DOCSLIB.ORG

Ghosts of Empire

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Ghosts of Empire Liber dieatur hie parentibus meis amore grati filii piissimo GHOSTS OF EMPIRE Britain's Legacies in the Modern World Kwasi Kwarteng 13 l 0 0 j\.\ S SUit.Y First published in Great Britain 2011 This electronic edition published in 2011 by Bloomsbury Publishing Pic Copyright © Kwasl Kwarteng 2011 Map by ML Design Kwasi Kwarteng has asserted his right tobe identified as the author of this Work All rights reserved You may not copy. distribute. transmit. reproduce or otherwise make available this publication (or any part of It) In any form, or by any means (including without limitation electronic, digital, optical, mechanical, photocopying, printing. recording or otherwise), without the prior written permission of the publisher. Any person who does atty unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages Every reasonable effort has been made totrace copyright holders of material reproduced in this book, but if any have been inadvertently overlooked the publishers would be glad to hear from them, Bloomsbury Publishing Pic 36 Soho Square London WID 3QY www.bloomsbury. com Bloomsbury Publishing, London, Berlin, New York and Sydney A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 9781408822906 Visit www,bloomsbury,com to find out moreabout our authors andtheirbooks You will find extracts, author interviews, author events and you can sign up for newsletters to be the first to hear about our latest releases and special offers Contents Map Introduction PART I Iraq: Oil and Power 1 The Spoils of War 2 Rivals 3 Monarchy and Revolution 4 Saddam Hussein and Beyond PART II Kashmir: Maharaja's Choice 5 Land for Sale 6 The World of Sir Hari Singh 7 Deadlock PART III Burma: Lost Kingdom 8 White Elephant 9 The Road from Mandalay 10 Twilight over Burma PART IV Sudan: 'Black and Blues' 11 Kitchener: An Imperial Hero 12 'The Finest Body of Men' 13 North and South PART V Nigeria: 'The Centre Cannot Hold' 14 Indirect Rule 15 Yellow Sun PART VI Hong Kong: Money and Democracy 16 Hierarchies 17 Democracy Postponed 18 Red Dawn Conclusion Plate Section Notes Bibliography Acknowledgements A Note on the Author Tl.� CKlclIillr h�I Drili.]. Ernl"·re al il.l.ci I'It� I' Introduction The British Empire remains one of the most popular themes in history. We all know, or think we know, about its character. We have a hazy image of officers in pith helmets, pukka sahibs and turbaned and bejewelled maharajas; we have a sense of the grandeur and splendour of the empire , but it remains, at the beginning of the twenty-first century, very remote. The workings of the empire itself are even more obscure, as is the long roll of colonial governors and officials who administered it. In this book, I have tried to show what the British Empire was really like, from the point of view of the fulers, the administrators who made it possible. As one historian has said, the task is to recover the 'world-view and social presuppositions of those who dominated and ruled the empire '.1 This does not mean that the 'victims and critics' were unimportant, but it does mean that any understanding of the empire should start with trying to capture the mentality of those who bore responsibility for an imperium which was the largest the world has seen. Ghosts of Empire takes an unusual approach, in the way it examines aspects of Britain's legacy in parts of the world which are diverse in terms of geography and culture. The countries or territories which form the subjects of this book are, in many ways, still infiuenced by their connection with Britain. Many of them, like Iraq and Kashmir, have been prominent in the international press for some years; others, like Nigeria and Sudan, have been less widely written about, but all of them, in my view, reveal certain similar characteristics of British rule. The choice of Hong Kong was the easiest, since the departure of the British from the territory in 1997, watched by millions of people on television, has been understood to symbolize the formal end of the British Empire. More relevantly, to readers in the twenty-first century, Hong Kong's destiny is now bound up with that of China, the most rapidly emerging superpower of the new century. Iraq's history as a dependent territory of empire was strictly a twentieth-century affair. Handed over to Britain in 1920, after the First World War, Iraq remained under formal British rule for only twelve years. Yet, for the next twenty-five years, it was ruled by a monarchy which affected British manners and style. In Kashmir, a Hindu family were established as rulers over an overwhelmingly Muslim kingdom. The Dogras ruled Kashmir for a hundred years, and the effects of their rule are still felt today. Monarchy was a particularly British instrument of policy, and the experiences of both Iraq and Kashmir illustrate its limitations. Burma, which, like Kashmir, formed part of the jurisdiction of the Secretary of State for India, was treated in a completely different way. In Burma, an ancient monarchy was toppled and replaced by direct British rule. The contrasting treatment of Kashmir and Bunna reveals the many inconsistencies of imperial policy. On the continent of Africa, within the boundaries of both Nigeria and Sudan, there existed ethnic and racial animosities which were only exacerbated by imperial rule. These animosities have haunted the post-imperial destinies of both countries. The British Empire has always been with me. My parents were born in what was then called the Gold Coast in the 1940s and had experienced the empire at first hand. My fa ther entered secondary school in January 1956, less than fifteen months before the Gold Coast became independent as Ghana in March 1957. This school was designed on traditional Anglican lines, and, although it had been fo unded only in 1910, it imitated older English establishments. The headmaster was an Englishman, of a type familiar in the colonies, a product of Winchester, England 's oldest boarding, or public, school, and Cambridge University. I visited the school, Adisadel College, in 2001 for the first time. I was struck by the grace and tranquillity of its environment, as the school stands high on a hill in Cape Coast, Ghana's oldest town, which had been colonized by the Dutch in the seventeenth century. I realized that very few schools in Britain enjoyed such a pleasant setting. And yet the story of the school since independence in 1956 reflected the turbulent, unsettled history of the country since that time. In 1960 there had been 600 boys at the school; there were now over 2,000 and yet the facilities and infrastructure had remained the same. The shortage of money had not really changed the ethos of the place. Even though the school tried to shake off its imperial past, and had done this successfully by abolishing, for example, the teaching of Ancient Greek in 19G3, there were still many traces of the old order. The school had been transformed, but vestiges of the empire could still be seen, not least in the house system, favoured in British boarding schools, and the honours boards in the dining room. The empire in a certain sense still existed, although it now clung on only in a twHit afterlife that carried an eerie echo of its original character. This book attempts to describe some of that afterlife, by giving an account of a country's experience before independence and afterwards. The character of the empire is portrayed through the forgotten officials and governors, without whom it would not have survived more than a few weeks. I have not written one of those books that purport to show that the empire was a good thing or a bad thing. I have tried to transcend what I believe to be a rather sterile debate on its merits and demerits. I have simply sought to enter, as best as I CQuld, into the mentality of the empire's rulers, to describe their thoughts and their ideals and values. I argue that individual officials wielded immense power, and it was this that ultimately led to disorder and even chaos. Officials, as I hope to show, often developed one line of policy, only for their successors to overturn it and pursue a completely different approach. This was a source of chronic instability in many parts of the empire. In many ways, the British were too individualistic, and the vagaries of democratic politics meant that a consistent line was seldom adopted. I have called this 'anarchic individualism' , in that there was often nothing to stop the 'man on the spot', as he was called by the Colonial Office officials, from pursuing the course of action he thought best. From Nigeria, where Lord Lugard dominated the scene, to Hong Kong, where Sir Alexander Grantham successfully ended any move towards more democratic institutions in the 1950s, powerful individuals directed imperial policy with little supervision from Whitehall. Such a system was ultimately anarchic and self-defeating, as policies developed over years in Nigeria, Sudan, Hong Kong and elsewhere were simply put aside when a new governor took his place. These reversals of policy show that the empire was an intensely pragmatic affair. Apart from a common educational background and a sense of shared style, individual governors and officials had a wide range of interests and beliefs. Some were motivated by a strong evangelical Christianity, others were outright atheists; some governors were highly conservative, while others were more liberal, even radical.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Past, Present, and Future FIFTY YEARS of ANTHROPOLOGY in SUDAN
    Past, present, and future FIFTY YEARS OF ANTHROPOLOGY IN SUDAN Munzoul A. M. Assal Musa Adam Abdul-Jalil Past, present, and future FIFTY YEARS OF ANTHROPOLOGY IN SUDAN Munzoul A. M. Assal Musa Adam Abdul-Jalil FIFTY YEARS OF ANTHROPOLOGY IN SUDAN: PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE Copyright © Chr. Michelsen Institute 2015. P.O. Box 6033 N-5892 Bergen Norway [email protected] Printed at Kai Hansen Trykkeri Kristiansand AS, Norway Cover photo: Liv Tønnessen Layout and design: Geir Årdal ISBN 978-82-8062-521-2 Contents Table of contents .............................................................................iii Notes on contributors ....................................................................vii Acknowledgements ...................................................................... xiii Preface ............................................................................................xv Chapter 1: Introduction Munzoul A. M. Assal and Musa Adam Abdul-Jalil ......................... 1 Chapter 2: The state of anthropology in the Sudan Abdel Ghaffar M. Ahmed .................................................................21 Chapter 3: Rethinking ethnicity: from Darfur to China and back—small events, big contexts Gunnar Haaland ........................................................................... 37 Chapter 4: Strategic movement: a key theme in Sudan anthropology Wendy James ................................................................................ 55 Chapter 5: Urbanisation and social change in the Sudan Fahima Zahir El-Sadaty ................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Catalogue of the Earl Marshal's Papers at Arundel
    CONTENTS CONTENTS v FOREWORD by Sir Anthony Wagner, K.C.V.O., Garter King of Arms vii PREFACE ix LIST OF REFERENCES xi NUMERICAL KEY xiii COURT OF CHIVALRY Dated Cases 1 Undated Cases 26 Extracts from, or copies of, records relating to the Court; miscellaneous records concerning the Court or its officers 40 EARL MARSHAL Office and Jurisdiction 41 Precedence 48 Deputies 50 Dispute between Thomas, 8th Duke of Norfolk and Henry, Earl of Berkshire, 1719-1725/6 52 Secretaries and Clerks 54 COLLEGE OF ARMS General Administration 55 Commissions, appointments, promotions, suspensions, and deaths of Officers of Arms; applications for appointments as Officers of Arms; lists of Officers; miscellanea relating to Officers of Arms 62 Office of Garter King of Arms 69 Officers of Arms Extraordinary 74 Behaviour of Officers of Arms 75 Insignia and dress 81 Fees 83 Irregularities contrary to the rules of honour and arms 88 ACCESSIONS AND CORONATIONS Coronation of King James II 90 Coronation of King George III 90 Coronation of King George IV 90 Coronation of Queen Victoria 90 Coronation of King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra 90 Accession and Coronation of King George V and Queen Mary 96 Royal Accession and Coronation Oaths 97 Court of Claims 99 FUNERALS General 102 King George II 102 Augusta, Dowager Princess of Wales 102 King George III 102 King William IV 102 William Ewart Gladstone 103 Queen Victoria 103 King Edward VII 104 CEREMONIAL Precedence 106 Court Ceremonial; regulations; appointments; foreign titles and decorations 107 Opening of Parliament
    [Show full text]
  • The Smith Family…
    BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY PROVO. UTAH Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2010 with funding from Brigham Young University http://www.archive.org/details/smithfamilybeingOOread ^5 .9* THE SMITH FAMILY BEING A POPULAR ACCOUNT OF MOST BRANCHES OF THE NAME—HOWEVER SPELT—FROM THE FOURTEENTH CENTURY DOWNWARDS, WITH NUMEROUS PEDIGREES NOW PUBLISHED FOR THE FIRST TIME COMPTON READE, M.A. MAGDALEN COLLEGE, OXFORD \ RECTOR OP KZNCHESTER AND VICAR Or BRIDGE 50LLARS. AUTHOR OP "A RECORD OP THE REDEt," " UH8RA CCELI, " CHARLES READS, D.C.L. I A MEMOIR," ETC ETC *w POPULAR EDITION LONDON ELLIOT STOCK 62 PATERNOSTER ROW, E.C. 1904 OLD 8. LEE LIBRARY 6KIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY PROVO UTAH TO GEORGE W. MARSHALL, ESQ., LL.D. ROUGE CROIX PURSUIVANT-AT-ARM3, LORD OF THE MANOR AND PATRON OP SARNESFIELD, THE ABLEST AND MOST COURTEOUS OP LIVING GENEALOGISTS WITH THE CORDIAL ACKNOWLEDGMENTS OP THE COMPILER CONTENTS CHAPTER I. MEDLEVAL SMITHS 1 II. THE HERALDS' VISITATIONS 9 III. THE ELKINGTON LINE . 46 IV. THE WEST COUNTRY SMITHS—THE SMITH- MARRIOTTS, BARTS 53 V. THE CARRINGTONS AND CARINGTONS—EARL CARRINGTON — LORD PAUNCEFOTE — SMYTHES, BARTS. —BROMLEYS, BARTS., ETC 66 96 VI. ENGLISH PEDIGREES . vii. English pedigrees—continued 123 VIII. SCOTTISH PEDIGREES 176 IX IRISH PEDIGREES 182 X. CELEBRITIES OF THE NAME 200 265 INDEX (1) TO PEDIGREES .... INDEX (2) OF PRINCIPAL NAMES AND PLACES 268 PREFACE I lay claim to be the first to produce a popular work of genealogy. By "popular" I mean one that rises superior to the limits of class or caste, and presents the lineage of the fanner or trades- man side by side with that of the nobleman or squire.
    [Show full text]
  • The H Story Ofa Bank No House Smith, Payne and Smlths
    TH E H STO RY OF A BAN K N O H O U S E M ITH PAYN E AN D SM lTHS . (S , ) H A Y T CK A TO RR U ER E S N , ‘ sss s sa t ns tz tu te o k s t/I : l f B an er . LO N DON PRINT E D A N D PUBLIS H E D B Y B LA DE S E AS T B LA DE , S , 2 ABC URC LANE 3 , H H , B LADE S E AS T B LADE S , , Printers , AB H UR AN E N D N 2 C C E . C . 3 , H L , LO O , C ON T E N T S . P A GE INTRODUCTION FAMILY H ISTOR Y N OTTINGHAM LINCOLN H ULL A N D DERB Y M ESSRS SMIT PAY NE SMIT S . H , H LONDON PREMISES GOV ERNMENT LOANS N OTE ISSUES LONDON CLEARING H OUSE CONCLUSIO N GE N EALO GICAL TREE I N DE! LIST OF SU B SCRI B ERS LIS T OF ILLUSTRATIONS . PAGE O B 1 : L M ARD STREET, 7 5 A B EL SMITH OF N OTTINGHAM B FO I OF M . P Y A EL SMITH , UNDER ESSRS SM TH , A NE SMITHS HULL B ANK OB F O C O R ERT SMITH , IRST L RD ARRINGT N SAMUEL SMITH OF WOODHALL PARK B M . P A EL SMITH , . J OHN A B EL SMITH SCENE IN THE H OUSE OF COMMONS MARTIN TUCKER SMITH OSWALD AUGUSTUS SMITH DUDLEY ROB ERT SMITH O B OLD P N TTINGHAM ANK, REMISES O B W B N TTINGHAM ANK , NE UILDING MANSFIELD B ANK LIN COLN B ANK V A .
    [Show full text]
  • British Major-General Charles George Gordon and His Legacies, 1885-1960 Stephanie Laffer
    Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2010 Gordon's Ghosts: British Major-General Charles George Gordon and His Legacies, 1885-1960 Stephanie Laffer Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES GORDON‘S GHOSTS: BRITISH MAJOR-GENERAL CHARLES GEORGE GORDON AND HIS LEGACIES, 1885-1960 By STEPHANIE LAFFER A Dissertation submitted to the Department of History in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Degree Awarded: Spring Semester, 2010 Copyright © 2010 Stephanie Laffer All Rights Reserve The members of the committee approve the dissertation of Stephanie Laffer defended on February 5, 2010. __________________________________ Charles Upchurch Professor Directing Dissertation __________________________________ Barry Faulk University Representative __________________________________ Max Paul Friedman Committee Member __________________________________ Peter Garretson Committee Member __________________________________ Jonathan Grant Committee Member The Graduate School has verified and approved the above-named committee members. ii For my parents, who always encouraged me… iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation has been a multi-year project, with research in multiple states and countries. It would not have been possible without the generous assistance of the libraries and archives I visited, in both the United States and the United Kingdom. However, without the support of the history department and Florida State University, I would not have been able to complete the project. My advisor, Charles Upchurch encouraged me to broaden my understanding of the British Empire, which led to my decision to study Charles Gordon. Dr. Upchurch‘s constant urging for me to push my writing and theoretical understanding of imperialism further, led to a much stronger dissertation than I could have ever produced on my own.
    [Show full text]
  • RHO Volume 35 Back Matter
    WORKS OF THE CAMDEN SOCIETY AND ORDER OF THEIR PUBLICATION. 1. Restoration of King Edward IV. 2. Kyng Johan, by Bishop Bale For the year 3. Deposition of Richard II. >• 1838-9. 4. Plumpton Correspondence 6. Anecdotes and Traditions 6. Political Songs 7. Hayward's Annals of Elizabeth 8. Ecclesiastical Documents For 1839-40. 9. Norden's Description of Essex 10. Warkworth's Chronicle 11. Kemp's Nine Daies Wonder 12. The Egerton Papers 13. Chronica Jocelini de Brakelonda 14. Irish Narratives, 1641 and 1690 For 1840-41. 15. Rishanger's Chronicle 16. Poems of Walter Mapes 17. Travels of Nicander Nucius 18. Three Metrical Romances For 1841-42. 19. Diary of Dr. John Dee 20. Apology for the Lollards 21. Rutland Papers 22. Diary of Bishop Cartwright For 1842-43. 23. Letters of Eminent Literary Men 24. Proceedings against Dame Alice Kyteler 25. Promptorium Parvulorum: Tom. I. 26. Suppression of the Monasteries For 1843-44. 27. Leycester Correspondence 28. French Chronicle of London 29. Polydore Vergil 30. The Thornton Romances • For 1844-45. 31. Verney's Notes of the Long Parliament 32. Autobiography of Sir John Bramston • 33. Correspondence of James Duke of Perth I For 1845-46. 34. Liber de Antiquis Legibus 35. The Chronicle of Calais J Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 170.106.35.93, on 27 Sep 2021 at 13:24:50, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2042169900003692 CAMDEN K^AHkJ|f SOCIETY, FOR THE PUBLICATION OF EARLY HISTORICAL AND LITERARY REMAINS.
    [Show full text]
  • William Jardine (Merchant) from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
    William Jardine (merchant) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For other people with the same name see "William Jardine" (disambiguation) William Jardine (24 February 1784 – 27 February 1843) was a Scottish physician and merchant. He co-founded the Hong Kong conglomerate Jardine, Matheson and Company. From 1841 to 1843, he was Member of Parliament for Ashburton as a Whig. Educated in medicine at the University of Edinburgh, Jardine obtained a diploma from the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh in 1802. In the same year, he became a surgeon's mate aboard the Brunswick of the East India Company, bound for India. Captured by the French and shipwrecked in 1805, he was repatriated and returned to the East India Company's service as ship's surgeon. In May 1817, he left medicine for commerce.[1] Jardine was a resident in China from 1820 to 1839. His early success in Engraving by Thomas Goff Lupton Canton as a commercial agent for opium merchants in India led to his admission in 1825 as a partner of Magniac & Co., and by 1826 he was controlling that firm's Canton operations. James Matheson joined him shortly after, and Magniac & Co. was reconstituted as Jardine, Matheson & Co in 1832. After Imperial Commissioner Lin Zexu confiscated 20,000 cases of British-owned opium in 1839, Jardine arrived in London in September, and pressed Foreign Secretary Lord Palmerston for a forceful response.[1] Contents 1 Early life 2 Jardine, Matheson and Co. 3 Departure from China and breakdown of relations 4 War and the Chinese surrender Portrait by George Chinnery, 1820s 5 Death and legacy 6 Notes 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Early life Jardine, one of five children, was born in 1784 on a small farm near Lochmaben, Dumfriesshire, Scotland.[2] His father, Andrew Jardine, died when he was nine, leading the family in some economic difficulty.
    [Show full text]
  • The Canterbury Association
    The Canterbury Association (1848-1852): A Study of Its Members’ Connections By the Reverend Michael Blain Note: This is a revised edition prepared during 2019, of material included in the book published in 2000 by the archives committee of the Anglican diocese of Christchurch to mark the 150th anniversary of the Canterbury settlement. In 1850 the first Canterbury Association ships sailed into the new settlement of Lyttelton, New Zealand. From that fulcrum year I have examined the lives of the eighty-four members of the Canterbury Association. Backwards into their origins, and forwards in their subsequent careers. I looked for connections. The story of the Association’s plans and the settlement of colonial Canterbury has been told often enough. (For instance, see A History of Canterbury volume 1, pp135-233, edited James Hight and CR Straubel.) Names and titles of many of these men still feature in the Canterbury landscape as mountains, lakes, and rivers. But who were the people? What brought these eighty-four together between the initial meeting on 27 March 1848 and the close of their operations in September 1852? What were the connections between them? In November 1847 Edward Gibbon Wakefield had convinced an idealistic young Irishman John Robert Godley that in partnership they could put together the best of all emigration plans. Wakefield’s experience, and Godley’s contacts brought together an association to promote a special colony in New Zealand, an English society free of industrial slums and revolutionary spirit, an ideal English society sustained by an ideal church of England. Each member of these eighty-four members has his biographical entry.
    [Show full text]
  • Colonial Health Discourses C. 1925-1975 Joanna Lunt
    Water Marginalised: Findings in International, British Colonial, and Post- Colonial Health Discourses c. 1925-1975 Joanna Lunt Greenfield PhD University of York History November 2018 2 Word Count: 87,606 3 Abstract During the twentieth century a range of administrators and specialists were concerned with the place of water as both the origin of public health problems and a substance essential to human life. Taking a chronological approach between 1925 and 1975 this thesis explores the twists and turns as these actors sought to use such framings to shape British colonial, post-colonial and international health policy. Arguing that water was marginalised within fragmentary structures of imperial and international policy making until the WHO, with UN backing, placed it at the heart of public health in the 1970s, this thesis explains the fluctuating visibility of water within colonial, post-colonial, and international health discourse during this period. It focuses on the role of international health organisations and draws primarily upon WHO engagements with the African continent, in particular Uganda and Sudan, to illustrate the plethora of theoretical and practical interactions with water and health. It investigates how scientists and bureaucrats who were operating in international and British colonial spheres used the art of compromise to overcome constraints shaping final policy decisions. The role of water in international public health rarely features in the literature from the 1920s until the 1970s when the UN, the WHO, and other international organisations sought to bring water and sanitation as a pair to the forefront of international debates. Where water is present in the scientific scholarship of the times, it is predominantly treated as an interesting by-product rather than a central feature determining public health outcomes.
    [Show full text]
  • FINAL Southampton + TAMU C + Dorman A
    ACF Fall 2014: Nemo auditur propriam derpitudinem allegans Packet by University of Southampton (Bob De Caux, Richard Evans, David Bishop and Sophia Wheeler), Texas A&M C (Lee Dunn, Bryce Durgin, Christopher Price, Matt Milanowski) and Dorman High School A (Shub Mehta, Weston Upton, Alia Kapasi, Himendra Perera) Edited by Jordan Brownstein, Jacob Reed, Max Schindler, Richard Yu, and Ben Zhang Head-editing by Gautam Kandlikar and Gaurav Kandlikar Tossups 1. Johannes Brahms’s last published piano piece has this title, and his Opus 79 consists of two of these works. Brahms also used a Goethe poem as the text of one of these works for alto and orchestra. Bartók wrote two of them for violin and piano. Debussy wrote two of these works, one for clarinet and the other for saxophone. Rachmaninoff combined the Dies Irae with the theme of Paganini’s 24th Caprice in one of these works. Another of these works for piano and orchestra begins with the clarinet playing a trill, and then a lengthy glissando. For 10 points, give this name for a set of “Hungarian” pieces by Franz Liszt and a composition “in Blue” by George Gershwin. ANSWER: rhapsody [accept Alto Rhapsody; accept Rhapsody On a Theme of Paganini; accept Hungarian Rhapsodies; accept Rhapsody in Blue] 2. In response to this event, three hundred residents of Ballinglass were evicted from their homes. This event was addressed in the papal bull Praedecessores Nostres, and Charles Trevelyan claimed that it was a "stroke… of Providence." The Widow McCormack's house was the site of a rebellion led by William Smith O'Brien in response to this event.
    [Show full text]
  • Mission for Finland
    MISSION FOR FINLAND ! How Finland will solve the world’s most wicked problems CONSIDER IT SOLVED! Country Brand Report 25.11.10. 3 MISSION FOR FINLAND HOW FINLAND WILL DEMONSTRATE ITS STRENGTHS BY SOLVING THE WORLD’S MOST WICkED pROBLEMS Final report of the Country Brand Delegation Summary IN 2030 FINLAND WILL BE THE pROBLEM-SOLVER OF THE WORLD Finland is already the best country in the world. Considering its small size, Finland has an unbelievable array of strengths and opportunities to solve some of the world’s most wicked global problems. If Finland did not exist, it would have to be invented. We have a mission. Finland’s greatest strength is the unbiased, solution-focused approach to prob- lems, which derives from our history and culture. When faced with an impossible situation, we roll up our sleeves and double our efforts. Right now, the state of the world seems in many ways impossible. We are facing global-level challenges: the world must find a sustainable way of life, ways to reduce poverty and ways to produce fewer disposable solutions. Finland is simply duty-bound to demonstrate that we are able to solve such problems. Finland offers the world functionality and sustainable solutions in the form of both products and services as well as a functional society. Finland offers the world its ability to negotiate so that the world can be a better place to live. Finland offers the world clean water and food and related expertise. Finland offers the world better education and teachers. SuMMARY 5 We want to harness our solution-focused mindset to solve issues that threaten Finns, Finland and the world in general.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Evolution of Social Development in the British Sudan a Comparative Study of the Gezira and Zande Cotton-Growing Schemes
    Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports 2011 On the Evolution of Social Development in the British Sudan A Comparative Study of the Gezira and Zande Cotton-Growing Schemes Joseph M. Snyder West Virginia University Follow this and additional works at: https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd Recommended Citation Snyder, Joseph M., "On the Evolution of Social Development in the British Sudan A Comparative Study of the Gezira and Zande Cotton-Growing Schemes" (2011). Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports. 4792. https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd/4792 This Thesis is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by the The Research Repository @ WVU with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Thesis in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you must obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Thesis has been accepted for inclusion in WVU Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports collection by an authorized administrator of The Research Repository @ WVU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. On the Evolution of Social Development in the British Sudan A Comparative Study of the Gezira and Zande Cotton-Growing Schemes Joseph M. Snyder Thesis submitted to the Eberly College of Arts and Sciences at West Virginia University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Modern African History Robert Maxon, Ph.D., Chair Joseph M.
    [Show full text]