The Rise and Fall of Catholicism in Hainan During the Late Ming and Early Qing Dynasties

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The Rise and Fall of Catholicism in Hainan During the Late Ming and Early Qing Dynasties The Rise and Fall of Catholicism in Hainan 129 Chapter 4 The Rise and Fall of Catholicism in Hainan during the Late Ming and Early Qing Dynasties The Ming (1368–1644) and Qing (1644–1911) dynasties were a crucial period in the history of the spread of Catholicism in Hainan 海南. However, with the exception of Joseph Dehergne (1903–90), this subject has thus far received lit- tle attention from scholars in the West.1 Moreover, while Chinese scholars have engaged in some research on the Catholic missionary endeavors in Hainan—including Wang Yu’s “Missionaries in Hainan Island,”2 and Wei Jingzhao’s “The Spread of Christianity in Hainan”3—these works are slightly vague with regard to particulars, they lack footnotes, and the names of mis- sionaries are sometimes translated incorrectly. This essay consequently seeks to re-examine the history of Catholicism in Hainan during the Ming and Qing dynasties. 1 The Rise of Catholicism in Hainan Catholicism first entered China in 1557 when the Portuguese arrived in Macau to establish a residence for foreigners in China. After the Jesuits built a resi- dence in Macau in 1560, they made a number of attempts to enter mainland China. By the 1630s, through the efforts of Italian fathers such as Michele Ruggieri (1543–1607) and Matteo Ricci (1552–1610), Catholic missionaries had entered many places including Zhaoqing 肇慶 and Shaoguang 韶關 in Guangdong, Shaoxing 紹興 and Hangzhou 杭州 in Zhejiang, Nanjing 南京 in Jiangsu, Nanchang 南昌 in Jiangxi, Beijing 北京 and Xi’an 西安 in Shaanxi, Shanghai 上海 and Ji’nan 濟南 in Shandong, Kaifeng 開封 in Henan, and 1 Joseph Dehergne, Les origines du Christianisme dans l’île de Hainan, vol. 5 (Beijing: Beijing Vetch, 1940); “A Christandade de Hai-nan e o antigo cemiterio Portuguez de Kium-cheu,” Ta- Ssi-Yang-Kuo 2 (1901): 733–46. This article mainly discusses the deeds and graveyard of three fathers buried in Qiongzhou: Jean Forget 傅滄溟, Stanislao Torrente 瞿篤德, and Joachim Calmes 金玉敬. 2 Wang Yu 王禹, “Missionaries in Hainan Island” [傳教士在海南島], in Research on History of Qing Dynasty [清史研究] 2 (1997). 3 Wei Jingzhao 韋經照, “Spread of Christianity in Hainan” [基督教在海南的傳播], Journal of Hainan University [海南大學學報] 4 (1987). © koninklijke brill nv, leiden, 2016 | doi 10.1163/9789004305526_006 130 Chapter 4 Fuzhou 福州 in Fujian. By 1615, there were five thousand Catholics, a figure that rose to thirteen thousand in 1617 and to thirty-eight thousand in 1638.4 The available documents show that while Catholic missionaries reached Hainan at an early date, formal missionary work in Hainan commenced later than in many other places in China. According to the available sources, Portuguese father Baltasar Gago (1515–83) was the first missionary to reach Hainan. In 1552, he was dispatched by his superiors to Japan. In 1560, after doing missionary work in Japan for eight years, he sought to return to Portugal. However, during his journey he was caught in a storm and the ship drifted to Hainan Island: “After engaging in missionary work in Japan for eight years, [Gago] returned from Japan on October 7, 1560 because of exhaustion. He encountered a hurricane and drifted to Hainan Island.”5 After staying in Hainan for less than two months, Fr. Gago was sent to Macau. According to another record, twenty-three years later, in 1583, a few missionaries traveled close to Hainan, also because of storms, but they did not remain there. “In 1583 [the eleventh year of the reign of Emperor Wanli 萬曆 (r. 1573–1620)], Fr. Diego de Oropesa [d.1590] [who was sent from the Philippines to Hanoi in Vietnam], and seven Franciscan missionaries drifted close to Haikou because of [a] storm. Later, they returned to the Philippines via Macau, Guangdong.”6 In these two cases, missionaries went to Hainan entirely by chance and did not engage in any missionary work there. Moreover, the maritime ban along the Chinese coast at that time prohibited them from engaging in missionary work. Catholicism began to be introduced into Hainan as a result of the activities of a senior scholar-official, Wang Honghui 王宏誨 (1541–1617), from Xian’gou town 仙溝鎮, Dingan County 定安縣, Qiongzhou prefecture 瓊州府, Hainan. In 1589 (the seventeenth year of Emperor Wanli’s reign), he worked as a minis- ter at the Ministry of Rites 禮部 in Nanjing, and was an influential figure in the history of Hainan during the Ming dynasty. In 1593 (the twenty-first year of the reign of Emperor Wanli), Wang “resigned from his post and went back to his hometown because of illness.”7 When he passed Shaozhou 韶州 he went to Shaozhou church to visit Ricci, who was engaged in missionary work there. According to Ricci’s Regni Chinensis descriptio , 4 Zhou Xiefan 周燮藩, Christianity in China [中國的基督教] (Beijing: Commercial Press, 1997), 86. 5 Louis Pfister, Notices biographiques et bibliographiques sur les Jésuites de l’ancienne mission de Chine 1552–1773, trans. Feng Cheng Jun (Beijing: Chinese Publishing House, 1995), 15. 6 Kobata Atsushi 小葉田淳, History of Hainan Island, trans. Zhang Xunqi (Taipei: Xuehai Press, 1979), 315. Joseph Sebes, “The Precursors of Ricci,” in Macau RC 21 (1994): 63. 7 Ming Yi 明誼 and Zhang Yuesong 張嶽松, (Daoguang) Qiongzhoufu zhi (道光)瓊州府[ 誌], vol. 34 (Taipei: Chengwen Press, 1967), 33..
Recommended publications
  • The History of Holt Cheng Starts 88Th
    The Very Beginning (written with great honor by cousin Basilio Chen 鄭/郑华树) The Roots Chang Kee traces his family roots as the 87th descendant of Duke Huan of Zheng (鄭桓公), thus posthumorously, Dr. Holt Cheng is referred to in the ancient family genealogical tradition Duke Holt Cheng, descendant of the royal family Zhou (周) from the Western Zhou Dynasty. The roots and family history of Chang Kee starts over 2,800 years ago in the Zhou Dynasty (周朝) when King Xuan (周宣王, 841 BC - 781 BC), the eleventh King of the Zhou Dynasty, made his younger brother Ji You (姬友, 806 BC-771 BC) the Duke of Zheng, establishing what would be the last bastion of Western Zhou (西周朝) and at the same time establishing the first person to adopt the surname Zheng (also Romanized as Cheng in Wades-Giles Dictionary of Pronunciation). The surname Zheng (鄭) which means "serious" or " solemn", is also unique in that is the only few surname that also has a City-State name associated it, Zhengzhou city (鄭國 or鄭州in modern times). Thus, the State of Zheng (鄭國) was officially established by the first Zheng (鄭,) Duke Huan of Zheng (鄭桓公), in 806 BC as a city-state in the middle of ancient China, modern Henan Province. Its ruling house had the surname Ji (姬), making them a branch of the Zhou royal house, and were given the rank of bo (伯,爵), corresponding roughly to an earl. Later, this branch adopted officially the surname Zheng (鄭) and thus Ji You (or Earl Ji You, as it would refer to in royal title) was known posthumously as Duke Huan of Zheng (鄭桓公) becoming the first person to adopt the family surname of Zheng (鄭), Chang Kee’s family name in Chinese.
    [Show full text]
  • Maria Khayutina • [email protected] the Tombs
    Maria Khayutina [email protected] The Tombs of Peng State and Related Questions Paper for the Chicago Bronze Workshop, November 3-7, 2010 (, 1.1.) () The discovery of the Western Zhou period’s Peng State in Heng River Valley in the south of Shanxi Province represents one of the most fascinating archaeological events of the last decade. Ruled by a lineage of Kui (Gui ) surname, Peng, supposedly, was founded by descendants of a group that, to a certain degree, retained autonomy from the Huaxia cultural and political community, dominated by lineages of Zi , Ji and Jiang surnames. Considering Peng’s location right to the south of one of the major Ji states, Jin , and quite close to the eastern residence of Zhou kings, Chengzhou , its case can be very instructive with regard to the construction of the geo-political and cultural space in Early China during the Western Zhou period. Although the publication of the full excavations’ report may take years, some preliminary observations can be made already now based on simplified archaeological reports about the tombs of Peng ruler Cheng and his spouse née Ji of Bi . In the present paper, I briefly introduce the tombs inventory and the inscriptions on the bronzes, and then proceed to discuss the following questions: - How the tombs M1 and M2 at Hengbei can be dated? - What does the equipment of the Hengbei tombs suggest about the cultural roots of Peng? - What can be observed about Peng’s relations to the Gui people and to other Kui/Gui- surnamed lineages? 1. General Information The cemetery of Peng state has been discovered near Hengbei village (Hengshui town, Jiang County, Shanxi ).
    [Show full text]
  • Initial Exploration of a Protection System for Historical and Cultural Towns and Villages in Hainan, China
    Structural Studies, Repairs and Maintenance of Heritage Architecture XV 297 INITIAL EXPLORATION OF A PROTECTION SYSTEM FOR HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL TOWNS AND VILLAGES IN HAINAN, CHINA WANG ZHENYU Department of Architecture and Urban Planning, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China ABSTRACT The long course of Chinese national history runs from a remote source. Since China has a vast territory, different regions formed a variety of regional cultures with different natural environments and era evolutions. Historical and cultural towns and villages not only exist as individual entities, but also as integrated urban and rural settlements and regional cultures. This paper presents the methodologies for the protection of historical towns and villages in the phase of systematic planning in Hainan Province. The research begin with looking at Hainan’s regional culture, adopting the research method of anthropology and regional heritage to retrace the culture of Hainan’s towns and villages, analysing the status quo, and on this basis, building a framework of Hainan historical towns and villages in promotion of its rational protection and development. Keywords: historical and cultural towns and villages, land use, Meso-scale space unit, non-motor- vehicle travel. 1 INTRODUCTION Hainan is a tropical island in southern China with beautiful scenery; its special natural environment has created an exotic culture. Today, most people see Hainan as an international scenic spot; however, less attention is paid to Hainan’s culture and traditions, which, to some extent, results in a lack of cultural construction. Historical and cultural villages and towns are important space carriers of Hainan culture; therefore, the construction of provincial-level historical and cultural towns and villages to protect the historical and cultural heritage of Hainan is essential.
    [Show full text]
  • 6. Jing-Jin-Ji Region, People's Republic of China
    6. Jing-Jin-Ji Region, People’s Republic of China Michael Lindfield, Xueyao Duan and Aijun Qiu 6.1 INTRODUCTION The Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Region, known as the Jing-Jin-Ji Region (JJJR), is one of the most important political, economic and cultural areas in China. The Chinese government has recognized the need for improved management and development of the region and has made it a priority to integrate all the cities in the Bohai Bay rim and foster its economic development. This economy is China’s third economic growth engine, alongside the Pearl River and Yangtze River Deltas. Jing-Jin-Ji was the heart of the old industrial centres of China and has traditionally been involved in heavy industries and manufacturing. Over recent years, the region has developed significant clusters of newer industries in the automotive, electronics, petrochemical, software and aircraft sectors. Tourism is a major industry for Beijing. However, the region is experiencing many growth management problems, undermining its competitiveness, management, and sustainable development. It has not benefited as much from the more integrated approaches to development that were used in the older-established Pearl River Delta and Yangtze River Delta regions, where the results of the reforms that have taken place in China since Deng Xiaoping have been nothing less than extraordinary. The Jing-Jin-Ji Region covers the municipalities of Beijing and Tianjin and Hebei province (including 11 prefecture cities in Hebei). Beijing and Tianjin are integrated geographically with Hebei province. In 2012, the total population of the Jing-Jin-Ji Region was 107.7 million.
    [Show full text]
  • Ming China As a Gunpowder Empire: Military Technology, Politics, and Fiscal Administration, 1350-1620 Weicong Duan Washington University in St
    Washington University in St. Louis Washington University Open Scholarship Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations Arts & Sciences Winter 12-15-2018 Ming China As A Gunpowder Empire: Military Technology, Politics, And Fiscal Administration, 1350-1620 Weicong Duan Washington University in St. Louis Follow this and additional works at: https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/art_sci_etds Part of the Asian History Commons, and the Asian Studies Commons Recommended Citation Duan, Weicong, "Ming China As A Gunpowder Empire: Military Technology, Politics, And Fiscal Administration, 1350-1620" (2018). Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 1719. https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/art_sci_etds/1719 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Arts & Sciences at Washington University Open Scholarship. It has been accepted for inclusion in Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Washington University Open Scholarship. For more information, please contact [email protected]. WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY IN ST. LOUIS DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY Dissertation Examination Committee: Steven B. Miles, Chair Christine Johnson Peter Kastor Zhao Ma Hayrettin Yücesoy Ming China as a Gunpowder Empire: Military Technology, Politics, and Fiscal Administration, 1350-1620 by Weicong Duan A dissertation presented to The Graduate School of of Washington University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy December 2018 St. Louis, Missouri © 2018,
    [Show full text]
  • Li Yi, “The Republic of China” As a Method, Ji Nan: Shandong Publishing House of Literature and Art, China, 2015. at the Be
    94 BOOK REVIEWS Li Yi, “The Republic of China” as a Method, Ji Nan: Shandong Publishing House of Literature and Art, China, 2015. At the beginning of the 21th century, Professors Chen Fukang, Zhang Fugui and Tang Yize began a series of discussions on the naming of modern Chinese literature. Over the past decade, with the promoting of many scholars, such as Zhang Zhongliang, Li Yi, Ding Fan, Zhang Tangqi, and other scholars on both sides of the Taiwan Straits, the discussion and practice of the narration of the "literature of the Republic of China" and other aspects of the research methods have become more and more spectacular. The first edition of the book "the Republic of China" as a method was published by the Shandong Publishing House of Literature and Art in 2015 is a book with the most methodological meaning in the history and culture of the Republic of China and the study of modern Chinese literature. It is also a centralized and comprehensive interpretation of the concept of "the Republic literature". 1. The Construction of the Historical View of "Republic Literature" and Academic Breakthrough Separated from the concepts of "New Literature", "Modern/Contemporary Literature" and "Chinese literature in 21th Century" in the history of Chinese literature, the historical view of "the Republic of China" is not an abstract theoretical generalization, but a reduction and touch of the concrete "National Historical Modality". The study of the "literature of the Republic of China" is based on the full familiarity and mastery of the historical materials of literature, and also based on the experience of "temperature" for the complexity and richness of the literary subjectivity.
    [Show full text]
  • The Rise of Agricultural Civilization in China: the Disparity Between Archeological Discovery and the Documentary Record and Its Explanation
    SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS Number 175 December, 2006 The Rise of Agricultural Civilization in China: The Disparity between Archeological Discovery and the Documentary Record and Its Explanation by Zhou Jixu Center for East Asian Studies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Chinese Department, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan Victor H. Mair, Editor Sino-Platonic Papers Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA 19104-6305 USA [email protected] www.sino-platonic.org SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS is an occasional series edited by Victor H. Mair. The purpose of the series is to make available to specialists and the interested public the results of research that, because of its unconventional or controversial nature, might otherwise go unpublished. The editor actively encourages younger, not yet well established, scholars and independent authors to submit manuscripts for consideration. Contributions in any of the major scholarly languages of the world, including Romanized Modern Standard Mandarin (MSM) and Japanese, are acceptable. In special circumstances, papers written in one of the Sinitic topolects (fangyan) may be considered for publication. Although the chief focus of Sino-Platonic Papers is on the intercultural relations of China with other peoples, challenging and creative studies on a wide variety of philological subjects will be entertained. This series is not the place for safe, sober, and stodgy presentations. Sino-Platonic Papers prefers lively work that, while taking reasonable risks to advance the field, capitalizes on brilliant new insights into the development of civilization. The only style-sheet we honor is that of consistency. Where possible, we prefer the usages of the Journal of Asian Studies.
    [Show full text]
  • English Versions of Chinese Authors' Names in Biomedical Journals
    Dialogue English Versions of Chinese Authors’ Names in Biomedical Journals: Observations and Recommendations The English language is widely used inter- In English transliteration, two-syllable Forms of Chinese Authors’ Names nationally for academic purposes. Most of given names sometimes are spelled as two in Biomedical Journals the world’s leading life-science journals are words (Jian Hua), sometimes as one word We recently reviewed forms of Chinese published in English. A growing number (Jianhua), and sometimes hyphenated authors’ names accompanying English- of Chinese biomedical journals publish (Jian-Hua). language articles or abstracts in various abstracts or full papers in this language. Occasionally Chinese surnames are Chinese and Western biomedical journals. We have studied how Chinese authors’ two syllables (for example, Ou-Yang, Mu- We found considerable inconsistency even names are presented in English in bio- Rong, Si-Ma, and Si-Tu). Editors who are within the same journal or issue. The forms medical journals. There is considerable relatively unfamiliar with Chinese names were in the following categories: inconsistency. This inconsistency causes may mistake these compound surnames for • Surname in all capital letters followed by confusion, for example, in distinguishing given names. hyphenated or closed-up given name, for surnames from given names and thus cit- China has 56 ethnic groups. Names example, ing names properly in reference lists. of minority group members can differ KE Zhi-Yong (Chinese Journal of In the current article we begin by pre- considerably from those of Hans, who Contemporary Pediatrics) senting as background some features of constitute most of the Chinese population. GUO Liang-Qian (Chinese Chinese names.
    [Show full text]
  • Where Was the Western Zhou Capital? a Capital City Has a Special Status in Every Country
    Maria Khayutina [email protected] Where Was the Western Zhou Capital? A capital city has a special status in every country. Normally, this is a political, economical, social center. Often it is a cultural and religious center as well. This is the place of governmental headquarters and of the residence of power-holding elite and professional administrative cadres. In the societies, where transportation means are not much developed, this is at the same time the place, where producers of the top quality goods for elite consumption live and work. A country is often identified with its capital city both by its inhabitants and the foreigners. Wherefore, it is hardly possible to talk about the history of a certain state without making clear, where was located its capital. The Chinese history contains many examples, when a ruling dynasty moved its capital due to defensive or other political reasons. Often this shift caused not only geographical reorganization of the territory, but also significant changes in power relations within the state, as well as between it and its neighbors. One of the first such shifts happened in 771 BC, when the heir apparent of the murdered King You 幽 could not push back invading 犬戎 Quanrong hordes from the nowadays western 陜西 Shaanxi province, but fled to the city of 成周 Chengzhou near modern 洛陽 Luoyang, where the royal court stayed until the fall of the 周 Zhou in the late III century BC. This event is usually perceived as a benchmark between the two epochs – the “Western” and “Eastern” Zhou respectively, distinctly distinguished one from another.
    [Show full text]
  • THE SAPPHIRES of PENGLAI, HAINAN ISLAND, CHINA by Wang Furui
    NOTES AND NEW TECHNIQUES THE SAPPHIRES OF PENGLAI, HAINAN ISLAND, CHINA By Wang Furui The sapphire deposit at Penglai, on Hainan Island, is potentially the largest in China. Gem-quality sap- phires, at least one as large as 35.5 ct, have been found in alluvial gravels approximately 2 km south- east of the city of Penglai. Gem-quality zircon and a few pieces,of, what might be considered ruby have also been recovered in the course of the geologic study of this area, which has not yet been commer- cially developed. The average size of the sapphires is 2-5 mm. Tfiey are similar in appearance and gem- ological properties to sapphires from Australia, Thai- land, and Kampuchea. Figure 1. This 2.60-ct faceted blue sapphire is from the deposit near Penglai, on Hainan 1s- Sapphire is one of the greatest potential gem land, People's Republic of China. resources in China today. To date, several major occurrences have been identified, including Ming- xi, Liuhe, and Jiangsu Province. However, the HISTORY deposit at Penglai, on Hainan Island in Guangdong Sapphires were first discovered by a farmer named Province, appears to be the most promising (figure Zhang Changde (figure 2)near the town of Penglai 1).Although the Penglai sapphire deposit is still in in the early 1960s. He found a beautiful stone on the exploration stage, local government and Bu- reau of Geology officials feel that it will develop into a major gem field. Already, gem dealers from ABOUT THE AUTHOR abroad are coming to Penglai to buy sapphires.
    [Show full text]
  • Successful Delivery of Phase I Hainan Wanning Glory City Welcome to Happiness and Perfection
    GLORY Guorui Properties Limited (Stock Code: 2329.HK) Newsletter 2014.06.12 Successful Delivery of Phase I Hainan Wanning Glory City Welcome to Happiness and Perfection Successful Delivery of Phase I Wanning Glory City “The shrubs and trees know that spring will soon return. With every effort, they bring forth violet and ruby bouquets.” On April 30, the weather in the North is becoming increasingly sunny, nature begins to awaken, and the warm days of summer are just around the bend. Here beside the sea in the “World’s Longevity Village” Wanning, Hainan, where spring lasts all year round, the Phase I Wanning·Glory City is has been delivered, and is welcoming the first group of homeowners with high-end construction quality, perfect property management services, complete facilities and elegant community environment Basking in the warm sunshine, Wanning Glory City is the scene of great enthusiasm. Welcoming the guests is a large archway, banners and dozens of red balloons, adding a festive flare to the Wanning Glory City to warmly welcome the homeowners. Early this morning, homeowners were taken to the sales office via limousine as had been arranged to begin delivery formalities. Many of the homeowners carried their own luggage and could move into their new homes immediately after the formalities were completed. Homeowners were also given specially prepared gifts from Wanning Glory City: Arowana Cooking Oil, 10 jin (approx. 11 lbs.) rice for each bag and a Haier induction cooker. For Glory City, this is a chance for the company to 1 2014.06.12 honor its commitment.
    [Show full text]
  • Curriculum Vitae
    CURRICULUM VITAE Personal Information Name Guodao Liu Gender Male Position Title Professor, Vice president of CATAS Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Institute Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS) Email [email protected] No.4 Xueyuan Road, Longhua District, Haikou City, Hainan Address Province, P. R. China Tel 86-898-66962912 Fax 86-898-66962904 Research Interest • Collection, conservation and evaluation of novel forage legume germplasm. • Characterizing the molecular mechanisms that drive abiotic stress (salinity, drought etc.) in forage legume through whole genome sequencing. • Isolated rhizobia strains with high stress resistance and high nitrogen fixation efficiency. • Employing genomic and biotechnological tools to achieve genetic improvement of forage legume plants. Education & Working Experience Education: 1981.09-1985.07 South China Tropical Crops College, Tropical Crops, Bachelor 2003.09-2006.07 South China Tropical Agricultural University, Crop cultivation, Ph. D Working Experience: 1985.07-1992.05 South China Tropical Research Institute, Research assistance 1990.10-1991.10 International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Research assistance 1992.06-1998.02 South China Tropical Research Institute of CATAS, Assistant research fellow 1998.03-2001.01 Institute of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry of CATAS, Associate professor 2001.02-2003.09 Institute of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Director General/Professor 2003.01-2010.06 Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute of CATAS, Director General/Professor 2010.07- Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Vice prezident /Professor Representative Result Professor Guodao Liu has continuously deepened and expanded international cooperation with scientific research institutions in tropical areas. He has visited more than 70 countries and regions, organized more than 10 international academic conferences, organized 79 international training courses on tropical agriculture for 3824 participants from more than 90 countries.
    [Show full text]