that the regime is gone and has been replaced by a democratically elected government, led by His Excellency President Mandela, we can harness this pre0 Continued on page 5 ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 25 NO. 6, 1994

President's progress report to Congress * Continued from page 4 cious peace for greater development in our region. In , government and Renamo signed a peace accord in Rome in October, 1992, paving the way for a ceasefire which has held ever since. Zimbabwe pliyed a significant role in this process, bringing about this accord and continues to help in the peace process. The attainment of this peace has reinforced stability in our country safeguarding our economic interests. Thesis 3 - Economic Development The idea of restructuring our economy, then mooted at our first Congress, crystalised into the five-year Economic Structural Adjustment Programme launched a year later in 1990. This programme, now in its fourth year of implementation, has liberalised the economy, with a view to attracting investment and creating more jobs for our people. To facilitate foreign direct investment, a one-stop shop, the Zimbabwe Investment Centre has since been established, handling the growing volume of investment into the economy. Investment promotion missions have been undertaken in countries like Germany, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Singapore and Britain. When we embarked on the programme, little did we know that 1992 would see the worst drought which slowed down our efforts to revamp the economy as we had to redirect resources towards al- leviating the effects of the devastating drought. The Party's decision that government work out a comprehensive Drought Recovery Programme led to a dramatic turn around a year later. The Economic Reform Programme is back on the rails and has begun to bear fruit. Our economy whose growth rate had plunged to a negative growth of 9 percent during the 1991 -92 drought period, made a rebound the following year when a positive growth rate of 1 percent registered. just this financial year, a 5 percent growth rate is projected. Rationalisation of the Public Service, itself a key element in the reform programme, has already enabled the abolition of 12 700 posts, thus reducing the budget deficit, thereby releasing resources into the productive sector for greater employment creation. During the period under review, total labour force rose from 1 875 800 to 2 299 300 in the formal sector. However, 1992 saw a reversal of the trend when 6 000 jobs were lost and this to be followed by a further loss of 26 700 jobs by mid 1993, largely owing to the drought. Clearly a reversal of this magnitude emphasises the limitations of job creation strategies that only focus on the formal sector. To generate sustainable employment, we need to continue implementing programmes that result in the growth and development of non- formal and small-scale enterprises such as the projects of retrenchees being carried out Over 7 000 delegates converged at the Harare International Conference Centre for the ZANU PF National People's Congress under the Social Dimensions Fund (SDF). It is estimated that the informal smallscale sector can generate between 100 000 and 150 000 new jobs a year to balance the formal employment shortfall. The present programme under SDF should help gear government support for actions that will provide the poor with job opportunities. Indeed, the SDF programme can and should be broadened beyond merely rehabilitating retrenchees, so it begins to tackle the unemployed. The Party continues to worry at the continued marginalisation of the indigenous people in the economic affairs of this country. Our people still suffer economic disablement as a result of a' myriad of old laws, business practices and prejudices, themselves a legacy of a colonial past that sought a wholesale disempowerment of the blacks. Needless to say, this situation is unacceptable and cannot be allowed to continue. Recognising these disparities, the Politburo, in 1994, convened a special session in Vic- toria Falls that explored ways, means and strategies of enhancing the indigenisation of the economy. Indeed, a committee on indigenisation has since been formed and will work closely with the IBDC and other interested parties to make our indigenisation goals a reality. A $400 million facility disbursed in $100 million tranches is already operational and has gone some way in meeting the financial needs of new and established indigenous concem. An investnt fund is in the proces of being set up and, together with the improved business environment, should see greater strides in indigenising the economy as well as expanding employment opportunities. Government continues to exert pressure on financial institutions to make them more amenable to our indigenisation goals. Needless to say the process itself would be hastened by a more encompassing programme of entrepreneurial training and development, as well as more committed implementation of affirmative action in the public sector. Thesis 4 - Land Reform and Agriculture In 1989, our National People's Congress urged Government to expedite land re'forms with a view to correcting historically ordained imbalances that emanated from discriminatory colonial * Continued on page 6 ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 25 NO. 6, 1994 t~~6 Naioa S'~s TH 2ND ZAS *1 AINL1,1L"' ')(R.' * Continued from page 5 policies. To this end, the Land Acquisition Act of 1992 was enacted to provide the necessary legal framework for this very important exercise. On the ground, significant progress has been made in designating, acquiring and resettling our people. Currently, five million hectares of land is being purchased from the large-scale commercial area to bring total land acquired for resettlement purposes to 8,3 million hectares. Apart from equipping our people with a vital asset, the land reform programme is a veritable area for employment creation. It is with this realisation that the land reform programme targets various categories of new settlers, among them suitable graduate cadres drawn from our agricultural institutes, and landless peasants. Comrades, our land reform programme can only lead to greater food security if it unfolds within a coherent and sustainable national land policy. To this end, we appointed a Land Tenure Commission to look into the current and alternative land tenure systems and to make recommendations for adoption by government. The Commission has completed its investigations and is expected to submit the final report to government on 31st October, 1994. Thesis 5 - Social Services Several important developments have taken place in the health sector. Surveys done in 1992 showed that we had reached our target of universal child immunisation, that is, more than 80 percent coverage; the infant mortality rate had come down to 53 per 1 000 live births. 78 percent of the population countrywide had access to protected water supplies and 24 percent had family toilet facilities; and 85 percent of the population was within one hour travel time to the nearest health facility. Our preparedness in the health sector was amply demonstrated during the 1990-94 cholera outbreak when we were able to cope, thus drastically reducing fatalities. Yet these impressive achievements in the health sector are now threatened with reversal from the AIDS pandemic which presently ac- counts for a high percentage of the patients in the hospitals. Even more tragic is the fact that this incurable disease is cutting the most productive age group. This Congress, therefore, should lend its support and even direct that more resources be channelled towards the fight against AIDS. Indeed, each delegate should go back with the message and promote community awareness of this dreadful disease. The Family Health Project, Phases I and II has seen the upgrading or construction of district hospitals in Nyanga, Mt. Darwin, Karoi, Gokwe, Tsholotsho, Beitbridge, Ndanga and Mtoko. Many more are shortly to come on stream in Kariba, Kadoma, Chivi, Mwenezi, Bubi, Nkayi, Bulilimamangwe, Kezi, Matobo, Chivhu, Kwekwe, Buhera, Mutasa, Guruve, Rushinga, Mudzi and UzumbaMaramba-Pfungwe districts. Infrastructural development work has also been undertaken at , Mutare and Chinhoyi provincal hospitals, as well as at Harare and Mpilo Central hospitals. * Continued on page 7 The Party has worked hard to consolidate the Unity Accord of December 22, 1987, which was signed by Cde. R. G. Mugabe (left) and Cde. (right). ,Former President Cde. (middle) presided over the signing ceremony. ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 25 NO. 6, 1994

President's progress report to Congress o Continued from page 6 Following the 1991-92 devastating drought, the Central Committee directed that government evolve a multifaceted programme to ameliorate the effects of the drought. This government did, through a variety of programmes, the most significant of which were: a) public works programmes, which, over and above making available food to distraught rural families, went a long way in providing jobs, therefore incomes, to the rural unemployed, in the process contributing to rural infrastructural development; b) general feeding programme, which combined free food handouts to the aged and disabled and food-for-work for the able-bodied; c) child supplementary feeding targetted at the under-fives who ran the greatest risk. Indeed this programme has persisted to this day. I am sure most of you would agree with me that 1992 was the year that the Party, through its government, intervened decisively to avert what otherwise would have been a calamitous situation. May I also recognise the many income generating projects that were started during this difficult year, many of which thrive to this day. The one important lesson imparted to us by this very difficult experience was the need to develop our water resource. I am happy to inform this august Congress that many weirs, medium and largescale dams have been constructed, with many more coming under the one-dam per-district programme for which money has already been allocated under the Public Sector Investment Programme. May I, however, remind everyone that water is a resource that has to be utilised for productive purposes, especially through irrigation. Comrades, in line with the resolution of our First Congress, government has, as directed by the Party, started the programme of vocationalising our education system by creating more technical colleges. This crucial programme builds on the phenomenal progress we made in primary and secondary education since our Independence in 1980. Graduate output from tech- Government has set aside funds to construct a dam in each district under the Public Sector Investment Programme nical colleges has more than doubled since 1989 from a mere 2 257 to 7 178 graduates in 1993. This salutary development has been reinforced by the amendments to the University Act of 1990, allowing for the setting up of private universities and the National University of Science and Technology itself an embodiment of our desire to see the development of skills that are relevant to the needs of our industry. As part of the overall rural development strategy, and also to generate employment opportunities in the rural areas, Government intensified the implementation of the 'Public Works Programme. To this end, a total of $82 million was made available for the implementation of 672 projects, covering clinics, schools, bridges, roads and dams. The launching of the economic reform programme saw thousands of workers being retrenched as both the private and public sectors strove to meet the demands of the new economic order. As a result, vulnerable groups, mainly women, children, and the aged were badly affected. In order to alleviate the impact of the reforms, the Party, through government, established the Social Dimensions Fund which was designed. a) to train retrenchees and assist them set up small 'to medium-scale enter- prises. To date, 776 projects have been funded at a total cost of Z$ 53.6 million in the fields of manufacturing, mining, agriculture, retail, transport, services; b) to finance income generating nonformal sector activities; c) to provide safety nets for the poor in respect of health, school fees, examination fees and food money. A total of $52.30 million has been spent on these social safety nets since the programme started. In compliance with the Resolution of the National People's Congress of 1989, government restored the powers of the chiefs and headmen and trained them to appreciate and effectively implement the modern legal processes. Indeed this exercise has bome fruit as the chiefs and headmen can now preside over community and local courts respectively. Their condition and status continue to come under review and just now efforts are underway to complete the traditional leadership structure by re-introducing the "sabhuku". Indeed, these echelons underpin the stability of our rural communities. Regarding the issuance of births and deaths certificates, government, in keeping with the directive of the 1989 Congress, deployed mobile births, deaths and national registration units in a bid to make the services of the Office of the Registrar-General more accessible, espe0 Continued on page 8 ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 25 NO. 6, 1994

President's progress report to Congress * Continued from page 7 cially to our rural communities. Present government is seised with the computerisation programme which should improve and hasten service delivery. Thesis 6: Natural resources With regard to the husbandry of our natural resources, government continues to grapple with the problem of poaching, exploring various mechanisms for protecting our endangered species, especially the rhino. Numerous protective zones have been created in havens for better sanctuary. This is an important exercise directly linked to our tourist industry. Indeed, wildlife has achieved a high commercial value and its gross contribution to the national economy is estimated at Z$750 million. The return from wildlife in communal lands has also doubled each year since 1989; and is expected to provide income and benefits to rural communities, exceeding $10 million this year. The real challenge is to intensify efforts that will raise the level of participation and benefit that will accrue to our rural people. Although government continues to address the problem of deforestation through various programmes such as the raising of community awareness, woodlands management, tree planting and seedling production, progress in this sphere remains unsatisfactory. It has become apparent to government that the preservation of our natural resources is inextricably connected with the provision of alternative sources of energy in the rural areas, especially solar energy. In the meantime, we, as the Party, can play a vital role by giving more forthright support to govern~ient's efforts. Thesis 7 - Transprt And Communication Comrades, when we met for our National People's Congress in 1989, our urban transport situation was in a state of near paralysis. I am happy to 'report that, through a mix of viable policies, not least among them the deregulation of the urban transport sector, the urban transport situation, apart from improving significantly, has provided sizeable opportunities for indigenous business participation. Indeed, our Economic Structural Adjustment Programme can only succeed when it is backed by an efficient and effective transport network system. However, disconcerting has been the carnage on our roads which continues to claim many innocent lives needlessly. Greater care, coupled with the provision of better marked, wider roads would spare many lives. Thesis 8 - International Relations The previous Congress affirmed our commitment to the struggle against imperialism throughout the world's oppressed and disadvantaged. it called upon the Party to upport all progressive liberation movements and expressed its solidarity with South African liberation movements. Our Party and government were deeply involved in the eradication of apartheid, and in the general elections that took place in South Africa in April this year, which saw the victory of ANC and the subsequent establishment of a government of national unity. We have established very good relations with that government. I have no doubt that this Congress will wish to send a message of congratulation to the African National Congress. In Namibia, we supported SWAPO right through to its victory in 1990. The new government was guided by the principles of national reconciliation and unity which we espoused soon after our independence in 1980. That policy has brought about peace and stability in Namibia. The period 1989 to 1994 has seen dramatic political changes in or region. For instance, there has been a change of government in Malawi and . In Mozambique, elections are due later in October, this year, hopefully paving the way for peace and stability. Regrettably, developments in Angola have not yielded much joy as UNITA continues to renege on the democratic process. The Party, through government, continues to assist in this broad regional process of democratising political systems and has itself had to adjust to fit in with the spirit of the times. Elsewhere on our continent, ethnic tensions continue to divide and threaten nationhood, as was dramatically illustrated in Somalia and Rwanda. Accordingly, at the OAU 29th Session of June 1993, in Cairo, Egypt, government participated in the establishment of the mechanism for conflict prevention, management and resolution to deal with the disputes within and amongst African countries. Consistent with the spirit of this mechanism, Zimbabwe has joined other African countries in pea- cemaking and peacekeeping duties in Angola, Rwanda and Somalia. Nearer home, Zimbabwe, together with South Africa and Botswana has been deeply involved in finding a peaceful solution to the constitutional crisis in Lesotho. An agreement has since been signed which, hopefully, will restore constitutionality and democracy in that country. tvents And Activities During Our Term Of Office In the 1990 general elections, ZANU PF was elected back into power, winning all the seats except for three that is, two in Chipinge and one in Mutare. We reviewed the 1990 general and presidential elections and noted that the Registrar General's Office should update the voters' roll and check the number of voters in each constituency. The first Central Co-mmittee meeting in March 1990 was important in that members got to know and adjust to one another. Thereafter, we held fruitful meetings which deliberated on important matters of policy which were either implemented by the Party or referred to government for implementation. Further a special programme to assist unemployed ex-combatants was discussed and referred to government for implementation. This resulted in the War Veterans Administration Act of 1992 which should go a long way in improving the welfare of the ex-combatants. In view of the new parties that sprang up from 1989 onwards, the Central Committee decided in September, 1990 not to legislate for a One Party State, preferring instead to organise itself effectively for multi-party politics. The Party also opted for primaries as a way of selecting its own candidates for parliamentary elections. We facilitated this process by working out elaborate rules and procedures guiding nomination, conduct and discipline during such elections. I do not need to remind you of the importance of a vibrant youth movement in our Party. To this end, guidelines have been formulated providing the formation of the provincial chapters for the 21 st February Movement whose prime objective is to teach children the history of the Party and country and to foster in them the love of and loyalty to their motherland. Comrades, running a political party is a very expensive business everywhere and can only be sustained through a * Continued on page 9 ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 25 NO. 6, 1994

President's progress report to Congress *Contivued from page 8 steady flow of resources in support of political programmes so vital to development. Conscious of this, the Central Committee studied various systems worldwide, and resolved that, as a matter of law, government fund any political party with at least fifteen seats in Parliament. Apart from providing the necessary funding, this would encourage the development of serious-minded politics in the country. I am happy to announce that the Political Parties Finance Act of 1992, which so provides, has been enacted much to the benefit of our political party. we view with amusement the senseless mutterings of the socalled opposition parties regarding this Act. Let them look and learn, even from some of their sponsors, how political parties are funded. The real issue is their inability to evolve policies, programmes and demeanour that would attract popular respect and support. This, not the Act, is their problem. Our national shrines symbolise the deep reverence with which we regard our national heroes and the ideals they embodied. l recognition of this, the Party has directed that government allocate resources towards the upkeep and, in some cases development of these shrines. Realising that many fallen heroes have not been recognised, the Party set up a committee to draw up a list of all such persons for posthumous recognition. Even our icons of the first Chimurenga, such as Mzilikazi, Lobengula, Mukwati, Mbuya Nehanda, Sekuru Kaguvi and others can now assume their rightful place. This exercise is underway and, once concluded, should be able to assist the families to these late heroes through government support. It would be sheer hypocrisy for us to extol the virtues of our fallen heroes whilst their, beloved ones wallow in abject poverty. With the National Heroes Dependants (Assistance and Benefits) Act of December 1993, government can now render assistance to the dependants of all heroes. The Commissariat and Culture Depart-. ment worked out a five-phased national programme for mobilisation and training of Party members. Our experience over the years has revealed that effective mobilisation is one that seeks to tackle and augment the development capacity as well as meet the aspirations of our people through concrete projects. It is therefore gratifying to note that the past five years have seen some activity at all levels to this end. Conclusion Comrades, this is indeed an historical occasion. The whole nation awaits with keen interest the outcome of our deliberations. Let us, in a manner equal to the' responsibility we carry, deliberate on every issue and concern, with deserving condour and depth, bearing in mind that the outcome of this Congress will shape our nation in the five years to come. The achievements of the past as highlighted in the Central Committee Report must form a basis for the future development of our nation. Let us as we go about selecting the successor leadership, show our long established experience in democracy by building within it a strong elective component so that the leadership that emerges is genuinely deserved and representative. This Congress should mark the beginning of our serious campaigning for the 1995 general elections. The organisational might of the Party must, henceforth, gear itself towards a resounding electoral victory. Aluta continua. El New executive for the Women's League new national executive for the ZANU PF Women's League was elected into office during the league's national conference with Cde. Tenjiwe Lesabe being appointed the League's Secretary by the Party's Presidium. The elections were marked by surprises as many candidates who had been tipped top favourites could not make it into the new executive. In an election, which was however described as free and fair, Cde. Oppah Rushesha emerged as deputy secretary for the league and Cde. Tsungirirai Hungwe retained her post as Secretary for Administration. Cde. Rushesha has since been appointed to the Politburo. The most surprising winners were Cdes. Shuvai Mahofa and who were voted Secretaries for the Commissariat and Information and Publicity, respectively. Cde. was elected Secretary for Finance while Cde. Rashi Musungo became the External Relations Secretary. The post of Secretary for Security went to Cde. Alice Chmbudzi, Transport and Welfare to Cde. Thokozile Matutu, Production and Labour to Cde. Ketina Mudamburi and Cde. Abigail Damasane was voted the Secretary for Economic Affairs. Cde. Georgina Chambe-Mururi was elected Secretary for Women's Rights and Legal Affairs, with Cde. Alice Masuku be- Secretary for Women's Affairs, Cde. Thenjiwe V. Lesabe coming Secretary for Education while Cde. Elizabeth Xaba was elected Health and Child Welfare Secretary. The deputy secretaries were as follows: Cde. N. Chikwinya (administration), Cde. L. Munemo (Finance), Cde. M. Mpofu (Commissariat), Cde. S. Pote (External Affairs), Cde. R. Ncube (Security), Cde. J. Moyo (Publicity and Information), Cde. B. Mutero (Transport and Welfare), Cde. G. Satiya (Production and Labour), Cde. E. Susindo (Economic Affairs), Cde. S. Zinyemba (Women's Rights and Legal Affairs), Cde. S. Dlodlo (Education) and Cde. A. Vera (Health and Child Welfare) U' ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 25 NO. 6, 1994

ZANU PF Central Committee President and First Secretary Cde. R.G. Mugabe Vice Presidents and Second Secretaries Cde. .M. Nkomo Cde. S.V. Muzenda National Chairman Cde. I.W. Msika Harare Province 1. Cde. B.T.G. Chidzero 2. Cde. W.P.M. Mangwende 3. Cde. F.G. Magadu 4. Cde. R. Marere 5. Cde. S.M. Marara 6. Cde. J. Zhakata 7. Cde. R. Chinamano (Mrs) 8. Cde. C. Pasipamire 9. Cde. O.A. Gara 10. Cde. N. Thuthani 11. Cde. Daniel Madzimbamuto 12. Cde. P. Zvorwadza (Mrs) 13. Cde. K.G. Patel 14. Cde. V.D. Mupavayenda 1 S. Cde. R.S. Nyandoro 16. Cde. C. Chizema 17. Cde. Mwashita 18. Cde. S. Maimbodei Bulawayo Province 1. Cde. 2. Cde. 3. Cde. 4. Cde. 5. Cde. 6. Cde. 7. Cde. 8. Cde. 9. Cde. 10. Cde. Enos Mdlongwa Norman Zikhali Edson Ncube Tarcisius Swazini Ndlovu Hebson Nyashanu Norman Mabhena Advocate Lot Senda Abednico L. Nyathi S.K.M. Sibanda Sikhanyiso D. Ndlovu Mashonaland East Province 1. Cde. Sidney T. Sekeramayi 2. Cde. Solomon T. Mujuru 3. Cde. David I. Karimanzira 4. Cde. David Edwin Dombo Munyoro 5. Cde. Herbert Muchemwa Murerwa 6. Cde. Livingstone F.C. Manhombo 7. Cde Benson Mupezeni 8. Cde. Pagwe 9. Cde. Richard Katsande 10. Cde. Abraham Kabasa 11. Cde. Alois Mangwende 12. Cde. Stanley Marwodzi Mashonaland West Province 1. Cde. N. Shamuyarira 2. Cde. E. Chikowore 3. Cde. E. Madzongwe 4. Cde. M. Chivende 5. Cde. K. Bhebe 6. Cde. A.W. Khana 7. Cde. E. Gwanzura 8. Cde. V. Katyamaenza 9. Cde. C. Chandengenda 10. Cde. C. Ndlovu 11. Cde. C. Mutema 12. Cde. E. Kwenda 13. Cde. A. Matsvaire Masvingo Province 1. Cde. E.J.M. Zvobgo 2. Cde. V. Zvinavashe 3. Cde. 1. Dauramanzi 4. Cde. G. Mudukuti 5. Cde. N. Takawira Mawema 6. Cde. C. Dauramanzi 7. Cde. G. Machinga 8. Cde. H.H. Pate 9. Cde. J. Zvobgo (Mrs) 10. Cde. R. Dhlamini 11. Cde. T.M. Chauke 12. Cde. R.C. Beta 13. Cde. D.K. Ndlovu 14. Cde. C. Makombe 15. Cde. Mai Chabvepi * Continued on page 11 Bulawayo Province ...... Harare Province ...... Manicaland Province ...... Kumbirai Kangai Mashonaland Central Province ...... Mashonaland East Province ...... Peter Musende Mashonaland West Province ...... Swithn Mombeshora Matabeleland North Province ...... Amos Mkwananzi Matabeleland South Province ...... Musa Khupe Masvingo Province ...... Dzikarnai Mavhaire M idlands Province ...... Fredrick Shava MEBE S OF TH PLTBR President and First Secretary ...... Vice Presidents and Second Secretaries...... R.G.M uliga e ...... Cde. J.M. Nkomo Cde. S.V. Muzenda National Chairman ...... Cde. l.W. Msika Secretary for Administration ...... Cde. D.N.E. Mutasa Secretary for Finance ...... E.D. Mnangagwa Secretary for the Commissariat and Culture ...... Cde. M.E. Mahachi Secretary for External Affairs ...... Cde. S.). Nkomo Secretary for Security ...... Cde. S.T. Sekeramayi Secretary for Publicity and Information ...... Cde. N.M. Shamuyarira Secretary for-Transport and Welfare ...... Cde. W.H. Mabhena Secretary for Production and Labour ...... Cde. J.L. Nkomo Secretary for Women's Affairs ...... Cde. T.V. Lesabe Secretary for Youth ...... Cde. J.T. Tungamirai Secretary for Economic Affairs ...... Cde. N.K. Ndlovu Secretary for Education ...... Cde. J.T.R. Mujuru Secretary for Health ...... Cde. O.C.Z. Rushesha Committee Members Cde. B.T.G. Chidzero, Cde. R.C. Hove, Cde. N.C. Makombe, Cde. S.T. Mujuru, Cde. D. Dabengwa, Cde. E. Chikowore ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 25 NO. 6, 1994

The Central Committee *Continued from page 10 Matabeleland North Province 1. Cde. John L Nkomo 2. Cde. M.M. Bhebe 3. Cde. A.M. Chiyasa 4. Cde. 5. Cde. Nkosembi Khumalo 6. Cde. George Nyathi 7. Cde. D. Vundla 8. Cde. E. Sibanda Matabeleland South Province 1. Cde. S.J. Nkomo 2. Cde. S.K. Moyo 3. Cde. Mark Dube 4. Cde. Rev. Eliar Masiane S. Cde. V. Moyo 6. Cde. R.M. Ndlovu 7. Cde. N.K. Ndlovu 8. Cde. A. Ncube 9. Cde. J.B. Makhado Secretary for Women's Affairs Deputy Secretary ...... Secretary for Administration ...... Secretary for Finance ...... Secretary for Commissariat & Culture ...... Secretary for External Relations ...... Secretary for Security ...... Secretary for Information & Publicity ...... Secretary for Transport & S/Welfare ...... Secretary for Production & Labour ...... Secretary for Economic Affairs ...... Secretary for Women's Rights and Legal Affairs ...... Secretary for Education ...... Secretary for Health & Child Welfare ...... Mashonaland Central Province 1. Cde. Joyce Teurai Ropa Mujuru 2. Cde. Chen Chimutengwende 3. Cde. Joseph Kaparadza 4. Cde. James Makamba S. Cde. 6. Cde. Nobbie Dzinzi 7. Cde. Patrick Manyozo 8. Cde. Peter Mudyiwa Ndoro 9. Cde. Richard Marime 10. Cde. Kefas Kaseke Midlands Province 1. Cde. Emmerson Dambudzo Mnangagwa 2. Cde. Richard Chemist Hove 3. Cde. Stephen K. Vuma 4. Cde. Leonard Munotengwa 5. Cde. George Marange Cde. T.V. Lesabe Cde. O.C.Z. Rushesha (Manicaland) Cde. T. Hungwe (Midlands) Cde. S.G. Mugabe (Mash. West) Cde. S. Mahofa (Masvingo) Cde. R. Musungo (Mash. East) Cde. A. Chimbudzi (Mash. Central) Cde. M. Dongo (Harare) Cde. Thokozile Matutu (Mat. North) Cde. K. Mudamburi (Masvingo) Cde. A. Damasane (Mat. South) Cde. G. Chambwe-Muriri (Mash. West) Cde. A. Masuku (Bulawayo) Cde. Dr. E. Xaba (Midlands) ZAN" ATOAL YOUT AG EXECUTVE Secretary for Youth Affairs ...... Deputy Secretary for Youth Affairs ...... Secretary for Administration ...... Secretary for Finance ...... Secretary for Commissariat and Culture ...... Air Chief Marshall. I.T. Tungamirayi K. Mohadi (Matabeleland South) E. Masawi (Harare) K. Nyagura (Manicaland) G. Chipadze (Midlands) Secretary for Security ...... T. Muduwa (Mashonaland West) Secretary for External Relations ...... K. Bute (Mashonaland East) Secretary for Information and Publicity ...... A. Sikhosana (Bulawayo) Secretary for Transport and Social Welfare K. Matimba (Masvingo) Secretary for Production and Labour ...... V. Miso (Matabeleland North) Secretary for Education ...... R. Chirongwe (Mashonaland Central) Secretary for Health and Child Welfare ...... M. Madheya (Masvingo) Secretary for Economic Affairs ...... S.M. Makuwa (Midlands) Secretary for Legal Affairs ...... Chitsa (Manicaland) 6. Cde. Michael Kokerai Machaya 7. Cde. Vitalis Matura 8. Cde. Ernest Simbarashe Tongogara 9. Cde. Cyril Ndebele 10. Cde. 11. Cde. Herbet Mahlaba 12. Cde. Artwell Marongwe 13. Cde. Bruno Chakaipa Mutandwa 14. Cde. Clemence Chako 15. Cde. 16. Cde. Emily Magaracha (Mrs) Manicaland Province 1. Cde. D.N.E. Mutasa 2. Cde. M.E. Mahachi 3. Cde. S. Sakupwanya 4. Cde. P. Chinamasa S. Cde. K.V. Manyonda 6. Cde. T.R. Masaya 7. Cde. M.D.P. Malianga 8. Cde. L.C.G. Nzarayebani 9. Cde. L.D. Mudehwe 10. Cde. W.Z. Duri 11. Cde. L. Chihana (Mrs) 12. Cde. S. Kachingwe (Mrs) 13. Cde. N. Nyashanu 14. Cde. E.A. Mudekunye 15. Cde. M.M. Mataure 16. Cde. M.T.R. Chinamasa 17. Cde. Morris Sakabuya 18. Cde. Gideon Goko Yes things are not right Your business is burning down to ashes, the competition Is stiff and a small slip could cost you your life's sweat, there seems to be no fight ahead...... But wait! Here we are to provide help in elegant style with first class advertising - Call us on 790148/9 Yes it is ZIMBABWE NEWS ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 25 NO. 6, 1994 ZANU PF National \Vometfs Leacue Executive 7 he tirst European Union/Southern - Recalling the long standing cooperAfrican Development Community ation between the two regions as Ministers of Foreign Affairs co- expressed in bilateral and muloperation meeting was held in Berlin, tilateral frameworks, in particular Germany, from 5 to 6 September, 1994. the Lome Convention; The foreign ministers were accompanied Welcoming the demise of apartheid by their respective ministers directly in- in South Africa and the successful volved with EU/SADC matters, transition to multi-party democra- The Zimbabwe delegation was led by Foreign Minister, Cde. and it induded Cde. Kumbirai Kangai, Minister of Lands, Agriculture and Water Development and Industry and Commerce Deputy Minister, Cde. Simon Moyo. The meeting discussed among other things, human rights, democracy, good governance, prevention of conflicts, regional integration and co-operation in Southern Africa, trade and investment, technical co-operation, science and technology. At the closure of the conference, the following declaration was made: 1. The European Union and the Southern African Development Community (SADC): - Reaffirming the universal values and ideals which are shared by their peoples and governments and which have their expression in respect of human dignity; - Expressing their conviction that the protection and promotion of human rights are a cornerstone of democratic societies and that the effective exercise of human rights and fundamental freedoms is the legitimate concern of the international community and inseparable from the pursuit of international peace and security; - Recalling their commitment to build, consolidate, and strengthen democratic institutions founded on accountability; transparency, good governance, and the rule of law; - Recognising that peace and security are essential prerequisites for sustainable economic and social development; - Mindful of historical, political, cultural and economic links between Europe and the Southern African region; up new perspectives for Southern Africa; - Bearing in mind the ongoing peace processes in Angola and Mozam- Cde.. Nathan Shamuyarira bique and reiterating their commitment to support transition to multiparty democracy in those countries; - Desirous of promoting national reconstruction, regional cooperation and integration in Southern Africa; - Recognising that the Southern African region has a substantial development potential through closer cooperation; Have decided to enter into a comprehensive dialogue to further the development of relations between the two regions, taking into account other bilateral and multilateral arrangements and without prejudice to the Lome Convention. Overall objectives 2. The European Union and the SADC solemnly reaffirm their determinaZIMBAI tion to reintorce their relationship and to establish a comprehensive dialogue with a view to: - Working together to uphold at different fora the purpose and principles of the UN Charter; - Supporting democracy at all levels and the rule of law, respect for human rights and protection of minorities, promotion of social justice and good governance and working together to create adequate conditions to eliminate poverty and all forms of racial, political, religious, cultural, linguistic and gender discrimination. Encouraging the reduction of armaments and, in particular, associating themselves with efforts to exercise restraint in exporting armaments to areas where they are likely to exacerbate conflict; Supporting an open and increasingly productive and equitable international economy and, in this context, promoting cooperation in trade with and in the Southern African region, in order to enhance its economic development; Promoting and facilitating domestic and foreign investment in the productive sectors particularly in the processing and manufacturing industries in the Southern African region to enhance the region's economic development; Encouraging policies aimed at sustainable economic growth for mutual benefit of the populations of and supporting the economic reforms underway, in the Southern, African region; Promoting harmonious economic development through environmentally sound and sustainable management of human and natural resources; Promoting inter-regional cooperation through the fostering of contacts in the fields of culture, education and sciences, sport and sociocultural activities; and - Bearing in mind the need to promote the SADC principles of equi- *Continued on page 13 BWE NEWS VOL: 25 NO. 6, 1994

EU/SADC ministers hold conference *Continued from page 12 ty, balance, and mutual benefit in the Southern African Region. Areas of Cooperation 3. Political Dialogue Political dialogue between the European Union and the countries of the Southern African region will consist of a regular exchange of views on general matters of foreign policy, particularly with a view to promote peace and long term stability in the Southern African Region. 4, Regional Integration The European Union offers to share experience in the field of regional integration and in this respect to assist SADC inter alia, through exchange of personnel, training, assistarlce and advice on organisational matters. 5. Trade and Economic Cooperation The Parties undertake to promote trade cooperation with, and within the Southern African region in order to foster its economic development, in full respect of the results of the Uruguay Round of GATT, and without prejudice to the Lome Convention. In this context the Parties will promote the development of a long term closer economic cooperation in Southern Africa. The parties note and welcome cross-border initiatives to facilitate regional investment and payments in the interest of more economic cohesion of the Southern African region. 6. Private investment, small and medium sized enterprises and promotion of the private sector The parties recognise the key role of domestic and foreign private investment and the private sector in the promotion of economic and social development of the Southern African region. Special emphasis should be given to the development of small and medium-sized enterprises. The parties underline that, apart from political stability, essential conditions for promotion of domestic and foreign investment are a favourable investment climate, resulting from the development and extension of market economy structures, the removal of bureaucratic barriers, and the assurance of legal security. In this context, the parties undertake to promote the conclusion of bilateral agreements between the member states of the EU and the SADC member states for investment protection. 7. Development Cooperation The. parties declare their intention to closely coordinate the planning and implementation of regional development programmes and projects in the fields such as transport and communications, energy, trade promotion, livestock protection, poverty alleviation, population and social development, food security, education, training and health. In this context, they note that under the terms of articles 157 and 164 of the Fourth Lome Convention, it is possible to include a neighbouring non-ACP country in regional cooperation projects. The parties reiterate the importance of the coordinating role of the European Commission and the SADC secretariat in this respect. Concerning the above-mentioned areas of cooperation, the parties in particular agree as follows: - Transport and communications The parties reiterate the importance of the development of the transport and communications cooperation in the Southern African region as a major instrument for the promotion of investment and economic growth. Cde. Simon K. Moyo - Energy The parties reaffirm the key role which cooperation in the field of energy with and within the Southern African region can play in fostering the region's economic development. - Education and training The parties reiterate the importance of training and education for the overall development of Southern Africa. In this respect, they underline their continued support for this sector. In particular, they underline the importance of continued and intensified vocational training and public administration programmes. Health The parties agree that primary health care and the control of serious diseases, such as AIDS and endemic tropical diseases, are important areas of coordination. They, therefore, recognise that coordinated efforts to combat them require the full support of the European Union and the countries of Southern Africa. - Food and Agriculture The parties recognise that agriculture remains the mainstay of the economies of most SADC member States. Furthermore, they accept that food security depends on sustainable agriculture. They, therefore, undertake to enhance their cooperation in this field. - Mining The Parties recognise that mining constitutes a strategic sector for most SADC member states. They also recognise that great scope exists for close regional cooperation in the exploration, benefidation and manufacturing of mining equipment. They, therefore, agree to promote cooperation in this area for mutual benefit. 8. Natural resources and the environment The parties recognise the importance of global environment, and conservation of natural resources. The European Union undertakes to support the Southern African efforts in such fields as: - fight against desertification and soil erosion; - water resources management; IbContinued on page 14 ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 25 NO. 6, 1994

EU/SADC'ministers hold conference *Continued from page 13 - sustainable agriculture; - management of natural resources; 9. Science and Technology The Parties agree to intensify scientific and technological cooperation both with and within the SADC region. Possible areas of such cooperation may include: - promotion of the utilisation of regional resources compatible with the environment; - industrial research and development; - ecological research; - agricultural research; - energy technology, especially new and renewable resources; - water processing and technology; - tropical medicine. 10. Tourism The Parties underline the major contribution which tourism can make to development. In this regard, they note the remarkable onoOrtunities imbabwe, realising that its traditional education curriculum did iittle to prepare the majority of stu dents from high schools for the world of work, has been trying to tailor the system so that hlgh school graduates can still have a meaningful presence in a shrinking job market. However, limited funding at a time of cut- backs in public spending has had a limiting effect on some of the novel cbn* Continued on page 15 offered by the Southern African region. In this context, they agree that stable political conditions, the removal of bureaucratic barriers, and a well functioning infrastructure are important for the development of tourism. 11. Cultural cooperation The parties agree to foster contacts in the fields of culture, education and science, especially cooperation between institutions of higher learning, sports and socio- cultural organisations. 12. Cooperation in the combating of international crime The Parties undertake to cooperate closely in the fight against international crime, including in particular, arms smuggling, illicit cultivation, atabeleland North, once Zimbabwe's "cry baby", over under-development on perceived tribal grounds, now has several projects in place that could soon reduce poverty. "Papers are being shuffled with speed in offices, bulldozers are rolling. I can rest assured that my cries were not in vain," says Provincial Governor Cde. Welshman Mabhena. Like the proverbial Shona saying "mwana asingachemi anofira mumbereko (a baby that does not cry dies on its mother's back), Cde. Mabhena spent most of last year highlighting the province's under-development. Results did not come instantly but as Cde. Mabhena put it recently, "Matabeleland is on a recovery course." Development came to a virtual standstill in Matabeleland North province during the dissident era of the 1980s. Following unity between ZANU (PF) and PF-ZAPU, people expected the government to deliberately speed up development to enable the province to catch up with others. trafficking and consumption of drugs, money laundering and illegal dumping of toxic waste. 13. Other areas OtheO, areas of cooperation may be included upon mutual agreement. 14. Conference follow-up The Parties agree to continue their comprehensive dialogue and commit their respective competent institutions to make appropriate proposals to follow up the conference. The exchange of personnel between both sides could be an early followup measure to strengthen dialogue and provide expertise for the institutional development of the Southern African region. El Cde. Welshman Mabhena But the government maintained the poli-' cy of equitable resource allocation to all provinces, stirring the collective ire of people here, including the Home Affairs Minister, Cde. Dumiso Dabengwa, who last year threatened to influence all legis* Continued on page 15 ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 25 NO. 6, 1994 Poverty reduction in Matabeleland By Innocent Madawo

EXPOSING PUPILS TO THE WORLD OF WORK *Continued from page 14 cepts advanced for the country's school system. The old system of learning has, by and large, been preparing students for office work and other white collar jobs like teaching and nursing. At independence in 1980, government, in a bid to link learning with the working environment, promoted the concept of education with production. The Zimbabwe Foundation for Education with Production, a non-governmental organisation, came into being to foster that mode of education. The thrust was primarily to enable school leavers, in the face of the shrinking job market, to engage in some form of self-reliant income generating projects. As a result, government and the business community had for some time been trying to find a common platform to use as a launching pad for this exercise. in 1987, the Ministry of Education and Culture, with the Confederation of Zimbabwe Industries (CZI, launched "the school on the shopfloor" programme. The objective was to give some general education to students on what it is like to be part of the world of work. The aim was to make senior pupils realise how knowledge and skills' acquired in schools are applied in the production processes of industrial and commercial enterprises. The exercise was also geared towards making students appreciate that commercial and industrial concerns are highly organised institutions requiring highly qualified personnel. The business community, by the same token, was placed in a position to be able to influence future employees in their choice of careers, as well as assess the shortfalls of the curriculum and assist in its development. The programme, to expose senior high school pupils to ethics of industry and commerce, places them for a minimum of four days in an industrial and commercial enterprise so that they gain first hand experience in the work environment. The exposure gives senior pupils a more realistic picture of the world of work and develops in them more realistic expect4tions of the local labour market. Senior pupils, having gone through this form of baptism, should be motivated enough to study harder with a clear direction of what they would like to do in life. The business ethics they are exposed to may assist them to set up some form of self-help or co-operative employment. it also helps them adopt positive attitudes towards blue collar jobs. They are also required to see the nature of qualities required on the job such as patience, dependability, good manners, creativity, punctuality and persuasiveness. These qualities are aimed at guiding students to critically look at their own personal abilities to help them choose careers which suit their own personalities. Another aspect of study relates to conditions of work such as safety precau0 Continued on page 16 Poverty reduction in Matabeleland North * Continuned from page 14 lators from this region to resign in protest. Government got the message. President visited the province last December and announced several projects, some of which would spill over into Matabeleland/South. The drought- prone region has already been assured of a reliable source of water in the form of the recently constituted Matabeleland - Zambezi Water Trust (MZWT) to draw water from the Zambezi River. The 450-kilometre Z$1 billion (US$125 million) pipeline has the potential to turn the countryside into a green belt through irrigation schemes, cattle and game ranches and fruit tree plantations. A Z$15 million feasibility study (US$2 million) is being prepared. Work has also started on several multi-million dollar road construction and upgrading projects. Last October, Transport and Energy Minister Mr. Dennis Norman said: "Matabeleland has the worst road network in the country which is the main cause for the region's economic development." Resurfacing and widening of the province's main economic links, namely the Kwe Kwe-Nkayi-Victoria Falls, Bulawayo-Nkayi-Gokwe highways and the Bulawayo-Solusi Mission and the Gwanda-Maphisa roads in Matabeleland South province is already in full swing. These roads link what could be arguably Zimbabwe's richest agricultural, timber, mining, cattle ranching, gaming and tourism areas currently being underutilised due to the poor state of the roads. The Bulawayo-Solusi Mission road would link the city with the region's newest second university. To cap it all, in July this year, the 'government launched a state-of-the-art rural telecommunications project and a digitalisation project which Minister Cde. said "are preconditions for economic development and social enrichment." Cde. Karimanzira added that the programme would ensure the proliferation of radio-based communications links designed for rugged terrains where telephone communication could be linked to services such as police, health, tourism and trade. Cde. Mabhena is confident that the projects could be a catalyst for gradual eradication of poverty in Matabeleland North province. He, however, stressed that government needed to do more, especially in terms of allocating more resources while local Cde. David Karimanzira communities play their part by formulating projects that could utilise the facilities government was putting in place. 0 ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 25 NO. 6, 1994

Exposing pupils to the world of work * Continued from page 15 tions, cleanliness, leave conditions and benefits offered. The programme, which has been in operation in both Harare and Bulawayo since its inception in 1987, has started working in all regions. The organisers have singled out Masvingo province as having recorded some notable success in implementing the programme. The other regions are still picking up. This slow start in some regions has been attributed to the delay by some of the firms there in deciding whether to participate in the programme or not. Figures released by the ministry, in conjunction with the CZI show that a total of 44 schools in and around Harare alone are involved in the programme. In 1993 a total of 2 070 "0" Level pupils from 31 high schools in this region took part in the programme. During the first term of this year, a total of 629 "0" Level pupils went through the system. Although not all placements assist students to look at all aspects of the firm, organisers say, most give them adequate opportunities to have a basic idea of what is expected of them when they leave school and enter the world of work. In this way the "school on the shopfiloor" brings education and business into close partnership. The programme is helping to remove some misconceptions among school Education with production enables school leavers to engage in some form of selfreliant income generating projects leavers about the adult world of work. However, it would be beneficial to students if the programme is introduced to them at a level much lower than Form Four. This is way they can have various options open to them well in advance of making up their minds on what will be their careers for life. Last year the Ministry of Education and Culture, set up the business and education partnership of Zimbabwe to foster interaction between government, and industry and commerce. Its chairman, Cde. John Mkushi, managing director of Tube and Pipe Industries, said the board facilitated exposure of Pupils must be prepared for the world of work throughout their primary and secondary education pupils and teachers to industry and commerce. The agency ensures that at the end of the day, what the pupil is taught matches what industry and commerce would have to get from their future employees. "We have been tasked to do whatever to facilitate matching of the needs of industry and commerce to the curriculum and teaching practices in school," said Cde. Mkushi. On the "school on the shopfloor", he said industry and commerce consider themselves as the other side of the coin of this programme. Therefore they are in partnership with government in this exercise. "if the pupil gains," he said, "commerce and industry gains." These pupils are the future employees and managers of industry and commerce. "If they are trained at an early age and appreciate the interface between what they learn in the school and what happens in practice, they would be better equipped when they join industry and commerce." On government's concern in delays by other enterprises in joining forces with others who have since joined the programme, Cde. Mkushi said: "The problem is more of resources. In my view, it has been easier-to start with the bigger centres because of accessibility from the financial point of view, "For the people involved in the project to reach out to more outlying centres me* Continued on page 17 ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 25 NO. 6, 1994

National Cleaner Production Centre for Zimbabwe he Environmental Forum of ZimT babwe (EFZ) has been appointed the host organistion for the establishment of a UNIDO/UNEP National Cleaner Production Centre in Zimbabwe. The appointment, which has been welcomed by the EFZ, has been made with the approval of the Ministry of Environment and Tourism and of the Ministry of Finance. Cleaner production, or pollution prevention and waste minimisation, has been described by UNIDO and UNEP as being designed to eliminate waste at the source, thereby improving environmental quality and often also enhancing profitability. Cleaner production requires the continuous application of an integrated , preventive environmental strategy to processes and products to reduce risks to humans and the environment. The National Cleaner Production Centre in Zimbabwe will therefore aim to play a co-ordinating and catalytic role in cleaner production by providing technical information and advice, stimulating demonstrations of cleaner production techniques and technologies and arranging training in industrial environmental management. "These objectives are very much in line with the broad aims of the EFZ, and an appropriately qualified person will shortly be appointed as director of the centre," said an EFZ statement. "The Centre will be funded largely by UNIDO and UNEP, with assistance from the EFZ as the host organisation in the provision of offices and other services, which will be based at Delta Corporation." As a start to the whole programme, UNIDO and UNEP held a National Cleaner Production Centre workshop in Harare in early August on the concepts of Objectives Oriented Project Planning (OOPP). This is a methodology which facilitates the design as well as the implementation and monitoring of projects. National Cleaner Production Centres are being established by UNIDO and UNEP in various countries in association with selected host organisations. This follows the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development held in Brazil in mid-1 992 at which developing countries expressed their need for assistance with the transfer of industrial technical information and technology which would facilitate and demonstrate Exposing pupils to the world of work 0 Continued from page 16 ans more costs. I am convinced we will get there. It will just take longer because of the limited resources." The deputy director of Zimbabwe Foundation for Education with Production, Cde. George Matiza, said the programme, since its inception in 1982, has been very successful. The foundation has managed to set up seven secondary schools, countrywide and Mupfure Technical College near Chegutu, each with an average intake of 800 pupils. Besides, the Ministry of Education and Culture has 300 pilot schools under the auspices of ZIMFEP. The students, apart from sitting for their "0" Level examinations under the supervision of the Ministry of Education and Culture, they also sit for the National Foundation Cer- tificate under the auspices of the Ministry of Higher Education at the same time. For the National Certificate, so far students studying building, carpentry on top of their normal "0" Level subjects. "In this respect," said Matiza, "education with Foundation has succeeded." Students have said in an interview with Look and Learn, a periodical for ZIMFEP, that they had found their attachments exciting. "It was quite stimulating," said Brian Maimba. "'m interested in finding out more about what fitters and turners do. So I found the time we spent watching people working with machines very interesting." Hopefully the different approaches employed in exposing school children to the world of work will mould the Zimbabwean that the society is looking for. ZIANA El the environmental and financial advantages of cleaner production. The EFZ was established two years ago by a group of leading Zimbabwean businessmen, who shared common concerns over environmental issues, who wished to lighten awareness of these, promote appropriate action and gather and share knowledge. A 10 point 'Code of Conduct' was agreed by the original 47 members (now 73), which provides a guiding framework for a sincere commitment to pro-active and continuous improvement through phased environmental management programmes. In its two years of existence the EFZ has been active in a number of relevant areas, and is organizing the second Southern African International Conference on Environmental Management (SAICEM 11) due to be held in Zimbabwe in October this year, in association with the Industrial Environmental Forum of Southern Africa. El Occupational injuries on the increase imbabwe recorded 17 092 occupational injuries between January Sand December 1993 in the country's major industries ranging from agriculture, mining, forestry to personal service industries. Revealing this, the Minister of the Public Service, Labour and Social Welfare, Cde. noted that this figure excluded occupational diseases which he said were grossly under-reported because of both the workers' ignorance and lack of medical expertise countrywide to give correct diagnosis of such diseases. Out of the country's estimated working population of around 1.2 million, the injuries constitute about 2 percent of the workforce. oContinued on page 18 ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 25 NO. 6, 1994

Still waters run deep W hile some traditional healers Bya correspondent have hit the headlines with all sorts of claims including the in credible assertion that they can cure AIDS, one of Zimbabwe's most famous faith healers, Boniface Muponda, has for. the past two years been silently working with medical doctors to prove that the people he had spiritually treated had indeed healed. The healer who is in his early 20s was first heard of after he miraculously treated the wife of a Kenyan medical doctor who had a crippled hand. The hand became normal and the woman's husband came out in the open to express his bewilderment. "Despite my medical training, (I am a medical doctor);l could not at all explain what happened. There is no way anyone would guess my wife's problem be. cause, the hand looked excellent. Moreover, it was covered in a long sleeve," said the doctor explaining how Boniface informed the couple of their problem before working on the woman. Cde. Boniface Muponda, atending to a patient during a healing session Occupational injuries on the increase .0 Continued from page 17 Cde. John Nkomo The minister also told participants at the occupational health and safety workshop held in Harare in September that some 244 workers died through occupational injuries during the same period. He said that such a situation indicated that the occupational health and safety scenario in Zimbabwe was far from being impressive. "We cannot afford this happening to our meagre resources including the toll on equipment and machinery which often goes with these accidents. This year from January to March, the same industries have since recorded 6 095 occupational accidents including 45 fatals. Of course this shows no improvement on our oxcupational injury scene, especially if you can project for the ensuing months up to the end of September." He told the workshop that whilst he wanted to emphasise on the importance of revisiting the occupational health sciences in order to improve service provisions, he strongly felt that there was need to give thought on research and development that focused on effective prevention and identification of occupational diseases so that those unfortunate sufferers could be adequately compensated. "In saying this, I am aware that this requires a lot of effort and capital resources outlay. But nothing is too much or must be too much when it comes to saving our nation of the unfolding technologically related occupational injuries," Cde. John Nkomo explained. Soon after the miracle healer became known through the press, he could hardly cope with the maltitudes who came to seek his help. Unlike the loudmouth traditional healers most of whom charge as much as $3 000 for their unsubstantiated claims, the young prophet charges minimal amounts - about $40,00. Despite his busy schedule however, Boniface has for the past two years been trying to get his patients checked by medical doctors to confirm that they had indeed been healed. Infact he still has several people going to see medical doctors periodically to check on them. One of the several patients interviewed by this paper is Betty Chimbo, a middle-aged woman who had been admitted at Harare Central Hospital where she had been diagnosed as having cancer. Betty had been ill for more than-two years, and in her own words, life was slowly ebbing away even while she was in hospital. She was first admitted at Parirenyatwa Hospital before being transferred to Harare Central Hospital, where she was operated on. The operation, according to the medical doctor, * Continued on page 19 ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 25 NO. 6, 1994

Fast-growing ield experiments in the UK are be- yield and pote ing used to identify potential fuel example, mea crops for industrial requirements. mand will allo, Several species of perennial, fast- impact on soi growing grasses have already been iden- tions both for tifield as possible candidates for develop- eventual retu ment as energy crops. One of the best land used for known is the Asian woody grass, Mis- belongs to th canthus. An experimental area has been tent to which established as part of the European for diseases c Community Network on Miscanthus at or itself be a v the Institute of Arable Crops Research, is being inve! where work has commenced to identify basic physiological characteristics Two America that will be important in determining the grass Spartina grasses ntial value of the crop. For cum (si surements of nutrient de- ed for w assessment of long-term Kingdo I fertility and the implica- being e: crop management and for to proc rn to food production of earlier i Miscanthus. Miscanthus puts of e Gramineae and the exit might act as a reservoir In addi )f cereals such as wheat, funding ictim of wheat pathogens, the Dep stigated. through Unit (ET .n grasses, the wetland ration and the prairie grass Pani- ment A as fuel vitch grass) are also being test:heir performance under United m growing conditions, and rye is xamined because of its potential luce high yields of dry matter n the year with relatively low innutrients. tion to European Community this research is supported from artment of Trade and Industry the Energy Technology Support SU) and is conducted in collabowith the Agricultural Developdvisory Service. - LPS. El Drug patches help prevent premature births rug-releasing skin patches similar to those used by heart patients and people trying to wean them selves off cigarettes could now have a role in preventing premature births, according to researchers. A team from King's College Hospital School of Medicine in London, has found that applying the patches to the abdomens of women in premature labour rapidly stopped their contractions. The patches contain the glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) drug that has long been used to relieve chest pains. In this case, it relaxes the womb muscles and improves blood flow to the womb. Over a period of three months, the patch was used on 13 women who were at high risk of imminent delivery and in pre-term labour. A single patch delivering 10 milligrammes of GTN was applied to the abdomen and this treatment was continued until the contractions completely subsided, which was usually achieved within 24-48 hours. As a result, the pregnancies were prolonged by an average of 28 days. King's College team member Dr. Christopher Lees, reporting the development to The Lancet medical magazine, commented: "GTN patches appear to be a safe, well tolerated and non-invasive method of suppressing uterine contractions in pre-term labour." El Russia wants Iraqi embargo lifted ussia hopes that the United Nations embargo on Iraq will be lifted soon and wants to restore its economic relations with Baghdad to the pre-embargo level, Russian foreign trade minister Oleg Davidov said recently. He was speaking at the first meeting of a Russian-Iraqi commission on economic and trade cooperation. Still waters run deep 0Continued from page 18 was to remove a piece of the patient's liver (biopsy) to test for cancer. Although the doctor could not produce the results of the biopsy, he confirmed after testing Betty again that she had fully recovered although she had been discharged from hospital without having been recovered. "From my observation, the patient is fully recovered. There are no signs of any cancer or any other disease now," said the doctor who could not be named. Although the prophet has been keeping a low profile, word has already gone around and he is having to deal with dozens of people per day. Sometimes he has to work up to as late as mid night and on occasions, he is invited to distant places to treat people who cannotmove on their own. Boniface got his spiritual gift of healing when he was a young boy of 8. He surprised his family by making astounding predictions of things that would happen. His gift developed with age and now he has become known even outside the country. He has received invitations outside the country and has been overseas on healing trips. E Iraqi trade minister Muhammed Salekh" said Iraq considers Russia a friend and is going to pay its debts to Russia after the lifting of the sanctions, which the United Nations slapped on Iraq after it invaded Kuwait in August 1990. The news agency said the commission would develop a bilateral agreement on economic and trade cooperation. ZIANA/AFP. El The Zimbabwe News is printed and published by Jongwe Press at 14 Austin Road Workington Harare ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 25 NO. 6, 1994 IneratoalNei

Money manda rins lay siege t By Lawrence Eyong-Echaw Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank. They launched a double-pronged attack, through an inside plant, and took over the African Development Fund. On March 30, 1994, the member countries of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development sitting on the ADB's board met separately in London, and agreed upon a common strategy to tighten the finar~cial noose around the ADB's neck. They decided to freeze the replenishment of the African Development Fund - a concessionary loan affiliate of the bank - until the dracoNew Rwanda ormer World Bank Vice President David Knox has successfully brow-beaten the board of governors of the African Development Bank (ADB) into accepting a 32-point economic austerity plan that will close down nine of the banks regional offices and will cripple the pan- African finan.cial institution's ooerations Knox secured this tour de force at the 30th anniversary board of governors meeting in Nairobi on May 11-13. The agents of Wall Street and London money mandarins had been secretly expressing alarm at the expanding success of the ADB, which had been running credit policies in support of national institutions, irrigation, and agriculture, hydroelectric dams, industry and transport facilities in Africa for the past 30 years. Over the years, the ADB has been helping to form sub-regional development banks, finance institutions, and panAfrican organisations such &s the Sierra Leone Development Bank (SLDB), Banque Centraficaine d' investissement (BCI), the Development Bank of Zambia (ZDB), the African Project Development Facility (APDF), and real estate financing institutions such as Shelter Afrique. At the bank's creation in 1964, African states were anxious to preserve its African character, by insisting that twothirds of the share-capital must remain African. But beginning in 1972, money mandarins in New York succeeded in penetrating the bank. About 26 western, Ibero-American, and African countries were admitted. The veto powers of the Africans were scrapped, in favour of decisions by consensus, which ended up giving effective veto power to the agents of Wall Street. Since 1974, New York bankers has been casting a covetous eye on the ADB. The solid quality of its assets, capital structure, equity investments, assets and liability management, borrowing and lending rate match, liquidity management, and internal financial operations had improved the bank's ratings at Moody's and Fitch Investors Services. In 'June 1990, Standard and Poor's upgraded the rating of the ADB's senior debt to AAA. When, in 1991, Euromoney magazine named the ADB "Supranational Borrower of the Year," it became clear to the Anglo-American oligarchy that the time had come to prey on the pan-African institution, before it became strong enough to challenge the International Africa's bank f nian austerity plan, which was intended to cripple the bank, was implemented. David Knox's "audit report", which made the austerity measures a mandatory condition for the disbursement of further funds, said, "The bank is more and more torn between the conflicting stands and objectives of its shareholders. Its inability to realise quality projects, presenting durable and advantages for the continent, has been compromised." The report went on to say *Continued on page 21 government is the real power behind the RPF government. The new government comprises of the Rwandan Patriotic Front with (9), Democratic Republican Movement (5), Social Democratic Party (2), Liberal Party (2) and the Christian Democratic Party (1). Contrary to the spirit of reconciliation called for in the Arusha Accords, the new government left out the National Republic Movement for Democracy Party (MRND) of the late President Juvenal Habyarimana and the extremist coalition for Defence of the Republic (CRD). The Hutu exodus into Zaire towns of Goma and Bukavu continues despite assurances by the RPF-led government that Hutu civilians had nothing to fear and should return to Rwanda. In fact, while the Tutsi refugees are going back home; the Hutu's are still coming out. International reaction The International Community has reacted slowly and cautiously to these developments which have been assessed as still volatile. On 15 July 1994, the USA closed the Rwandan embassy in Washington DC and ordered diplomats to leave that country. The Clinton Administration further declared that representatives of Rwanda's interim government be denied access to any Rwandan government's financial holdings within the United States. Tanzania, which spear-headed the *Continued on page 21 ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 25 NO. 6, 1994 Mr. Bill Clinton's administration has declared that the interim government in Rwanda must not have access to the country's financial holdings he Rwanda Patriotic Front (RPF) formed a new government on July 19, 1994. Hutu tribesmen, Pasteur Bizimungu, Faustin Twagiramungu, leader of the moderate Republican Democratic Movement (MDR) and Jean Marie.Vianney were appointed President, Prime Minister and Foreign Minister respectively, with Lt. Col. Alexis Kanyarangwe, RPF Chairman as deputy Prime Minister. The most senior Tutsi in the top power echelons is 37-year-old Major-General Paul Kagame, RPF Military Chief, now Defence Minister and Vice President. He linternational VN s

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The battle against drug-running By 'John F. Crossland ritish Customs and Excise officials their own counter-measures but one ad- vestigator warned recently was increasare scoring major successes in mitted ruefully, "smuggling is only limit- ingly backed by guns. their ceaseless struggle with the ed by the smugglers' imagination." drugssmugglers-buttheyarenot AnEuropeanUnion (EC) drugs abuse complacent. The excisemen are aware that the may- monitoring unit is scheduled to open in Despite the fact that their officers established two records last year with their seizures of 53 tonnes of cannabis and, for the first time, more than a tonne of synthetic drugs, the excisemen and their colleagues in the National Criminal Intelligence Service (NCIS) are anxious about the steep rise in drug traffic and the vulnerability of young people, its principal target. The men at the cutting edge of the campaign are reluctant to say too much about either the smugglers' tricks or cover for the drugs couriers and that "a huge amount" of cocaine is being funnelled through Europe in ever-increasing quantities. Balkan routes According to an NCIS drugs bureau detective, 80 percent of heroin which finds a European market comes via Balkan routes: "hence Germany and Austria are our front line in this particular war." And at last European anti-drugs agencies are closing ranks in the face of the menace - a threat which the customs chief in- LIsOon as soon as the various national data protection acts can be reconciled with the need for a centralised, and constantly updated, source of intelligence. Intelligence exchange But the development calculated to put most heart into the drug busters is the likely inauguration this autum of Europol, which will make the exchange of intelligence on criminals and their activities very much easier. The Germans, 0 Continued on page 22 Money mandarins lay siege to Africa's bank * Continued from page 20 that "the quality and profitability of the projects financed, is more and more doubtful, particularly because there is little project evaluation, which could enable the bank to ameliorate its project judgement from past experiences." Black sheep Babucar N'diaye, the Senegalese-born general manager of the bank, had already switched loyalties long before Taking orders from Western money mandarins, the African Board of Governors has becomia mere spectator of the unholy trinity of N'diaye, the agents of the Wall Street and the IMF. In order to secure his perpetual re-election as head of the bank, N'diaye has made respect for IMF conditionalities mandatory for all loan- seeking countries. He has adopted an autocratic style of management, making nepotistic recruitments and ap- New Rwanda government * Continued from page 20 Arusha peace process initiative, recognized the RPF government on 22 July 1994. United Nations on Rwanda The Representatives of Rwanda's ousted rump government to the United Nations has been replaced by Claude Dusaidi, an RPF representative. Rwanda was due to take the chair of the Security Council last month. On July 24, 1994, ambassador Dusaidi briefed the African Group at the United Nations on the military, humanitarian and political situation in Rwanda. He urged the international community to quickly recognise the new government. Ambassador Dusaidi also called upon the International Community not only to encourage the refugees to return to Rwanda but also make Kigali Interna- tional Airport and Rwanda the focus of the humanitarian programme so that it could be supervised by UNAMIR. The RPF representative approached Ambassador and presented a bilateral request for assistance, particularly that of a medical nature, from Zimbabwe. Comments and recommendations Tanzania's recognition of the RPF government is not surprising given recent accusations by authorative persons that the Mwinyi Administration was sympathetic to the (MRND) government of the late President Habyarimana. Recognising the RPF government on Zimbabwe's part could be tricky as the emergent peace appears to be unilateral in the absence of notably, the 1991 Dar es Salaam declaration and culmir,3ting in the Arusha Accords of 1993, which call for the participation of all parties involved in the conflict. 0 pointments, wnich have created an atmosphere of conflict within the bank. His wife, Marlyatou N'diaye, and her cousin, lbrahimal Mami Barry, control the bank's strategically critical department of human resources. In order to ensure his re-election for a second fiveyear term in 1990, Babucar N'diaye schemed with the New York banks to eliminate potential rivals such as Donatien Bihute of Burundi and Tekalign Gedeman of Ethiopia. In March, the director of the Treasury Departmept, Ghana-born Koffi Bucknor, resigned in a huff. N'diaye has also dismissed two Senegalese senior officials, Cheikh Sarr, and N'Dao, directors of the department of management and of the Uhel has been installed in the Treasury Department, while a Canadian of Indian origin has been appointed to control the bank's computer department, where "creative accounting" operations are concocted. At the Nairobi General Assembly meeting of May 9, the Libyan representative of the bank, Mr. Sherif, called for a probe into Babucar N'djaye's shady dealings with money launderers at the nowdefunct Bank of Credit and Commerce International. N'diaye stormed out of the meeting, and immediately set about rallying support from the industrialised countries. So in effect, N'diaye has mortgaged the sovereignty of the bank to Wall Street, in exchange for a guarantee to win a third five-year term at its helm. l ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 25 NO. 6, 1994 International News

The battle against drug-running With the help of a sniffer dog, customs officials at Tilburg search a suspect container believed to conceal drugs - Continued from page 21 bearing as they do me brunt of the East European and Middle Eastern drug peddliers onslaught, are particularly keen on it; but the NCIS is willing to yield a measure of autonomy if the spread of drugs can be contained. Britain imports 95 percent of its drugs - it is not a manufacturing centre and where until recently customs officers seized packages weighing a few kilogrammes, they are now uncovering consignments of at least a tonne. The drug-runners' ingenuity knows no bounds. A story going the rounds of anti-drugs trafficking agencies tells of the baby's coffin opened up at John F. Kennedy Airport, New York, about a year ago to reveal a cache of heroin. More prosaically, drugs are concealed in metal bars and in large lorries. The opening of the Channel Tunnel is not expected to add unduly to the problem. "They may try to switch some drugs from the ferries but we shall just have to watch the freight shipments through the tunnel a little more closely," said a NCIS inspector. The Customs and Excise recently took delivery of a fast new cutter, the "Vincent", bringing its fleet to seven, with another due to enter service this year. Valerie Strachan, chairman of-Customs and Excise, said at the launching ceremony: "This investment demonstrates our whole-hearted determination to combat and beat the importation of illegal drugs - one of my department's top priorities." Seaborne surveillance Officers keeping seaborne surveillance have recently reported an increase in guns carried abroad suspect vessels inward bound from the Caribbean ani the Mediterranean. The drug-runner posing as an ordinary passenger aboard a flight or a ferryis likely to be unmasked by two measures recently introduced by Customs. A breed of "passive" sniffer dogs has been trained to sit down quietly beside a suspect instead of alerting him by barking at a positive scert. Or the suspect might be targetted by one of the new Flexible Anti-Smuggling Teams, or "Fasts", which are based on Southampton on the south coast of England. The Fast teams organize their own day-to-day deployments and often leading to some nail-biting undercover operations. As a Customs spokesman said: "Drug smuggling is a much more sophisticated sort of business, and you haven't got the time to take these decisions at the centre any longer so we need to get the authority down to where the decisions can be made most effectively." Unrelenting battle It is an unrelenting battle which recently has shown the following results: synthetic drugs seizures rose by a claimed 215 percent to 1 097 kilogrammes made up of 554 kilogrammes of "Ecstasy" worth £58 million and 543 kilogrammes of amphetamine worth £75 million. Cocaine seizures totalled 748 kilogrammes, with a street value of £110 million. Heroin seizures totalled 562 kilogrammes - a rise of 25 percent over 1992, and worth £98 million. Cannabis seizures were worth £176 million. The total value of drugs seized was £519 million. The number of arrests rose by 29 percent to 3 302, and 69 drug smuggling gangs were smashed, an increase of 22 over 1992. Sir John Cope, Paymaster-General and minister responsible for HM Customs and Excise, said: "These magnificent results demonstrate our law enforcement efforts at import'control, joint customs/police operations and a commitment to international cooperation, including intelligence sharing. "The experience of the first year of the Single European Market shows that the new control methods are effective and, above all, that international law enforcement co-operation really works. HM Customs and Excise is a key player within the Government's strategy on the misuse of drugs. Today's seizure figures clearly indicate that we cannot afford to * Continued on page 23 ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 25 NO. 6, 1994 "Taiwan has no right to join the United Nations" n 28 June, Nicaragua and eleven other countries sent a letter to Mr. Boutros Boutros-Ghali, Secretary-General of the United Nations, requesting the "Consideration of the exceptional situation of the Republic of China in Taiwan in the international context, based on the principle of universality and in accordance with the established model of parallel representation of divided countries at the United Nations" at the 49th session of the General Assembly of the United Nations. China believes that this action constitutes a serious infringement on its sovereignty, a gross interference in China's internal affairs and a grave violation of the purposes and principles of the UN Charter and resolution 2 758 adopted at the 26th Session of the General Assembly on 25 October 1971. "For Taiwan is part of China. It has no right to joio the United Nations. The adThe battle against drug-running * Continued from page 22 be complacent but must curiunue the law enforcement effort to attack the full range of drug types and drug traffickers." Money laundering The initiative of which he spoke will be further strengthened by the provisions of the Criminal Justice Act 1993 and Money Laundering Regulations which came into force on 1 April 1994. The Act makes it an offence to invest, manage or move funds on behalf of anyone known or suspected of laundering funds which are the product of serious crime - and in this era that usually means drug trafficking. The illegal drugs trade is believed to involve £2.4 billion annually in the United Kingdom, of which £1.7 billion is subjected to laundering. Accountants are at risk under the new legislation as any failure on their part, or of anyone involved in financial transactions, to report any knowledge or suspicion of laundering carries a penalty of a maximum of five years imprisonment. [] mission of it to the United Nations in whatever forms is bound to lead to the division of China's sovereignty and permanent separation of the two sides of the Taiwan Straits. This is something the Chinese government and people are firmly opposed to," a Chinese embassy statement said. "Taiwan has been China's territory since ancient times. This is a historical fact that no one can change. It has always been an inalienable part of Chinese territory although it was subjected to foreign aggression and ravage several times and to Japanese occupation for half a century. Both the 1943 Cairo Declaration and the 1945 Potsdam proclamation reaffirmed solemnly China's sovereignty over Taiwan." In the long period of twenty-two years from the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949 until 1971, China's seat at the United Nations was usurped by the Taiwan authorities. Thanks to years of unremitting efforts by the Chinese people and justice-upholding member states of the United Nations, the General Assembly, at its 26th session, adopted by an overwhelming majority resolution 2 758 which is a just and final solution to the question of China's representation at the United Nations in the political, legal and procedural terms. The resolution recognises unequivocally that "The representatives of the government of the People's Republic of China are the only lawful representatives of China to the United Nations and that the People's Republic of China is one of the five permanent members of the Security Council". In pursuance of the resolution, the People's Republic of China resumed all its rights in the United Nations and its agencies. All the 159 countries having diplomatic relations with China reportedly recognise that there is only one China, that the government of the People's Republic of China is the sole legal government Of China and that Taiwan is part of China. Even in their "Explanatory Notes on Relations Across the Taiwan Straits" issued on 6 July this year, the Taiwan authorities expressed their firm position for "One China" and against "Two Chinas" and "One China, One Taiwan." "Strange enough, however, a few countries instigated and bought over by the Taiwan authorities should blatantly turn a blind eye to the historical fact and the just position of the international community and clamour for Taiwan's return to the United Nations. Based on such untenable arguments as the Principle of Universality and the model of parallel representation of divided countries, they tried to include Taiwan's representation in the agenda of last year's session of the General Assembly, but only met with a flat rejection from the General Committee of the 48th session of the General Assembly. Now, they have raised this issue again on the same ground. Their action not only infringes on China's sovereignty but also defies the authority of the UN Charter and UN resolutions. It cannot be tolerated and is doomed to failure," the statement said. It noted that the United Nations is an inter- governmental organisation of sovereign states. Article 4 of the Charter of the United Nations clearly provides that only sovereign states are entitled to become UN members. The principle of "Universality" applies only to sovereign states and not at all to Taiwan. As a province of China, Taiwan is not eligible for UN membership. "It is even more absurd to cite the model of "parallel representation" in UN by former East and West Germany and by North and South Korea as an argument for Taiwain "joining the United Nations". The Question of Taiwan is different in nature from the questions of Germany and Korea, so they cannot be put on at par. Germany and Korea were divided after the end of World War I1 according to international agreements, thus each becoming two states against their own will. The relations between the two Germanys and the Koreas, which were widely recognised by the.international community as sovereign states, became an international issue respectively. Taiwan is entirely different. After the end of World War 11, Taiwan shook off the yoke of Japanese colonialism and returned to the motherland. As a province of China, it has no sovereign status internationally. This has already been acknowledged by the international community. Taiwan's relations with the mainland is an internal affair of China which has nothing to do with any foreign country and brooks no interference 0 Continued on page 24 ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 25 NO. 6, 1994

Home most threatening place for women uenos Aires, - For many girls and women, home is more like a battlefield than a place to seek comfort due to the threat of being beaten or even murdered by husbands or fathers. The chilling reports, compiled by several working groups, will be a major item on the agenda at the fourth UN World Conference on Women, to be held September 4-15, 1995 in Beijing, China. "Why is it that the home, which should be a safe place, has become the most threatening place for women?" asked the conference secretary from Tanzania, BBC declares war on CNN he British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) intends to overtake the Cable News Network (CNN), the United States-owned cable network, as the world's single most important news provider, Mr. John Birt, the corporation's director-general, said recently. He said the BBC plans to launch a 24-hour news television station in the United Kingdom. Mr. Birt explained: "We are very keen to find a way of introducing such a service just as we are trying -to develop our service worldwide to overtake CNN as the world's major news provider." Overseas, the BBC is concentrating on the launch of its two European satellite channels - one for entertainment, the other for news - in partnership with the publishers of the Financial Times newspaper. Meanwhile, the BBC'S survival into the next century was guaranteed by pledges in a British government white paper published on 6 July which included the renewal of the royal charter for ten years from 1997 and the preservation of the index-linked licence fee until 2001. The white paper, covering the corporation's world-wide role, proposes that there is a continuing need and place for world service radio, broadcasting in English and a wide range of other languages, which should continue to be financed by Grant-in-Aid from the Foreign and Commonwealth Office. It also proposes that the corporation should further develop its inter-nation commercial television services while its overseas services give a balanced British view of national and international developments and its editorial independence should be unquestionable. - LPS. - Gertrude Mongella, during her visit to percent by ex-husbands and seven perthe Argentinian capital. cent by their sons. Domestic violence is one of the many Assistance programmes began in Argenissues faced by organisations which de- tina more than 10 years ago, and defend the rights of women, and will be mand has grown as public awareness one of the 11 topics on the Beijing agen- of the issue increases. The case of formda, along with health, education, er World Boxing Champion Carlos Monpoverty and participation in the decision zon, who beat his wife to death in 1987, making process. served as a motivation for women to According to the UN report "The Worn- come forward with denunciations. an", domestic violence is one of the prin- According to the UN report, in Colomcipal obstacles to development, equali- bia some 20 percent of women patients ty and peace. However, only recently in a Bogota hospital were victims of has it begun to be considered crime in domestic abuse, while in the United some countries. Domestic violence is de- States it is calculated that nearly four fined by the report as including sexual million women a year are abused. abuse as well as other forms of violence In Bangladesh, half of the 170 reported against girls as well as women. murders of women which occurred over Social taboos and fear cause the viola- a two-year period took place in the tions to be grossly under-reported, mak- home, while in Papua New Guinea, 67 ing it impossible to know the actual percent of women suffer from marital number of cases of domestic violence, violence. In Austria, more than half of which is generally committed by male the 1 500 divorces filed listed domestic family members and relatives, violence as a major factor. Nevertheless, estimates are available The UN report said the reason abuse from countries where the situation is against women is often tolerated is beclosely monitered by humanitarian or- cause they do not have an equal place ganisations. In the Argentinian capital, in society. Conference secretary Mongelfor example, a domestic violence preven- la pointed out that women are victims tion and assistance service receives of economic,. social and political inequalnearly 1 000 calls a month reporting ity, and that the majority of the world's abuse. Of the callers, 75 percent are poor and victims of violence are wornwomen beaten by their husbands, eight en. - ZIANA-IPS. Taiwan has no right to join the UN *Continued from page 23 safeguard their state sovereignty and of foreign forces," a statement issued in territorial integrity. We are now energetHarare said. ically promoting relations across the In recent years, Taiwan joined such straits and advancing the process of regional economic organisations as the peaceful reunification in accordance Asia Development Bank and APEC, by with the basic policy of Peaceful Reunifispecial arrangements made through cation and One Country, Two Systems, agreement or understanding between and have made positive progress. ReChina and the parties concerned. They unification represents the people's aspiare based on the One China principle ration and the trend of the times which and accepted by China. The agreement no one can reverse. in total disregard of and understanding in question state the overall interest of the Chinese nation, that the People's Republic of China the Taiwan authorities try to win over joined the organisations as a sovereign countries by their Dollar Diplomacy and state whereas Taiwan did so as a region make them trumpet its Return to the of China. "Some people out of ulterior United Nations. This anachronistic exermotives try to evoke this example to cise will surely end up in failure. justify their call for Taiwan 'joining the "The Chinese government and people United Nations'. This far-fetched argu- are following the developments on this ment obviouslv does not hold water." question with serious concern. We will The statement notes: "it is the sacred not sit idly by in face of any activities rights of each nation to maintain its uni- of splitting up the country and blocking ty and territorial integrity. This is also and undermining the great cause of Chithe basic principle of International Law. na's reunification. We are sure the The Taiwan question is purely an inter- Chinese government and people will nal affair of China and the reunification have the understanding and support of of the country is in the fundamental in- governments and people of various terest of the Chinese nation. For many countries in our just cause of maintainyears, the Chinese government and peo- ing our sovereignty and territorial inpie have made unremitting efforts to tegrity." El ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 25 NO. 6, 1994

British police seek bette aced with a growing prospect of last year in shooting and stabbing incibeing stabbed, shot or hit with a dents that all occurred when no violence blunt instrument, Britain's bobbies was expected. on the beat am e .,-ri.,. f", .-,-.,--. Armour plated vests, knife resistant jackets, longer batons and immobilising sprays are some of the items senior police officers are being urged to buy to protect the traditionally unarmed British constable. But delays in testing protective equipment and restrictions on their use have angered rank and file officers who believe they are facing increasingly violent and well-armed criminals while not properly equipped themselves. The equipment was on prominent display at a recent international conference for European police chiefs in this central English city with salesmen reporting strong local interest. Our body armour sales are up by 30 percent, said Anthony Spencer of Aspen International Limited, a company that describes itself as physical protection consultants. The ordinary beat officer is not getting issued with these vests, they are only going to firearms teams, so individual officers are buying their own vests. They feel it is cheap life insurance - 390 pounds (US$590) buys you the RollsRoyce of body armour, said Spencer. His competitors agreed with his Rosy Sales forecast for the wrap-around upper body protectors that come in male and female sizes and in some cases be hidden beneath a uniform shirt. "I've sold 1 150 sets of knife and ballistic resistant vests to police forces since Christmas," said Michael Sacks of Armourshield Limited. But he agreed that most constables went on patrol with 9nly their truncheons. Criminals on the street are using new weapons and it is the ordinary beat officer who is encountering them, said Sacks. Although armed response vehicles patrol the streets of Britain's cities, with new rules making it easier for crews in London to use their weapons, casualty figures show it is ordinary unarmed policemen who suffer the majority of attacks. Two police officers have been killed in London and two seriously injured in the r protection criticised the government for not doing enough to protect its members from what it insists is a growing threat. The 100 000 police officers on the "We expect you to declare that the days streets of England and Wales suffer when we sent a lone police officer on the more than 13 000 assaults a year ac- beat, armed only with a Victorian truncording to figures from Britain's home cheon, have gone for good," Richard office (Interior Ministry). Coyles, the retiring federation chairman Some senior officers say calls to better told home secretary (Interior Minister) protect or even arm the police ignore the Michael Howard in a speech. fact that the figures show the threat to But Howard promised only limited help policemen is no worse than it has, been - no protective vests offering sufficient before. protection and comfortable enough for Recent opinion polls have shown neither a day's duty have yet been developed, the public nor the police themselves he said, and Pepper Sprays that can be want to end Britain's rare tradition of used to immobilise attackers may prove not routinely protecting its beat police- carcinogenic. men with guns, although there was pub- In his one concession he said that the lic support for the police having some British bobby may soon be equipped easier access to weapons. But without with the American-style extendable sideguns, Britain's cops say they are strug- handled baton, meeting one of the degling to find ways to deter attacks by mands of the Federation. criminals who have less compunction in Previous attempts to replace the oldusing deadly weapons than the police, fashioned truncheon with a longer baA senior police officer has warned of in- ton floundered after television images of creasing numbers of black market fire- the device being used by Los Angeles arms being smuggled into Britain from police to beat an arrested man were America by crack cocaine dealers. He aired in Britain. also said that weapons were being hired fromgangter on renal asisandWhether the introduction of the new bafrom gangsters on a rental basis and ton, which can be used with a variety used for killings. of judo-style moves to thwart attackers, There have been regular discoveries of will be enough to calm police fears is gun hordes belonging to organised unclear. criminals in the northwestern city of New Police Federation chairman Fred Liverpool and police say they fear Broughton said: "The service is very weapons easily available in eastern Eu- reluctantto go down the arming route. rope could soon filter across the chan- rot carrying a gun is central to our relaNotcaryigntguoi cetrlitaorirna nel into Britain. tionship with the public. But we are facThe Police Federation, the organisation ing a very basic issue of health and saferepresenting Britain's policemen, has ty." - ZIANA/REUTER. [] US bans airlines from nine countries nited States authorities have announced that airlines from nine countries in Africa and Latin America are prohibited from landing in the United States because of safety concerns. "Carriers from four other countries may land here only under close US government scrutiny," they said. The bans have taken effect over the last three years but all were made public for the first time by the US Transportation Department, which is continuing to review foreign aviation safety. Transportation secretary Federico Pena said his agency "found that in many cases, countries were simply not meeting their international obligations," af. ter the reviews started in 1991. In certain cases, some flights from banned nations are continuing under lease arrangements in which an airline leases another company's entire flight operation - including aircraft, crew, maintenance and insurance, said Tony Broderick, associate administrator of the * Continued on page 26 ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 25 NO. 6, 1994 Linternational NeNis

Cuba protests use of its bay he President of the United States of America recently announced the decision of the government of that country of not allowing the entry to US territory of the Cuban citizens that illegally immigrate and to send to the Guantanamo naval base those that are taken at sea. According to a statement from the Cuban Minister of Foreign Affairs the government of the Republic of Cuba strongly protests against the illegal use by the United States, of a portion of the Cuban national territory in the Guantanamo bay, where they maintain by force a naval base. "On this occasion the US government has declared its intention of using the base as a concentration camp for the Cuban citizens that illegally abandon their country, encouraged by the sordid and hostile policy that with impunity has been implemented by the United States during these 35 years, mainly a criminal blockade that in the current circumstances forces a massive immigration." The statement noted that the arbitrary use of this portion of Cuban soil has been the object, on several occasions, of the strongest protest of the Cuban people, who not only repudiates the presence of a naval base against its will, but also, the use of the national territory as a centre for the processing of Haitians and Cubans taken at high seas, and whose desires are to go to the United States. In recent days, the government of the Republic of Cuba made public its serious concern for the violent disturbances of August 13, and that have been 'President Fidel Castro of Cuba pictured with the late Cde. Samora Machel of Mozambique repeated during the past hours, between the military personnel of that base and the Haitian refugees concentrated in the base under terrible conditions, crowded and with no health facilities. "Despite this dangerous situation, the President of the United States has just announced that they will also lodge in that military enclave Cuban citizens that now they do not wish to receive. Such a case pays no attention to the consequences that this could create, apart from affecting the conditions of health, stability and peace of the neighbouring Cuban population, as it has been already stated in other occasions. "The government of the Republic of Cuba states the firmest rejection of the Cuban people in the face of this new decision of the White House, and reiterates again, its strong rejection to the illegal US military presence in its territory," it said. 0 US bans airlines from nine countries 0 Continued from page 25 Federal Aviation Administration. If the lease is from the United States or another country with adequate regulations, its planes could come to the United States from a banned country. Banned from flights to and from the United States were planes from Belize, The Dominican Republic, Gambia, Ghana, Honduras, Nicaragua, Paraguay, Uruguay and Zaire, transportation department officials said. And conditional approval, under close US scrutiny, was approved for flights from Bolivia, El Salvador, Guatemala and Netherlands antilles. "The public must be able to travel with confidence at home and abroad. Releasing this information for the first time will help international travellers make informed choices when flying," said transportation secretary Federico Pena. The bans cited countries where the government has determined that supervision of flight safety is inadequate rather than specific air carriers. Such bans in the past have not been made public. The department also listed the organisation of Eastern Caribean states and 16 countries that it said adhere to international safety standards. The 16 safe countries are Argentina, Bahamas, Ban- gladesh, Brazil, Bulgaria, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Guyana, Marshall islands, Mexico, Oman, Panama, Peru, Ukraine and Venezuela. The eastern Caribbean group includes Antigua and Barbuda, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Vincnt and the Grenadines, Dominica, St. Lucia, Montserrat, Grenada and Anguilla. Other nations have yet to be assessed. The Federal aviation administration, which enforces strict safety rules for US carriers, began taking a closer look at foreign standards after an Avianca Airlines jetliner from Colombia ran out of fuel and crashed in New York city in 1990, claiming 73 lives. - ZIANA-APO ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 25 NO. 6, 1994

Armed Renamo gangs reported in Sofala here are reportedly still Renamo Tarmed gangs in the province of Sofala who are refusing to hand their weapons over to the United Nations. A representative of the technical unit of ONUMOZ told Mediafax that while collecting tents from the UN-run assembly points that are now closed, a UN team had come across 63 armed men in the locality of Chiadeia. The men said they would only leave Chiadeia and hand over their weapons if they received the 24 months' demobilisation pay as one lump sum, and not in instalments as has been agreed by the Supervisory and Control Commission (SCC). They said that their colleagues who had agreed to receive the money in instalments had been fooled. They were certain of their future, they bragged, "because we have guns", regardless of who wins the elections, "Frelimo, Renamo or you people from UNOMOZ". The UN team later learned that this gang had moved to another area in the same part of the country. in one reported case there were 75 men, who, according to the central regional branch of the Ceasefire Commission, should have been demobilised at the Nhamacala assembly point - they did not show up for their demobilisation, and nobody knows where they are. A local Nhamacala civilian cited by Media/ax daimed he had recently seen 23 Renamo fighters, armed with seven AK-47 assault rifles and a bazooka near Government turns down Renamo demand to disarm riot police Cde. Joaquim Chissano, the president of Mozambique he government has again rejected demands by Renamo that the riot police should be disarmed. This elite police unit, a 12 September Renamo Council statement said, should be placed under the control of the UN police observers (CIVPOL). The leadership of the riot police, according to the National Council, should be shared between the police force itself, CIVPOL, and two representatives of ?P" position parties (including one from Renamo). Renamo wanted this arrangement to come into effect on 20 September. In response, one of the government's key negotiations, labour minister Cde. Leo. dato Hun.uana, said that disarmin.R the riot police was "out of the question". He pointed out that the Mozambican public wants the police strengthened, not weakened. Cde. Hunguana- found it strange that Renamo should raise this demand at a time in which serious rioting and disturbances had broken out in many parts of the country. The demand only made sense if those who made it were interested in increased violence, he added. Renamo claims that the riot police have taken repressive action against the public at large, and against Renamo sympathisers in particular. But in fact the riot police activities that have come to the attention of the media all involve repressing violent protests, and clearing barricades from the country's roads. The latest such incident took place on 7 September, when the riot police clashed with demobilised Renamo troops in the town of Inhaminga. The demobilised men had blocked the main road from Beira to the Zambezi, seized vehicles and taken their occupants hostage. the Ruia river in Tete province, where they were farming. The men seemed never to have been inside an assembly point, since none of them had any of the new clothes that the UN distributed at the points. Illegal policing by Renamo Meanwhile, Renamo is still detaining illegally three policemen at the movement's headquarters in the Sotala district of Maringue. A fourth policeman, Henrique Mabiri, managed to escape. They were siezed by Renamo while hunting illegally, and were taken to Maringue. Renamo's chief negotiator, Raul Domingos, has informed the police that the policemen and their vehicle will only be freed in exchange for two vehicles siezed in early 1993 when they were illegally transporting uniforms to Renamo. War threats A little-known Mozambican opposition politician telephoned the AIM office in Johannesburg on 12 September, threatening a further war if the government "continues refusing the collaboration and participation of opposition parties." The man who made the call identified himself as Joao Camacho, once the spokesman in Maputo for the Mozambique National Union (UNAMO), a breakaway from Renamo. After clashing with UNAMO president Carlos Reis, Camacho left to form his own party, PIDEMO (Independent Democratic Party of Mozambique). This party has undertaken no public activities in Mozambique, and is not standing in the October general election. Camacho claimed that he had influence in the shadowy separatist movement, active in parts of the central province of Zambezia, which goes by the name Rombezia. This is the descendant of UNAR (African National Union of Rombezia) which operated against Frelimo from Malawi in the 1960s. It wanted to divide northern Mozambique, between the Zambezi and Rovuma rivers, from the rest of the country. Camacho said he hoped that the National Elections Commission (CNE) would ensure that the elections were free and fair - otherwise Rombezia would continue its war, Arms caches discovered , t:ccordng to tmuo Ajeno, teams from te Initially, the police took minimal action, TJN-chaired Ceasefire Commission (CCF), *Continuedonpage28 *Continuedonpage28 ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 25 NO. 6,1994

Government turns down Renamo demand to disarm riot police 9 Continued from page 27 low the organisers of riots to barricade Aiello was treating the demand as a rebut as from late August the Interior roads and interrupt the normal circula- quest from Dhlakama to President JoaMinistry decided to crack down on vio- tion of people and goods. Aldo Ajello's quir Chissano. "we should not interfere lent disorders and on road blocks. Interi- response was that this issue was not co- in this dialogue between Renamo and or Minister Manuel Antonio warned that vered by the mandate to UNOMOZ. It the government", he said. the police will not stand by passively was discussed briefly on 12 September while demobilised soldiers and militia at a meeting of the 5CC. They decided Ten die in Nampula riots men riot. He said the police will not al- it did not fall within their competence. Armed Renamo gangs reported in Sofala * Continued from page 27 who are verifying all Mozambican military installations, have so far discovered seven undeclared deposits of arms. Ajel1o did not say whether these arms belonged to government forces or to Renamo. The verification teams were registering all the weaponry discovered. Weapons in working condition would be given to the new Mozambican defence force. The teams are also checking, all declared government arsenals and Renamo arms caches'to see whether they really contain what the former belligerents claim is stored there. There are problems with the Renamo caches, because the lists were delivered late to the CCF, and some of the places listed lack their exact coordinates. The contents of some of the caches are given, but those of many others are not: Renamo has merely told the CCF how many arms it has in each province, without breaking the figure down into all the separate caches. Ajello said the CCF was urging Renamo to be more precise, particularly by supplying the exact coordinates of its caches. Ajello said the verification teams were also on the lookout for armed men who had not yet been registered or demobilised. One such group calls itself the 'Renamo Police'. Asked about security at polling stations, Ajello said UNOMOZ would cooperate with the Mozambican police in working out security plans. The latest statement from the UN Security Council calls for wider UNOMOZ deployment in order to assist in security during the elections. Aiello said UNOMOZ is now working out how to implement this recommendation. El The severity of the problem of indiscipline is well illustrated by the violence which has been fomented in Nampula. At least ten people died and a further 14 were wounded in the wave of mutinies, riots and similar disturbances which have swept Nampula province over the past three months, according to provincial governor Cde. Alfredo Gamito. He said there had been over 90 disturbances - an average of one a day. In 33 cases rioters or mutineers had clashed with the police, and it was in these incidents that the casualties had occurred. The disturbances have involved government soldiers, Renamo fighters, demobilised troops from both sides, government militia men and members of the independent peasant militia known as the 'Napramas'. Gamito argued that the disturbances have been deliberately stirred up by people who intended to make it impossible to hold the country's first multi-party elections in October. l There are no birds of our feather. Because we offer the truly definitive example of the printer's art. The total job: typesetting, origination, printing and binding - utilising the latest technology and completed to the highest international standards. Our very competitive prices will also give you something to crow about. JONGWE PRINTING & PUBLISHING CO (PVn LIMiTED 14 Austin Road. Worington. Harare. Telephone 64749, 68428 & 6843 1. ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 25 NO. 6, 1994 ntern tio 11 N ew

Lacko4 dialogue causing strikes Fawcett Security guards marching along Road in Harare on their way to meet leaders of their trade union to discuss a pay dispute with their employers. imbabwe has this year been rocked by a series of work stoppages by employees in both the public and private sectors striking for better pay and working conditions. Junior hospital doctors, bank and construction workers as well as employees from a major insurance company all resorted to industrial action which had a devastating effect on Zimbabwe's commerce and industry and the service sector. Teachers also served notice on the government that they would abandon classrooms and stay at home if their demands for improved salaries and working conditions were not met urgently. Secretary-General of the Zimbabwe Congress of Trade Unions (ZCTU), Cde. Morgan Tsvangirayi, says the current spate of strikes is a reflection of the desperation of workers responding to the erosion of the purchasing power of their incomes in the face of the rising cost of living caused by the harsh Economic Structural Adjustment Programme (ESAP) now in its fourth year. Cde. Tsvangirayi says by resisting to grant workers the pay increases they were demanding, employers were hiding behind the government's economic liberalisation policies which he says have given them more powers. "Previously workers would look to government for protection but it is now employers who are running to government and holding government to ransom by saying they cannot afford to meet the targets of ESAP if they award the. increases demanded by workers," says the trade union boss. "The government has found itself in a very helpless situation. On the one hand, they would like to see productivity improve for economic expansion and on the other hand they cannot afford to have workers not get salary increases especially when they have given themselves hefty increases," says Tsvangirayi. Early this year, the government awarded salary increases of up to 64 percent to Cabinet ministers, deputy ministers and Members of Parliament. However, Cde. Lloyd Mutandi, Executive Director of the Employers Confederation of Zimbabwe (EMCOZ), believes that in most cases the demands of workers are excessive. "You find that some workers are starting with 60 percent. It is ridiculous, you cannot expect an employer to give increments of 40 to 60 percent," says Cde. Mutandi. He says awarding increments of such high percentages would be an indication that what the employer was paying was inhuman and he did not believe employers in Zimbabwe were paying "inhuman" salaries. Cde. Mutandi agrees workers are making such high demands because of the erosion of the purchasing power of their income and to compensate for that they wanted their salaries increased by big percentages. But, argues Cde. Mutandi, the erosion was caused by inflation which he said is quite high in Zimbabwe. Cde. Mutandi pointed out, however, that high inflation was a double-edged blade also affecting employers by way of high * Continued on page 30 ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 25 NO. 6, 1994

Lack of dialogue causing strikes @Continued from page 29 interest rates which made it quite expensive to borrow money from the capital as well as money markets. "Money is now very expensive. Companies are suffering from cash-flow problems and are even winding up because they cannot pay back their debts," says Cde. Mutandi. But Cde. Tsvangirayi believes employers in Zimbabwe have just become arrogant and their claims that workers demands were unrealistic were baseless. "I do not think the workers demands are unrealistic because of the level of profitability of the sectors, for example the banking sector," he says. "The worker has been pushed to the wall. The worker we are talking about today is not the worker who is looking after himself alone but is also looking after a big family, the extended family, some of them made jobless by the retrenchments in the private and public sectors." Cde. Bernard Shumba, Secretary-General of the Public Service Association agrees that the worker in Zimbabwe is finding it difficult to make ends meet. "Workers are just basing their demands on survival while the employer is looking at the profitability of the enterprise," says Cde. Shumba. Cde. Tsvangirayi argues that industrial actions in Zimbabwe can be averted if employers changed some of their management tactics which he said had now become outdated. "We need to change our industrial relations culture. We need to see that workers are involved in meaningful worker participation. The kind of confidence you bring between workers and management is crucial," he says. Cde. Shumba agrees relations between workers and employers in Zimbabwe are generally poor. "That is the root cause of the strikes,' he says. "The relationship is very poor because the worker will start asking for something which the employer will not listen to, then in trying to be heard by the employer the worker hardens his attitude. "if the employer had responded to the workers' grievances then there would not be a work stoppage. The strikes are caused because the employer leaves everything too late and takes the worker for granted." Cde. Shumba maintains that if employer/worker relations were good with the worker made aware of the financial situation of the employer, then there would not be any strikes. Cde. Mutandi also agrees there is need for education and constant communication between employers and workers. "There must be rapport between the two parties and I think to some extent that communication is lacking," he says. Asked whose business it should be to initiate the opening of communication lines, Cde. Mutandi said by posing that question, this reporter had taken sides and displayed a worker mentality. "You should not have asked me that question. It shows you are siding with the worker and have a worker mentality, so I am no longer going to talk to you," said Mutandi, effectively aborting the interview. Tsvangirayi believes workers have to organise themselves to become a potent force, commanding the respect of employers. Employees should also improve their skills so that the employer cannot afford to dismiss them just like that, says Tsvangirayi. "We also need higher skills to improve productivity and we have to perform our tasks efficiently. If we increase productivity then profitability increases and we T-Ihe world's top economies largely Towe their success to domestic capital coupled with investment by individuals and companies of other nations. Economists and historians recognise that Britain's massive overseas, investment during the 19th century helped to create the United States' economic success of today. As well as continuing to invest overseas, in the past 15 years Britain has pursued a vigorous programme of encouraging inward investment. This policy began showing a return almost immediately and is now playing an increasingly important role in the United Kingdom economy. Last year overseas companies investment in Britain provide 16 percent of all have the right to demand our share of the profits," says the Trade Union chief. Cde. Tsvangirayi, however, does not have sympathy for what he terms "hard- headed" employers and advises workers: "You should confront force with force." Cde. Shumba also says worker/employer relations are also bad in the public sector. The absence of a negotiating machinery in the Civil Service was also very worrying. "Our situation now is that we only sit at the table when things are bad. The labour laws, particularly in the Public Sector, they should provide the legal framework to have proper negotiations," says Cde. Shumba. The huge discrepancy in salaries between the public and private sector is one of the factors that always worry the civil servants and pushing them to strike, says Cde. Shumba. Cde. Tsvangirayi also said the government's Department of Labour's role should not be to intervene in disputes between employers and workers but to anticipate labour problems before they arose. "They should work to break the conflict without waiting to be given the problem. We need a pro-active labour department," argues Cde. Tsvangirayi. ZIANA 0I manufacturing jobs, 22 percent net output, and 27 percent net capital expenditure, thereby contributing significantly to the competitiveness of Britain's manufacturing sector. Besides bringing employment - both direct and indirect - and introducing valuable new management and production procedures, inward investors' exports and contribute positively to the balance of payments. The Invest in Britain Bureau (IBB) is part of the British government's Department of Trade and Industry (DTI), and was set up in 1977 to encourage overseas business investment in the United Kingdom. Potential investors receive free, expert and confidential advice direct from the *Continued on page 31 ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 25 NO. 6, 1994 Advantages of inward investment By Keith Bradley

Advantages of inward investment IBB, which has welcomed more than world. A hugely creative and prosperous 4 000 projects to the country. A com- period ensued and textile machinery, ceprehensive information package tailored ment, the first steam locomotive, and to each investor's needs is drawn from magno-electricity came into being - all IBB's long experience of providing advice of them British inventions. Investment and help for international companies - much of it foreign - made Britain a looking to expand into Europe. The IBB leading manufacturing base for the offers investors an impartial view of the world. United Kingdom's regional benefits, and Today the same fundamentals apply the latest information from the govern- and despite the recessionary years the ment and public agencies in Scotland, economy moves ahead with many newWales, Northern Ireland, the six English comers from overseas ready to transfer regional development organisations, and their capital, technology, and managethe DTI's own regional offices. ment know-how to Britain. The IBB's latest annual report reveals During 1992-93 United States, German, that during 1992/93 a high level of in- Japanese, Swiss, French, Dutch, and terest continued to be shown in the Unit- Swedish companies opened factories ed Kingdom as a location for overseas and offices in Britain, between them direct investment. The report also con- representing 247 projects, with the retains solid evidence that the country is mainder of the world contributing a fursteadily emerging from a world reces- ther 56. These 303 projects and the sion as bad as any in 50 years. 56 271 associated jobs cover first-time Perfect springboard investment, expansion, acquisition, and Tim Sainsbury, Minister of Industry, joint ventures. The number of jobs points to the United Kingdom's represents an estimate of long-term emgovernment- inspired positive business ployment associated with the project at climate as auguring well for the future: the time of its announcement, but an "Britain provides the perfect spring- employment estimate does not accomboard," he says, "not just into the Eu- pany every decision. ropean Community, but also into the Foreign capital wider European market. This provides Snapshots of three foreign companies even greater opportunities for British welcomed to Britain last year typify the companies - whether they are British contribution foreign capital and enteror foreigzn-owned. prise can make to an economy. The But the competition for inward invest- Arntz Belting company, part of the Germent is growing as other nations wish man Arntz Optibelt Group, has been sucto exploit the advantages, not least cessfully manufacturing power transmisamong them Britain's Economic Com- sion belts in Londonderry, Northern munity partners. Despite this the Unit- Ireland, since 1968. Recently the plant ed Kingdom figures for 1992/93 are was chosen in preference to manufacvery encouraging, with the IBB record- turing units in France and Germany as ing 303 decisions leading to the creation the site for a multi-million US dollar of an estimated 56 271 jobs. These corn- expansion. panies receive a warm welcome like the The United States oilfield supply compamany thousands of other foreign organi- ny FMC Corporation opened a new exsations already established, tension of its R & D (Research and DeThe beginnings of overseas investment velopment) centre in Pitreavie Business in Britain stretch back to the Roman Em- Park, Dunfermline, Scotland. This million pire when an extensive network of high- US dollar investment will supply R & D ways spread throughout the land, many support for FMC worldwide, work carof which form the basis of major routes ried out previously and exclusively at in use today- Mini-industries flourished the company's Houstgn, Texas, facility. throughout the country to give way to Texmaco-Polysindo of Indonesia, one of the industrial Revolution of the mid- 18th the largest textile groups in the Far East, century when steam power became announced it will create 900 jobs over supreme. Britain's trade in manufac the next three years in a £95 million tured good began to spread to all parts project in Antrim, Northern Ireland. of the world. Although the company will be supplyMerchant venturers ing the Indonesian market it found that The formation of the first joint stock distance would not be a barrier. company by a small group of merchant Low cost skills venturers helped investment in new in- Skippingdale Paper Products Ltd dustries while business risk was les- (Sweden) values United Kingdom's labour sened by Lloyd's of /London. A progres- costs costs because they are so much sive, dynamic business climate began to lower than those in Scandinavia, but attract investment from all parts of the there is still a skilled labour force to ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 25 NO. 6, 1994 draw on. Engineering staff at the Scunthorpe plant have been able to exercise their abilities by modifying "off the shelf" paper-converting machinery to improve its performance. Some of the modifying designs have been taken up with the original manufacturer. In a recent IBB market report the reasons why foreign investors chose Britain were investigated and their replies would apply to all modern economies. The largest number said they chose the United Kingdom because they needed a presence there. Additionally, 25 percent felt that the United Kingdom market alone was a major reason for them to begin manufacture. More than two- thirds of the non. European investors saw the United Kingdom as their stepping- stone to Europe and the single market. Almost one in three saw the need for a European presence as one of their reasons to invest. Stability was regarded as highly significant by a rather lower proportion of the more recent investors when compared with those investing before 1985. Nonetheless, 75. percent of the surveyed companies were influenced because of the stable economy and political stability offered The 1992-93 IBB report focuses on the effects of inward investment in terms of the economic indicators. The first quarter of 1993 saw increases in manufacturing output, retail spending, and new car registrations. The Index of Production stood at its highest since October 1990. Exports were boosted by foreign-owned companies based in the United Kingdom and surveys showed a strong increase in business confidence, now at its highest level since October 1987. Cultural contribution Britain welcomes overseas investors into its community not solely for economic advantage and rewards, but also because the newcomer's presence often contributes to the culture. Overseas investors have a tradition of involvement in the arts and sport. The Royal Academy of Arts, London Symphony Orchestra, National Gallery of Scotland, Glyndebourne Opera, Scottish Ballet, Edinburgh Festival, National Garden Festival, cricket, golf and association football represent a few beneficiaries from the unseen face of foreign investment in Britain. In their immediate communities, too, many newcomers have become good neighbours assisting local causes in healthcare, education, and the environment. In the global village the traders are setting up their stalls to flourish where ideas and capital can flow easily. Britain is grasping these advantages and prospering. El Features

Identity as a site of struggle: Gender and the politics of unlearning power and privilege Simona Sharoni Institute for Conflict Analysis & Resolution, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, USA Women continue to be confined to- traditional roles although some have taken up challenging jobs: From left to right - Cdes.7 Diana Muvharagedhi, Constance Tsunha and Loyce Chaitezvi of Mwanza in Goromonzi (Zimbabwe) Kubatana district harvesting groundnuts urvival is not an academic skill. It decide to do once you're here, where that the planners of the conference have is learning how to take our differ- you decide to place yourself in relation- naturally designated this task to their ences and make them strengths. ship to the ongoing struggle for freedom. 'token feminist." For the master's tools will never disman- Gender trouble while men can write about so-called tle the master's house. They may allow GedertrobleWhiermn an rite a ot o us temporarily to beat him at his own This essay was triggered by an invita- universal concerns and global politics or game, but they will never enable us to tion from the World Order Models any other topic of their choosing, the few committed feminists that were able bring about genuine change. Project to explore the significance of -.1 Ai,~o ;~1 f- Being honest about our differences is painful and requires large doses of integrity.., no one on earth had any say whatsoever about who or what they were born to be. You can't run the tape backward and start from stratch, ,so the question is, what are you going to do with what you've got? How are you going to deal responsibly with the unalterable facts of who and what you are, of having or not having privilege and power? I don't think anyone's case is inherently hopeless. It depends on what you feminism for world order studies. Inspired by the growing body of feminist critiques of international politics, I entertained the idea of developing a feminist critique of the existing world order literature. But, the more I thought about it, recalling my frustration with similar projects, such as those exploring the significance and contributions of feminist theory to the studies of conflict resolution and international relations, the less compelling the task became. In fact, it was not only the task itself that I found problematic, but also the fact cannot afford this. Why is it almost always the task of the disadvantaged, the excluded, the marginalised to educate the people that are more powerfully positioned? Feminists scholars and activists have been engaged in numerous projects aimed at "liberating the oppressors." While these projects continue, usually for the lack of better substitutes, it is time for more radical and subversive feminist interventions. Therefore, feminists should refuse to address the * Continued on page 33 ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 25 NO.-6, 1994

Identity as a site of struggle *Continued from page 32 significance of feminism to world order studies, unless those responsible for world order studies are willing to seriously engage themselves in the exploration of the relevance of world order studies to women's struggles and to feminism. The exploration of such questions shouldn't be the exclusive task of women/feminists. But, unfortunately since we (i.e. women/feminists) are still struggling for voice and visibility, it often appears as if we have no other choice but to undertake such assignments, for the lack of better opportunities to present our case, educate and convince. In doing so, we end up collaborating with the very structures that, in Ann Runyan's words, keep us and other marginalized individuals, groups and perspectives from going on the offensive and "demanding that those who dominate be answerable for their sins fo omission and commission." This paper attempts to do exactly this: to ask those v~ho occupy positions of power and privilege, to take responsibility and be accountable for the ways in which they/we are implicated in practices of omission and commission that perpetuate not only gender inequities, but also reinforce destructive divisions of colour, class, sexuality and nation as well. However, the discussion of the perils and possibilities of unlearning "given" power and privilege in different sociopolitical contexts and in relation to different collective identities cannot remain abstract and academic. To challenge this tendency, the paper situates critical explorations of politics of identity and difference, and notions of political community, resistance and solidarity in relation to particular grassroots struggles. Two particular projects ot unlearning power and privilege are utilised to outline some strategies and alternative ways of coping with the challenges facing politically committed activists and scholars. The first example is that of the Women's Organisation for Women Political Prisoners (WOFPP) in Israel and the second is of the New York Anti-Sexist Men's Action Network. These particular projects are not introduced as "empirical evidence" to support my arguments, but rather represent an alternative location from which critical discussions concerning world politics and local/global transformations should start. To elaborate more on what I mean by Some women have taken up various occupations to supplement fa incomes in the home - women at a pottery project in Mabvuku, Harare unlearning power and privilege, the paper outlines four sets of concerns that offer some theoretical and practical insights as to why and how should people affiliated with the World Order Models Project, or with any other progressive group for that matter, engage with this radical notion of politics. The first set of concerns deals with the locations we, scholars and activists, occupy in time, space and especially in relation to cartographies of oppressions. The second set of concerns that is crucial to challenge existing disparities in power and privilege is that of the relationship between "identity politics" to the politics of identity. These concerns are intertwined with questions of difference and call for the exploration of alternative ways of thinking, theorising and dealing with difference. But, these inter-related sets of concerns cannot be resolved in our minds and/or in our air-conditioned offices, they require that we change some of our most fundamental convictions and ways of thinking. To learn how to unlearn our power and privilege, we have to challenge ourselves to think from people's lives and struggles. This requires a major shift in our tendencies as scholars and activists to engage in abstract formulations of global challenges and/or assume the responsibility and capacity to offer solutions to other people's problems. Furthermore, to effectively grapple with the politics of unlearning power and privilege, there is a need to move beyond the liberal humanistic practice of assigning the task of critique to designated "others" and beyond patronising pretensions of "giving voice to the 'other'." As Bell Hooks argues: I am waiting for them to stop talking about the "other", to stop describing how important it is to be able to speak about difference. It is not just important that we speak about but how and why we speak. Often this speech about the "other" is also a mask, an oppressive talk hiding gaps, absences. Often this speech about the "other" annihilates, erases. We fear those who speak about us, who do not speak to us and with us. Thinking from people's lives and struggles requires that we speak to and with rather than about. The particular struggles of the Tel-Aviv based women's group and the New York based men's group open up space for outlining useful strategies for unlearning power and privilege. These strategies can be utilised * Continued on page 34 ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 25 NO. 6, 1994

I~akin Pmln Identity as a site of *Continued from page 33 not only to challenge the dominant structures that constitute "selves" and "others" and institutionalise authorities that give and take voices. They open up space for many progressive groups and social movements around the world to engage in political projects and selfreflexive critical debates that are not only concerned with changing "others," but are also "committed to changing the way(s) we change." The politics of location What does it mean to be a globally oriented activist-scholar in the late twentiethcentury is one of the central questions around which this conference revolves. But, this question is not merely about meanings. It is first and foremost a question about the politics, experiences and systems of power and knowledge that have constituted these meanings. Therefore, my critique of the original phrasing of the question is, to use Foucault words, "not a matter of saying that things are not right as they are. It is a matter of pointing out on what kinds of assumptions, what kinds of familiar, unchallenged, unconsidered modes of thought the practices that we accept rest." The phrase "globally-oriented activistscholar" appears too abstract, elitist and remote from the political structures and dynamics that constitute and constrain people's lives, identities and struggles around the world. Therefore, it is too narrow a formulation to enable the exploration of what Donna Haraway describes as "the possibility of theorising a politics not based on alienation from a human essence, not organised teleologically from beginning to end - . . a theory which can articulate the workings of late twentieth century relations of power and a politics adequate to oppose certain effects of those power relations." Furthermore, the very possibility of claiming a "globally-oriented activistscholar" identity almost always requires the occupation of a relatively privileged and powerful subject position - especially vis-a-vis most disenfranchised people and groups around the world. This does not imply that such formulations are irrelevant or politically corrupt, but rather that - given our relative locations in relation to power and privilege - in order to engage seriously and critically with movements for social and po. litical transformations in global and particular contexts, we have to be ready to account for the subject positions that we occupy in relation to these contexts. In other words, those engaged in globallyoriented projects, don't have to relinguish these projects, but rather to be ready to account for the positions of power and privilege that enable the articulation and proliferation of "globallyoriented" scholarship and activism. As for myself, even though I am committed to a number of political projects grounded in global perspectives, the politics of my location and the ways in which I am implicated in (and benefit from) different systems of power and privilege - as an Israeli citizen, an American resident and as an outspoken white feminist,- make me feel more at ease with the term "politicallycommitted" rather than with "globallyoriented." Political commitment, unlike global orientation is a location, a situated signifier of identity. It entails responsibility, accountability, a dynamic involvement with/in social movements and resistance struggles and an openness to multiple practices and interpretations of both "politics" and "commitment." To use Donna Haraway's formulation. Rational knowledge I am arguing for politics and epistemologies of location, positioning, and situating, where partiality and not universality is the condition of being heard to make rational knowledge claims. These are on people's lives. I am arguing for the view from a body, always a complex, contradictory, structuring, and structured body, versus the view from above, from nowhere, from simplicity. In posing an alternative question what are the perils and responsibilities of politically- committed activistsscholars? - This essay seeks to intervene in, and critically explore, not only the content of our conversations, but also the power complexes and modes of thought which constitute the subtexts of these conversations. Gender represents such a subtext and feminism can be seen as a politically- committed body of critiques designed to call into question the power complexes and modes of thought that render gender and other cartographies of oppression and exploitation invisible, unimportant or marginal.This conceptualisation of gender "confirms that gender is not only the social construction of distinctions between/among feminities and masculinities and of relations between/among struggle women and men, but also a primary site for the production of more general effects of power and meaning." Along the same lines, my interpretation of feminism is not limited to the struggles to eradicate gender inequalities, but rather takes into consideration the relationships between gender, race and class inequalities, questions of development and North-South relation, en. viromental degradation and ecological concerns, abuses of human rights and attacks on national, cultural and ethnic identities. Beyond identity politics What threatens our movement... is our refusal to acknowledge that to change the world we have to change ourselves - even sometimes our most cherished, block-hard convictions... Changes don't come easy. For anyone. But this state of war we live in, this world on fire provides us with no other choice. Cherri Moraga's assertion that "to change the world we have to change ourselves," can be seen as a radical rethinking of the feminist slogan "the personal is political." Early feminist consciousness-raising, particularly in North America in the late 1960s and in the 1970s, utilised this slogan to urge women to see their problems as an outcome of patriarchy and sexist oppression, and thus, as political issues. The message was that one has to work from the inside out. The self was the starting point to a potential growing awareness of collective political concerns. However, women of colour have called into question conventional formulations of "the personal is political," arguing that this slogan had been grounded primarily in the lives of white middle-class women, and thus, while it "did highlight feminist concernisl with self, it did not insist on a connection between politicisation and transformation of consciousness." Along the same lines, jenny Bourne argues that the conventional feminist interpretations of "the personal is political" have replaced "what is to be done" with "who am I." Boume's essay speaks to the crisis of political commitment and engagement engendered by the relentless focus on identity and the narrow understanding of feminist politics as identity politics. According to Bourne, "it is a mistake to view identity as an end, rather than as a means." The move beyond identity politics, for Bourne depends on the ability to understand and 0 Continued on page 35 ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 25 NO. 6, 1994

I~aling oin Identity as a site of * Continued from page 34 act upon the inseparability of the personal and the political by linking questions of identity to particular political struggles. For Bourne, "what we do is who we are." (original emphasis). Echoing Bourne's assertion, Bell Hooks opens up space for the exploration of political strategies that move beyond! the contines of identity politics by calling for aiternative approaches to identity which "offer strategies of politicisation that enlarge our conception of who we are, that intensify our sense of inter-subjectivity, [andl our relation to a collective reality." Indeed, the questions "who we are" and "what do we do" are among the most fundamental questions around which groups, movements and structures participate in constituting and inscribing their identity. The broader socio-political context - that is, particular power arrangements, cultural politics and structural inequalities - always affect the ways through which particular meanings of who is "we" are being constituted and inscribed. Every reference to a particular "we" also alludes to a collective identity, to a community, grounded not only in shared ideas, symbols and practices but also in notions of difference. The realisation that the constitution of identity and difference is a significant political practice may serve as another safeguard against getting trapped in identity politics. Fractured identities As activists and scholars, in order to move beyond the narrow confines of "identity politics," we need to be able to recognise that our scholarship and political projects are affected by the different subject positions we occupy, and that our fractured identities have no natural/stable foundations. Discussions that take into consideration questions such as who we are and where we stand in relation to structured inequalities and different cartographies of oppression are in - many ways acts of resistance; they should be utilised to identify and resist the power/knowledge complexes that underlie our identity, our politics and the dynamic interplay them. This dynamic interplay is comprised of the structures, forces and practices that shape, confine and transform the notions of who we are as well as the potentials and limits our imagination and political interventions. In sum, the move beyond identity politics requires more than a radical rethinking of the feminist slogan "the personal is political." It requires the constitution of "the personal" and "the political" as binary oppositions, as separate domains, rather than as interdependent practices. Such a challenge should also call into question other binary oppositions such as private-public, self-other and inside-outside that represent important markers in the construction of identities. In many ways, the question of how to challenge the rigid binary oppositions in which our identity and our politics have been inscribed is interwoven with and depends on the question of how to deal with difference. Dealing with difference Identity is an inescapable dimension of being. No body could be without it. Inescapable as it is, identity - whether personal or collective - is not fixed by nature, given by God, nor planned by intentional behaviour. Rather, identity is constituted in relation to difference. But neither is difference fixed by nature, given by God, or planned by intentional behaviour. Difference is constituted in relation to identity. Understanding the relationship between identity and difference as interdependent and relational, not as an oppositional, is crucial for moving beyond the limiting contours of "identity politics" to explore new ways of dealing and theorising difference and identity. That means challenging dominant constructions which rest on established oppositions, that, as Joan Scott explains, "conceal the extent to which things presented as oppositional are, in fact, inderdependent that is, they derive their meaning from a particularly established contrast rather than from some inherent pure antithesis." These representations, quite often establish meanings, terms and practices by which relations between women and men are organised and understood. The constitution and representation of identity/difference as a fixed opposition underlies a variety of political practices and power relations. Gender relations and North and South relations are two particular examples I wish to explore in this context. As Vandana Shiva and many other feminists around the world have pointed out, "gender identity is S.. an ideological, social and political construct ... land gender ideology has created the dualism and disjunction between male and female." The social, cultural and political meanings that have been constructed around the dichotomised categories of male and fe male have originated from and rein struggle forced essentialising notions ot sexual difference. However, as in every binary construction, the primary or dominant term, in this case male/man, derives its privilege from a curtailment or suppression of its opposite (that is, female/woman). The same dynamics of power and privilege are at play in North-South relations. The North is the primary privileged term while the South is the background: "exploited, looked down upon, and lumped together in a convenient term that denies ... individualities."These disparities in power and privilege are clearly marked in the conventional academic use of the term "Third World" in relation to the South. Once the otherness of the Third World has been established there is no need anymore to name its counterpart. The First World is the centre, the place from which "universal man" can advocate globalism. It is not a coincidence, then, that critical voices in the South, like many feminists and women engaged in resistance struggles, have been skeptical as to the practical efficacy of the term "global civilisation" for the pressing realities of their/our lives and struggles. People's lives The question "What does it mean to be a globally-oriented activist-scholar in the late twentieth-century?" Is not the question of a Palestinian woman in a refugee camp in the Gaza Strip, or a homeless woman in streets of New York City will ask themselves. The irrelevance of this question for these women's immediate lives is enough for me to search for a different question that will have some resonance in people's lives or, at least, to uncover the cartographies of oppression, exploitation, human suffering and resistance that these anonymous women share. Unfortunately, the daily struggles of people in different contexts around the world to survive in the face of violence, have been so far relegated to the margins of WOMP concerns. Conventional formulations of grobal civilisation do not simply privilege global identity, but - given their relatively limited attention up to date to the exploration of context-specific struggles it implies that being globally-oriented is a rather advanced form of being and thinking that some of us are not yet able (or ready) to claim. However, this underlying thought is not grounded in overt, ethnocentrism or cultural superiority OContinued on page 36 ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 25 NO. 6, 1994

Identity as a site of struggle * Continued from page 35 tributes which are meant to distinguish tiques have called into question global us from all animals, but, more signifi macro-political models of their disregard though it could give rise to such prac- candy, the implication of our various of difference and particularities, it is imtices sometimes - but rather in systems pasts and presents, the ineluctable rela- portant to acknowledge that the very of thought that have their roots in tionships of shared and contested mean- category of gender itself resonates with modern idealist traditions that privilege 'ings, values, material resources? It is a general or universal potential for concepts such as "human develop- necessary to assert our dense particular- meaning, since the binary male/female ment," "human interest" and "civilisa- ities, our lived and imagined differences, underlies most contemporary social and tion" for example, the concept "human But couldwe afford to leave unexa- political structures. What may help shed species identity," that has been in- mined the question of how our differ- light on the tensions and contradictions troduced as one of the three major ap- ences are inter-twined and indeed hier- associated with this specific example of proaches that characterise WOMP is de- archically organised? Could we, in other universal/particular category claims is fined in the following way: words, really afford to have entirely the historical context. As Chandra MoThere is a recognition that the impact different histories, to see ourselves as liv- hanty points out, "historicising and of technology, communications, and the ing - and having lived - in entirely het- locating political agency is a necessary consciousness of global threats (pollu- erogeneous and discrete spaces? alternative to formulations of the tion, nuclear war) common to all hu- These questions are central to the ex- 'universality' of gendered oppression manity may be laying the foundations ploration of a new relationship between and struggles." (Mohanty 1992, 75). for the development of a sense of spe- the "universal" and "particular" or more Adrienne Rich words, which are groundcies identity. Such an identity may con- broadly between "identity" and "differ- ed in her own location as a white, Jewsist of two related, yet different, con- ence." Since it appears that WOMP is ish, Lesbian feminist in North America, cepts: a sense of communality with all gradually recognising the significance of illustrate Mohanty's argument: other human beings; and a sense of this question, it is time to engage in crit- it is not enough to say 'As a woman I responsibility for the planet as well as ical discussions about the present for- have no country; as a woman my counaffiliation with all creatures (mainly but mulation. For example, according to the try is the whole world.' Magnificent as not exclusive human) who reside on it. present interpretation of WOMP, as of the vision may be, we can't explode into identities other politically progressive/globally breadth without a conscious grasp of Human oriented organisations, the global or the the particular and concrete meaning of The focus in this formulation is on a universal are associated with utopian, our location. rather abstract notion of "human iden- future-oriented ideals, whereas, the par- Western feminism tity," rooted in abstract ideals articulat- ticular is viewed as limited by present Historicising and locating gender idened in the text as "a sense communali- and past conditions (social, cultural, po- tities - for Rich as for other critical ty", "affiliation with all creatures," and litical, economic et cetera). The future is feminist scholars and activists - implies "species identity." Although Mendlovitz presented as the potential. to "rescue" also a critical interrogation to its interand Slye recognise that "the relationship us from the past and the present. The play with other identities such as race, and interactions among such a global special dimension of this formulation, is class and sexuality. Women of colour criidentity and other forms of identity (in- not less problematic since it locates the tiques of western feminism have demon. dividual, familial, national) need to be ex- particular within the universal. The strated that the universality of gender plored," the text clearly does not treat problem with this formulation is, as R. oppression is based on neutralising the this concdn as one that should be at the Radhakrishnan argues that "the strate- categories of race and class. That is, that centre of the project. However, one must gy of locating any one politics within race and class were often rendered inacknowledge that the liberal, pluralistic another is as inappropriate as it is visible, in the process of "liberating" discourse of WOMP treats these con- coercive." space for gender as the major narrative cerns seriously enough to ask and en- Alternative projects of identify. To challerge the tendency of courage those "others" located at the In order to open up space for new ways western women to define feminism margins of the project t6explore "other of thinking about and dealing with differ- purely in gendered terms, women of forms of identity." Thus, women and ence in general and with the particu- colour and more recently a growing people of colour use this space to ad- lar/universal complex in particular, number of white feminists as well vance our struggles for voice and visi- those of us who are not ease with the have emphasised that it is the intersecbility, while American and European unproblematised use of global formula- tions of the various systematic networks men secure their unchallenged positions tions, have the responsibility to articu- of class, race, (hetero) sexuality, and naas "universal men." late alternative projects. These projects tion that position us as "women." To challenge this division of labour and should, in my opinion, take as a start- However, "if the categories of gender, seriously undertake the challenge of ex- ing point Radhkrishnan's assertion that: sexuality, nationality, or class can ploring the possible relationships be- "the task is not to eschew universality neither speak for the totality nor for one tween shared and particular identities, or globality in favour of pure difference another but are yet implicated in one implies calling into question some of the or heterogeneity, but to read and inter- another relationally", the crucial quespolitical ideals that the original WOMP pret carefully the many tensions among tion is, "how is the historical subject to project embraced. Some of the central the many forms of 'particular-universal' produce a narrative from such a radiquestions that such a project should ad- categories claims' (Emphasis mine). cal relationality, a relationality without dress are: Gender, both as a category of category recourse?" How do we negotiate between my his- of analysis and as a relational process The next section engages with this questory and yours? How would it be possi- could again serve as a useful example tion by exploring some examples of dyble for us to recover our communality, of how one can actually engage with not the humanist myth of our shared at- such a task. Although recent feminist cri- * Continued on page 37 ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 25 NO. 6, 1994

T im P Identity as a site of struggle * Continued on page 36 namic oppositional political interventions grounded in conscious attempts to come to terms with the politics of identity and difference and to unlearn power and privilege. Thinking from people's struggles In Israel, attempts by women's peace groups - especially since the outbreak of the Palestinian uprising (known as intifada) in December 1987 - to draw linkages between militarism and sexism and between violence against Palestinians and violence against women have been depicted as acts of "national betrayal." The constructed borders between "traitors" and "loyalists" and between "us" and "them" (that is, Israelis and Palestinians) - grounded in the politics of identity and difference - have been utilised as rigid signifiers of collective national identity; those who cross these borders or challenge their rigidity in any way are considered traitors and forced to live on the periphery of Israeli collectivity. Furthermore, labelling Israeli women's peace activists "traitors" has not only legitimised the unofficial state sponsored campaign of fear and intimidation against these women, but probably also kept more women from joining the groups and/or speaking out against injustices committed in their names. In her recent book, Whose Science? Whose Knowledge: Thinking From Women's Lives, Sandra Harding uses the label "traitor" subversively. For Harding, the affirmation and celebration of "traitorous" identities, is an important aspect of the politics of unlearning power and privilege. Accordingly, people who are heterosexual, such a celebration does not require that they give up their heterosexuality but rather that they treat homophobia as another form of structural discrimination, redefine aids as a social and political concern and unlearn the "spontaneous consciousness created by their heterosexual experience in a heterosexist world." Similarly, whites "can provide 'traitorous readings of the racial assumptions in texts - literature, history, science written by whites." Important examples for this trajectory of unlearning power and privilege can be found in Minnie Bruce Pratt's essay "Identity: Skin Blood Heart," in which Pratt activates her identity as white and as lesbian in the service of anti-racist understanding of her own cultural inheritance. Another relevant example is the anthology Men in ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 25 NO. 6, 1994 Feminism, a collection of work by women and men who ask of men that they undertake the difficult, painful, but important project of analysing themselves, their lives, and their world views. In the two cases that I wish to bring to the fore of the present discussion, that of the New York Anti-Sexist Men's Action Network and that of the Women's Organisation for Women Political Prisoners in Tel-Aviv, members of the groups have moved beyond original loyalties that have been an integral part of their fragmented identity and have been grounded in relations of power and privilege that used to be taken for granted. The modes of resistance explored by these groups are grounded in a sense of responsibility for their location within structures, relationships and practices that are based on disparities in power and privilege. The New York Anti-Sexist Men's Action Network, reaffirms Harding's assertion that, "men must struggle to create for themselves a kind of experience of their own gender location which male supremacy has forbidden."Along the same lines, Women for Women Political Prisoners in Israel have struggled since the outbreak of the Palestinian uprising (intifada) in December 1987, to create for themselves a kind of experience that their own identity that the dominant narrative of Israeli national identity has forbidden. For both groups identity is a site of struggle; the Anti-Sexist Men's Action Network problematise gender while the Women's Organisation for Women Political Prisoners and the New York AntiSexist Men's Action Network begin their self-describing flyers with the questions "who we are and what do we do?" In other words, what characterises the groups are new cartographies of identity that have been shaped in the course of daily tireless struggles and practices of resistance. The Women's Organisation for Political Prisoners introduce themselves by situating the mission statement of their group and its activities in the socio-political context in which it emerged: The Women's Organisation for Political Prisoners (WOFPP) was formed in May 1988 in response to Israel's attempted suppression of the intifada (the Palestinian uprising in the Occupied Territories). In particular, its formation was promoted by the harassment or political detention of members of Palestinian women's organisations, actions which aimed at inhibiting the vital social and political functions of these organisations and their legitimate resistance to the occupation. In a recent article, R.B.J. Walker states that "whether it is possible to reimagine the nation, or to reconstitute claims to community, solidarity and obligation is as yet unimagined directions depends on the extent to which this historically specific resolution of all political options in space and time can be disrupted." This is exactly what the Women's Organisation for Political Prisoners has done; these women, who are predominantly Jewish-Israeli citizens, have responded to the challenges of the Palestinian intifada by forging new modes of resistance to the Israeli occupation of the West Bank and Gaza Strip and new avenues of solidarity with Palestinian women. WOFPP is a Tel-Aviv based group of women united in their opposition to Israeli occupation of the West Bank and Gaza Strip. The group's aim is to support Palestinian and Israeli political prisoners by resisting policies of suppression which violate basic civil and human rights. WOFPP's activities include mobiising public opinion through press releases and demonstrations, bringing pressure to bear on Members of Parliament, public institutions, local and international organisations, et cetera, and keeping in close contact with prisoners, lawyers and families. WOFPP keeps track of prisoners' transfers, which are often made without the knowledge of either the detainees, families of their lawyers, and informs families and lawyers of prisoners' whereabouts. Members of the group also support prisoners during their trails as observers in the court, maintain contact with released prisoners, and supply various everyday items needed in prison. The group which presently consists of about 10 women and operates out of one of the members' living room. The fax, phone and Xerox machine are the major weapons used in their tireless struggle. Among the numerous Israeli women's peace groups that have emerged since the outbreak of the intifada, the Women's Organisation for Political Prisoners is the least engaged in "identity politics." The group usually meets primarily in order to discuss particular cases, to plan actions and to work on their monthly newsletter which is published in Hebrew, Arabic, French, German and Spanish. The newsletter fea* Continued on page 38

I~ lkngPontI II U Identity as a site of *Continued from page 37 tures information about the living conditions in the pnsons and the updates on recent imprisonments and trials which is accompanied by photos of Palestinian women and their families. In the particular context of Israeli society, where Palestinians are constituted not only as "others" but also as "vicious enemies," the WOFPP attempts to put a human face on the victims of Israel's oppressive policies, are perceived as a threat to national security. As a result, Israeli women lawyers and other members of the group are often prevented by the prison authorities from meeting with the prisoners or from Zlelivering the necessary items the Palestinian women have requested. By using the privileges that accompany their Israeli citizenship to act as strong advocates for Palestinif an women prisoners, WOFPP challenge the primacy of national identity. What adds to the immanence of this threat is the group's special focus on the sexual harassment and the sexual assaults against Palestinian women during their interrogation and imprisonment. By documenting particular cases of sexual violence against Palestinian women, WOFPP has exposed the interconnectedness of militarism and sexism and Israeli society in general and in the construction of Israeli masculinity in particular. Militarised society The critique of violence and oppression as learned practices in a militarised, sex. ist society is also among the concerns of he second project of unlearning power and privilege which this paper seeks to explore: The New York Anti-Sexist Men's Action Network. The group presents itself in the following way: We are a group of profeminist men actively, working to confront and eliminate sexism, We recognise that patriarchy creates and condones the oppression ofand violence toward - women, children, and other men. we as men feel that it is our responsibility to stand up and challenge other men as well as ourselves on the ways in which male supremacy gives us power, prestige and privilege. Unlike the Richard Bly's Men's Movement, that celebrates masculinity by engaging in a variety of practices to reclaim their "wild" and "repressed" masculinity, the New York Anti-Sexist Men's Action Network, does not celebrate, but rather problematises masculinity, challenging the dominant meanings and possibilities of what a man can be: We believe that "masculinity" is a myth, a social construct - a script given, taught, and reinforced on a daily basis by a society that has a large investment in protecting male power. We reject the notion that masculinity has anything whatsoever to do with being a man of conscience. "Being a man of conscience" is a new identity that the group tries to imagine. But, like the Women's Organisation for Women Political Prisoners and unlike other men's groups and social and political groups, the Anti-Sexist Men's Action Network has moved beyond the confines of identity politics and the unproblematic acceptance of the male/female binary opposition. The group does not base its search for an alternative politics of manhood in contrast to women's groups or to the women's movement at large. On the contrary, the struggle of the Anti-Sexist Men's Action Network is formulated in relation to and in solidarity with women's struggles for justice and equality, draws its inspiration from feminist scholarship: Gender-just society We believe that through listening to women, studying feminist literature, and taking women's experience of male supremacy seriously, we can help secure a gender-just society with safety and freedom for everyone. However, men in the New York AntiSexist Men's Network understand their problematic location in relation to women and feminism Thus, they do not simply distance themselves from men, and align themselves with women, but rather utilize their positions of power and privilege to educate themselves about feminist theory, challenge gender inequalities and challenge the dominant constructions of masculinityWe are breaking ranks with the men's club that treats women in an abusive and proprietary manner. We believe that it is up to men to work with other men to help create a new principled way of living and relating in the world. By engagin with these practices of resistance, the men in New York antiSexist Men's Action Network, refuse to be men and behave in accordance with conventional constructiokns of masculinity. In doing so, these men refuse to enjoy their power and privilege as men. Furthermore, the group consciously utilizes its "traitorous" location on the margins to directly confront their fellow men. Both groups use their relative power and privilege to voice and visibility vis-a-vis struggle the "other". In other words, they unlearn their power and privilege in their interactions with the "other" - Israeli-Jewish women in their solidarity and advocacy work on behalf of Palestinian women prisoners and New York men in their relationship to women and to feminism. Members of these groups have utilized their power and privilege to undermine the power complexes that up hold cartographies of oppression ane inequalities that have been reinscribed through rigid constructions of identity/difference oppositions. How can these two examples of unlearning power and privileges be utilized to rethink some of the original questions that the organizers of the World Orders Models Project asked me to reflect on? As I have indicated earlier, I chose these particular projects in order to challenge the very formulation of the original questions and bring to the fore some alternative locations from which critical discussions concerning world politics and local/global transformations can be engaged and theorised. Celebrating disorders: civilisation and its discontents If we do our work well, reality will appear even more unstable, complex and disorderly than it does now. In this sense, perhaps Freud was right when he declared that women are the enemies of civilisation. My assigned task for this conference was "to explore the parallel concerns with political identity that arise both in feminist analyses of subjectivity and in world order debates about the relation between shared ('human') and particular (local, national, cultural, ethnic) identities." More specifically I was asked to focus on "what role does/will gender identities play in the emerging global civilisation? Ironically, even though the feisty feminist in me refused to do what I was asked, this paper seems to have addressed most of these questions, though in a non- linear, disorderly, unsystematic and deliberately disruptive manner. As Lester Ruiz argued "criticism articulated from a particular social formation exterior to the totalising pretensions of the system becomes a disruptive/irruptive site that opens the dominant system to reflection and action. This is the context in which my interventions into the present and future of WOMP should be situated. * Continued on page 39 ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 25 NO. 6, 1994

Identity as a site of struggle *Continued from page 38 On a more personal note. I don't always enjoy being disruptive. Feisty feminists don't get pleasure out of representing their gender in male dominated forums, interrupting sexist-laden conversations, teaching men the difference between "girls" and "women" or trying to explain time and again what constitutes "sexual harassment." This has been an integral part of my life - as of many other women - both in academic settings and in various progressive social and political groups both in the Middle East and in the United States. This "confession" is another way of answering the question concerning the role gender identities play in the emerging "global civilisation." That is, this note is as political as it is personal. Despite my anger and frustration, I still do all the things I have listed above. However, I do not see these intervention as opportunities for dialogue, or for better understanding between the sexes. For the master's tools will never dismantle the master's house. This is part of a broader political struggle. In many ways, it is my way to pay back my debt to many Palestinian colleagues throughout the years in Israel, in the occupied West Bank and Gaza Strip and in the United States that kept challenging me by confronting me with my political blindness and with numerous opportunities to unlearn some of my power and privilege. Identity is a site of struggle whether on wishes to recognize it or not. Struggle can mean a struggle against someone, alongside someone, and/or within oneself. As Jane Flax points out: Gender relations are inter-woven with and reinforce other pre-existing and constituting social relations such as race. In all such relations of domination, no subject can simply or voluntarily switch sides. We receive certain privileges or suffer certain injuries depending on our structural positions, no matter what our subjective intent or purposes may be. Men can no more easily resign from masculinity and its effects than I can from being white. Both men and women are marked by gender relations, although in different unequal ways. The same thing can be said about race, class, sexuality, North-South relations and other cartographies of power and privilege. The thinking in which the original World Order Models Project is grounded seeks to resolve differences by claiming and thus constituting a shared identity which intends to eventually transcend and encompass what is regarded as particular identities. This paper tried in a variety of ways to destabilise this view of identity and its underlying political assumptions which are rooted in Modernist and Universalist thought. Unlike unsubstantiated accusations waming that the critique of modernist and Universalist thought undermines the possibilities of political resistance, feminists and third world scholars in particular have insisted that a critical understanding of the politics of identity and difference are crucial to the formulating of a new radical politics. As Michele Barrett and Anne Phillips point out, "feminists have moved a long way from denying towards asserting specificity and difference, and have in the course of these shifts encountered the limitations as well as the value of a politics based on identities. Forging a communality across difference now figures as a goal rather than a given: a process ... of engagement rather than discovery. The strategic questions that face us as activists and scholars confronted with the challenges of a post-modern era need to be informed by a much richer understanding of heterogeneity and diversify- As Jane Flax argues, "there is no force or reality outside our social relations and activity (e.g., history, reason, progress, science, some transcendental essence) that will rescue us from partiality and differences. Our lives and alliances belong with those who seek to further decenter the world - although we should reserve the right to be suspicious of their motives and visions as well. The various projects engaged in decentering the world, encourage us to tolerate and interpret ambivalence, ambiguity, and multiplicity and as part of reflecting on the ways in which we are implicated in and benefit from structured inequalities, to also expose the roots of our needs for imposing order and structure. E] Kaziwa mukoma Tafirenyika For the redemption of your people. Sakubona dhadhe Sifelizwe Today we salute you for your earnestness. Cde, brother Tafirenyika - Cde. sister Sifelizwe You waded across the angry rivers Ran across the valleys and over the mountains. You slept in the rain and braved the cold With empty bellies and sore feet Yours was an inexplicable death Thus today we run all over the land In the caves, in shallow graves we exhume Your valiant bones That carried great hearts and bold minds. We will put them and your souls to rest Give you a permanent home In an independent Zimbabwe. We adore you for your patriotism And for giving your only dear lives We'll forever remember your selflessness. Zororai murunyararo magamba. Phumulani ngokuthula maqhawe. Rest in peace heroes. By Ronald-Gift Muchenje ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL: 25 NO. 6, 1994 FP0 -et;7N

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