DOCSLIB.ORG

A Hitchhiker's Guide to Invasion Biology

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Hitchhiker's Guide to Invasion Biology Old Dominion University ODU Digital Commons Biological Sciences Theses & Dissertations Biological Sciences Spring 2016 A Hitchhiker’s Guide to Invasion Biology: Describing the Ecological Mechanisms Underlying the Range Expansions of Two Ixodid Tick Species Robyn M. Nadolny Old Dominion University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/biology_etds Part of the Biology Commons, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons, and the Entomology Commons Recommended Citation Nadolny, Robyn M.. "A Hitchhiker’s Guide to Invasion Biology: Describing the Ecological Mechanisms Underlying the Range Expansions of Two Ixodid Tick Species" (2016). Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), Dissertation, Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, DOI: 10.25777/cs2c-sx53 https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/biology_etds/11 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Biological Sciences at ODU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Biological Sciences Theses & Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ODU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A"HITCHHIKER’S"GUIDE"TO"INVASION"BIOLOGY:"DESCRIBING"THE"ECOLOGICAL" MECHANISMS"UNDERLYING"THE"RANGE"EXPANSIONS"OF"TWO"IXODID"TICK"SPECIES" ! by! ! ! Robyn!M.!Nadolny! B.S.!May!2008,!Beloit!College! M.S.!August!2011,!Old!Dominion!University! ! ! A!Dissertation!Submitted!to!the!Faculty!of!! Old!Dominion!University!in!Partial!Fulfillment!of!the!! Requirements!for!the!Degree!of! ! ! DOCTOR!OF!PHILOSOPHY! ! ECOLOGICAL!SCIENCES! ! OLD!DOMINION!UNIVERSITY! May!2016" " " " " " " " " " " Approved!by:! ! Holly!D.!Gaff!(Director)! ! David!T.!Gauthier!(Member)! ! Wayne!L.!Hynes!(Member)! ! Elsa!N.!Schaefer!(Member)! ! Eric!L.!Walters!(Member)! " " " " " " " " ! ! ! ABSTRACT" A!HITCHHIKER’S!GUIDE!TO!INVASION!BIOLOGY:!DESCRIBING!THE!ECOLOGICAL! MECHANISMS!UNDERLYING!THE!RANGE!EXPANSIONS!OF!TWO!IXODID!TICK!SPECIES! ! Robyn!M.!Nadolny! Old!Dominion!University,!2016! Director:!Dr.!Holly!D.!Gaff!" ! Increasing!incidence!of!many!tickZborne!diseases!have!been!linked!to!recent! expansions!of!tick!species!distributions.!Many!tick!species!are!expanding!their!ranges! because!of!anthropogenic!changes!in!the!landscape,!shifting!climatic!variables,!and! increasing!populations!of!suitable!host!species!and!tick!habitat.!Few!empirical!studies!have! been!performed,!however,!investigating!the!ecological!mechanisms!underlying!these!range! expansions.!Ticks!are!parasitic!organisms!that!disperse!across!landscape!by!hitchhiking!on! hosts,!but!must!then!survive!in!the!environment!for!long!periods!of!time!between! bloodmeals.!Two!species!of!ixodid!tick,!Ixodes'affinis!and!Amblyomma'maculatum,!are! simultaneously!expanding!their!ranges!throughout!the!MidZAtlantic!region!of!the!United! States,!and!provide!a!case!study!from!which!to!examine!the!relative!importance!of!host! choice!and!apparent!habitat!preference!in!the!resulting!patterns!of!range!expansion.! The!first!objective!of!this!research!was!to!use!field!studies!to!describe!the!life!history! of!each!of!these!species!in!Virginia,!and!determine!important!host!and!habitat! characteristics!for!the!survival!and!expansion!of!these!species!in!the!MidZAtlantic.!Tick! surveillance!data!were!collected!over!five!years!in!a!variety!of!habitats!throughout! southeastern!Virginia.!These!data!were!used!to!answer!basic!natural!history!questions! about!these!ticks!in!novel!habitats,!including!determining!tick!abundance!and!phenology,!as! well!as!habitat!and!host!preferences.!Although!both!tick!species!parasitized!many!of!the! same!host!species,!differences!in!the!habitat!conditions!necessary!for!tick!population! establishment!resulted!in!different!patterns!of!invasion.!Understanding!how!and!where! these!ticks!establish!is!useful!in!understanding!the!public!health!risks!associated!with!areas! being!invaded.! The!second!objective!of!this!research!was!to!determine!the!ancestry!of!the!northern! populations!of!these!ticks,!using!genetic!connectivity!among!populations!to!determine!the! mostly!likely!pathways!for!dispersal!from!ancestral!populations!to!the!MidZAtlantic.! Despite!overlapping!host!preferences!throughout!ontogeny,!each!species!exhibited!very! different!genetic!and!geographic!patterns!of!population!establishment!and!connectivity.! Genetic!evidence!suggests!that!these!species!may!rely!on!different!key!life!stages!to! disperse!successfully!into!novel!environments,!and!that!host!vagility,!habitat!stability!and! habitat!connectivity!all!play!critical!roles!in!the!establishment!of!new!tick!populations.! The!third!objective!of!this!research!was!to!use!metrics!derived!from!field!and! genetic!studies!to!parameterize!agentZbased!models,!simulating!tick!range!expansions! under!different!habitat!and!host!conditions.!Incorporating!parameter!values!specific!to!I.' affinis!and!A.'maculatum!life!history,!host!ranges,!habitat!preferences,!and!genetic!diversity! allowed!for!hypothesis!testing!on!whether!habitats!or!hosts!have!greater!influences!on!the! invasions!of!these!species!in!the!MidZAtlantic.!This!research!describes!the!first!comparative! case!study!of!two!tick!species!with!unique!host!and!habitat!preferences!dispersing! simultaneously!across!a!landscape,!and!increases!our!understanding!of!the!relative! importance!of!hosts!and!habitat!in!hitchhiker!invasions. iv ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Copyright,!2016,!by!Robyn!M.!Nadolny!and!Holly!D.!Gaff,!All!Rights!Reserved.! " v This!dissertation!is!dedicated!to!my!husband,!Tucker,!for!his!unwavering!support,! encouragement!and!love.!Also!to!my!mother,!father!and!sister,!for!always!believing!in!me,! and!for!always!making!time!to!listen.!! vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS" " This!research!would!not!have!been!possible!without!the!tireless!assistance!and! guidance!of!many!mentors!and!friends!along!the!way.!First,!I!would!like!to!thank!my! advisor,!Dr.!Holly!Gaff,!for!her!countless!hours!of!patience,!friendship,!and!support!in!the! field,!lab,!and!beyond.!She!has!gone!above!and!beyond!in!every!way!to!help!me!succeed,! and!I!am!forever!grateful.!Dr.!David!Gauthier!was!my!mentor!in!the!lab,!and!the!population! genetics!component!of!this!dissertation!would!have!been!impossible!without!his!guidance.! His!humor!and!thoughtful!commentary!have!been!invaluable!throughout!this!process,!and! he!is!also!deserving!of!special!thanks.!Thanks!also!to!my!stalwart!committee!members;!Dr.! Wayne!Hynes,!microbiologist!extraordinaire;!Dr.!Eric!Walters,!ecological!theory!expert,! maker!of!wisecracks,!and!statistician;!and!Dr.!Elsa!Schaefer,!modeler,!mathematician,!and! cheerleader,!for!their!patience,!insight,!and!diligent!red!pens.!Special!thanks!also!to!my!ad' hoc!committee!member,!Ellen!Stromdahl,!who!continues!to!be!a!wonderful!professional! mentor!and!friend.!Gratitude!also!to!the!man!himself,!Dr.!Dan!Sonenshine,!for!being!willing! to!answer!strange!questions!about!tick!biology!at!odd!hours,!and!for!showing!us!all!how!it’s! done.! My!grad!student!family!at!ODU!was!also!instrumental!in!helping!me!persevere! through!this!doctoral!adventure.!Thank!you!to!my!lab!mates!Chelsea!Wright,!Lexi!White,! Pam!Kelman,!Amy!Johnson,!Erin!Heller,!and!Lindsey!Bidders!for!their!friendship,! camaraderie,!and!general!mischiefZmaking!in!the!lab!and!way,!way!beyond.!Special!thanks! to!fellow!ecology!grad!students!Ben!Gutzler,!Anna!Brownson,!Natasha!Hagemeyer,!and! Carly!York,!for!always!being!willing!to!listen,!laugh,!or!grab!a!beverage!over!the!last!five! vii years.!! This!PhD!was!made!possible!by!the!generous!support!of!the!SMART!(Science,! Mathematics,!and!Research!for!Transformation)!scholarship!through!the!American!Society! for!Engineering!Education!and!the!Department!for!Defense,!specifically!my!supporting! institution,!the!Army!Public!Health!Center.!This!research!was!also!supported!by!the! National!Institutes!of!Health,!grant!number!K25AI067791.!Thanks!also!to!the!Virginia! Academy!of!Science,!the!Entomological!Society!of!America,!and!the!Jayne!Koskinas!and!Ted! Giovannis!Foundation!for!Health!Policy!for!supporting!this!research.!A!final!thank!you!to! the!army!of!undergraduates!and!others!who!came!out!to!the!field!to!help!collect!data!–! without!you,!none!of!this!would!be!possible.! ! ! viii TABLE"OF"CONTENTS! " Page! ! LIST!OF!TABLES!..........................................................................................................................................!x! ! LIST!OF!FIGURES!.....................................................................................................................................!xii" ! INTRODUCTION!.........................................................................................................................................!1! ! ECOLOGY!AND!PUBLIC!HEALTH!RELEVANCE!OF!IXODES'AFFINIS!.....................!5! ! ECOLOGY!AND!PUBLIC!HEALTH!RELEVANCE!OF!! ! AMBLYOMMA'MACULATUM!....................................................................................................!8! !!!!!!!!!! BIOLOGICAL!INVASIONS!.......................................................................................................!11! !!!!!!!!!! TOOLS!FOR!MEASURING!BIOLOGICAL!INVASIONS!...................................................!14! ! RESEARCH!AIMS!........................................................................................................................!18! ! DEFINITION!OF!KEY!TERMS!................................................................................................!20! " IXODES'AFFINIS!IN!SOUTHEASTERN!VIRGINIA!AND!IMPLICATIONS!! FOR!THE!SPREAD!OF!BORRELIA'BURGDORFERI,'THE!AGENT!OF!!
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Amblyomma Maculatum) and Identification of ‘‘Candidatus Rickettsia Andeanae’’ from Fairfax County, Virginia
    VECTOR-BORNE AND ZOONOTIC DISEASES Volume 11, Number 12, 2011 ª Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2011.0654 High Rates of Rickettsia parkeri Infection in Gulf Coast Ticks (Amblyomma maculatum) and Identification of ‘‘Candidatus Rickettsia Andeanae’’ from Fairfax County, Virginia Christen M. Fornadel,1 Xing Zhang,1 Joshua D. Smith,2 Christopher D. Paddock,3 Jorge R. Arias,2 and Douglas E. Norris1 Abstract The Gulf Coast tick, Amblyomma maculatum, is a vector of Rickettsia parkeri, a recently identified human pathogen that causes a disease with clinical symptoms that resemble a mild form of Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Because the prevalence of R. parkeri infection in geographically distinct populations of A. maculatum is not fully understood, A. maculatum specimens collected as part of a tick and pathogen surveillance system in Fairfax County, Virginia, were screened to determine pathogen infection rates. Overall, R. parkeri was found in 41.4% of the A. maculatum that were screened. Additionally, the novel spotted fever group Rickettsia sp., tentatively named ‘‘Candidatus Rickettsia andeanae,’’ was observed for the first time in Virginia. Key Words: Amblyomma maculatum—Rickettsia andeanae—Rickettsia parkeri—Virginia. Introduction isolated from Gulf Coast ticks in Texas (Parker et al. 1939). Although the bacterium was pathogenic for guinea pigs he Gulf Coast tick, Amblyomma maculatum Koch, is an (Parker et al. 1939), it was thought to be nonpathogenic for Tixodid tick that has been recognized for its increasing humans until the first confirmed case of human infection was veterinary and medical importance. In the United States the described in 2002 (Paddock et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Lauren Maestas M.S
    11/5/12 Lauren Maestas M.S. Candidate University of Tennessee Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries Photo Credits: Robyn Nadolny, Chelsea Wright Wayne Hynes, Daniel Sonenshine, Holly Gaff Old Dominion University Dept. of Biology } Introduction and Justification } Objectives } Methods } Anticipated Results } Future Directions 1 11/5/12 Bridging Vector • Ticks carry and transmit a I. scapularis greater variety of pathogens to domestic animals than any Sylvaticother type cycle of biting arthropod • Ticks are a close second to mosquitos worldwide in human disease transmission I. affinis Photo Credit: Robyn Nadolny, Chelsea Wright Wayne Hynes, Daniel Sonenshine, Holly Gaff Old Dominion University Dept. of Biology Maria Duik-Wasser Ixodes affinis Ixodes scapularis •Both have a 1-2 year life cycle •Both feed on multiple wildlife hosts http://www.humanillnesses.com/Infectious-Diseases-He-My/Lyme-Disease.html 0% Bbsl 40% Bbsl Maggi 2009 Bbss? Photo Credit: Robyn Nadolny, Chelsea Wright Wayne Hynes, Daniel Sonenshine, Holly Gaff Old Dominion University Dept. of Biology A. Causey personal communication http://www.fishing-nc.com/nc-fishing-regulations.php 2 11/5/12 18 Species of Borrelia currently recognized in the Bbsl complex Rudenko et al. 2011 1. To test for North- South latitudinal trends in Ixodes spp. genotype, and Bbsl prevalence and strain type. 2. In South Carolina, to compare the prevalence of Bbsl and Ixodid tick species collected from wild mesomammals with those from a) vegetation, and b) domestic dogs (Sentinels). 3 11/5/12
    [Show full text]
  • Trends in Borrelia Spp. Prevalence in Ixodes Spp. Ticks from the Southeastern Coastal United States
    University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Masters Theses Graduate School 8-2013 TRENDS IN BORRELIA SPP. PREVALENCE IN IXODES SPP. TICKS FROM THE SOUTHEASTERN COASTAL UNITED STATES Lauren Paul Maestas University of Tennessee - Knoxville, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes Part of the Biodiversity Commons, Biology Commons, Entomology Commons, Molecular Genetics Commons, Parasitology Commons, and the Population Biology Commons Recommended Citation Maestas, Lauren Paul, "TRENDS IN BORRELIA SPP. PREVALENCE IN IXODES SPP. TICKS FROM THE SOUTHEASTERN COASTAL UNITED STATES. " Master's Thesis, University of Tennessee, 2013. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/2433 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Lauren Paul Maestas entitled "TRENDS IN BORRELIA SPP. PREVALENCE IN IXODES SPP. TICKS FROM THE SOUTHEASTERN COASTAL UNITED STATES." I have examined the final electronic copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Master of Science, with a major in Wildlife and Fisheries Science. Graham J. Hickling, Major Professor We have read this thesis and recommend its acceptance: Debra L. Miller, Rebecca T. Trout Fryxell Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) TRENDS IN BORRELIA SPP.
    [Show full text]
  • Annotated List of the Hard Ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of New Jersey
    applyparastyle "fig//caption/p[1]" parastyle "FigCapt" applyparastyle "fig" parastyle "Figure" Journal of Medical Entomology, 2019, 1–10 doi: 10.1093/jme/tjz010 Review Review Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/jme/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/jme/tjz010/5310395 by Rutgers University Libraries user on 09 February 2019 Annotated List of the Hard Ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of New Jersey James L. Occi,1,4 Andrea M. Egizi,1,2 Richard G. Robbins,3 and Dina M. Fonseca1 1Center for Vector Biology, Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, 180 Jones Ave, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8536, 2Tick- borne Diseases Laboratory, Monmouth County Mosquito Control Division, 1901 Wayside Road, Tinton Falls, NJ 07724, 3 Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit, Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution, MSC, MRC 534, 4210 Silver Hill Road, Suitland, MD 20746-2863 and 4Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] Subject Editor: Rebecca Eisen Received 1 November 2018; Editorial decision 8 January 2019 Abstract Standardized tick surveillance requires an understanding of which species may be present. After a thorough review of the scientific literature, as well as government documents, and careful evaluation of existing accessioned tick collections (vouchers) in museums and other repositories, we have determined that the verifiable hard tick fauna of New Jersey (NJ) currently comprises 11 species. Nine are indigenous to North America and two are invasive, including the recently identified Asian longhorned tick,Haemaphysalis longicornis (Neumann, 1901). For each of the 11 species, we summarize NJ collection details and review their known public health and veterinary importance and available information on seasonality. Separately considered are seven additional species that may be present in the state or become established in the future but whose presence is not currently confirmed with NJ vouchers.
    [Show full text]
  • <I>Amblyomma Maculatum</I>
    The University of Southern Mississippi The Aquila Digital Community Honors Theses Honors College Spring 5-2017 Elucidating the Interplay between Sodium Selenite on the Tick Amblyomma maculatum Selenoprotein Gene Expression Afnan M. Beauti University of Southern Mississippi Follow this and additional works at: https://aquila.usm.edu/honors_theses Part of the Biochemistry Commons, and the Organismal Biological Physiology Commons Recommended Citation Beauti, Afnan M., "Elucidating the Interplay between Sodium Selenite on the Tick Amblyomma maculatum Selenoprotein Gene Expression" (2017). Honors Theses. 529. https://aquila.usm.edu/honors_theses/529 This Honors College Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Honors College at The Aquila Digital Community. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of The Aquila Digital Community. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The University of Southern Mississippi Elucidating the Interplay between Sodium Selenite on the Tick Amblyomma maculatum Selenoprotein Gene Expression By Afnan M. Beauti A Thesis Submitted to the Honors College of The University of Southern Mississippi In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science In the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry May 2017 Approved by: ______________________________ Shahid Karim, PhD. Thesis Advisor Department of Biological Sciences ______________________________ Sabine Heinhorst, PhD. Chair, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry ______________________________ Ellen Weinauer, PhD. Dean, Honors College ii Abstract Selenium (Se) is an element recognized as an essential micronutrient in eukaryote organisms. Selenoproteins contain selenium as selenocysteine, the 21st amino acid. Selenium plays a role in cell growth and functioning. At low concentrations, it can induce growth and at high concentrations, it can cause a cell to stop growing and potentially have toxic effects on the cell and organism.
    [Show full text]
  • Focus Stacking Images of Morphological Character States for Differentiating the Adults of Ixodes Affinis and Ixodes Scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) in Areas of Sympatry
    Old Dominion University ODU Digital Commons Biological Sciences Faculty Publications Biological Sciences 2021 Focus Stacking Images of Morphological Character States for Differentiating the Adults of Ixodes affinis and Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) in Areas of Sympatry Robyn M. Nadolny Marcée Toliver Holly D. Gaff Old Dominion University, [email protected] John G. Snodgrass Richard G. Robbins Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/biology_fac_pubs Part of the Biology Commons, Forest Biology Commons, and the Parasitology Commons Original Publication Citation Nadolny, R. M., Toliver, M., Gaff, H. D., Snodgrass, J. G., & Robbins, R. G. (2021). Focus stacking images of morphological character states for differentiating the adults of Ixodes affinis and Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) in areas of sympatry. Journal of medical entomology, 1-7, Article tjab058. https://doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjab058 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Biological Sciences at ODU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Biological Sciences Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of ODU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. applyparastyle "fig//caption/p[1]" parastyle "FigCapt" applyparastyle "fig" parastyle "Figure" Journal of Medical Entomology, XX(X), 2021, 1–7 doi: 10.1093/jme/tjab058 Short Communication Morphology, Systematics, Evolution Focus Stacking Images of Morphological Character Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/jme/advance-article/doi/10.1093/jme/tjab058/6231888 by guest on 31 May 2021 States for Differentiating the Adults of Ixodes affinis and Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) in Areas of XX Sympatry Robyn M. Nadolny,1,7, Marcée Toliver,2 Holly D.
    [Show full text]
  • Vector-Borne Disease Dynamics in Alabama White-Tailed Deer
    Vector-Borne Disease Dynamics of Alabama White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) by Shelby Lynn Zikeli A thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Auburn University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science Auburn, Alabama August 4, 2018 Keywords: Disease ecology, arbovectors, ectoparasites, white-tailed deer Copyright 2018 by Shelby Lynn Zikeli Approved by Dr. Sarah Zohdy, School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences (Chair) Dr. Stephen Ditchkoff, School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences Dr. Robert Gitzen, School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences Dr. Chengming Wang, Auburn School of Veterinary Medicine Abstract Understanding long-term dynamics of ectoparasite populations on hosts is essential to mapping the potential transmission of disease causing agents and pathogens. Blood feeding ectoparasites such as ticks, lice and keds have a great capability to transmit pathogens throughout a wildlife system. Here, we use a semi-wild white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) population in an enclosed facility to better understand the role of high-density host populations with improved body conditions in facilitating parasite dynamics. As definitive hosts and breeding grounds for arthropods that may transmit blood-borne pathogens, this population may also be used as a sentinel system of pathogens in the ecosystem. This also mimics systems where populations are fragmented due to human encroachment or through specialized management techniques. We noted a significant increase in ectoparasitism by ticks (p=0.04) over a nine-year study period where deer were collected, and ticks quantified. Beginning in 2016 we implemented a comparison of quantification methods for ectoparasites in addition to ticks and noted that white-tailed deer within the enclosure were more likely to be parasitized by the neotropical deer ked (Lipoptena mazamae) than any tick or louse species.
    [Show full text]
  • Human Bartonellosis: an Underappreciated Public Health Problem?
    Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease Review Human Bartonellosis: An Underappreciated Public Health Problem? Mercedes A. Cheslock and Monica E. Embers * Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University Health Sciences, Covington, LA 70433, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +(985)-871-6607 Received: 24 March 2019; Accepted: 16 April 2019; Published: 19 April 2019 Abstract: Bartonella spp. bacteria can be found around the globe and are the causative agents of multiple human diseases. The most well-known infection is called cat-scratch disease, which causes mild lymphadenopathy and fever. As our knowledge of these bacteria grows, new presentations of the disease have been recognized, with serious manifestations. Not only has more severe disease been associated with these bacteria but also Bartonella species have been discovered in a wide range of mammals, and the pathogens’ DNA can be found in multiple vectors. This review will focus on some common mammalian reservoirs as well as the suspected vectors in relation to the disease transmission and prevalence. Understanding the complex interactions between these bacteria, their vectors, and their reservoirs, as well as the breadth of infection by Bartonella around the world will help to assess the impact of Bartonellosis on public health. Keywords: Bartonella; vector; bartonellosis; ticks; fleas; domestic animals; human 1. Introduction Several Bartonella spp. have been linked to emerging and reemerging human diseases (Table1)[ 1–5]. These fastidious, gram-negative bacteria cause the clinically complex disease known as Bartonellosis. Historically, the most common causative agents for human disease have been Bartonella bacilliformis, Bartonella quintana, and Bartonella henselae.
    [Show full text]
  • Mammalian Diversity in Nineteen Southeast Coast Network Parks
    National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Natural Resource Program Center Mammalian Diversity in Nineteen Southeast Coast Network Parks Natural Resource Report NPS/SECN/NRR—2010/263 ON THE COVER Northern raccoon (Procyon lotot) Photograph by: James F. Parnell Mammalian Diversity in Nineteen Southeast Coast Network Parks Natural Resource Report NPS/SECN/NRR—2010/263 William. David Webster Department of Biology and Marine Biology University of North Carolina – Wilmington Wilmington, NC 28403 November 2010 U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Natural Resource Program Center Fort Collins, Colorado The National Park Service, Natural Resource Program Center publishes a range of reports that address natural resource topics of interest and applicability to a broad audience in the National Park Service and others in natural resource management, including scientists, conservation and environmental constituencies, and the public. The Natural Resource Report Series is used to disseminate high-priority, current natural resource management information with managerial application. The series targets a general, diverse audience, and may contain NPS policy considerations or address sensitive issues of management applicability. All manuscripts in the series receive the appropriate level of peer review to ensure that the information is scientifically credible, technically accurate, appropriately written for the intended audience, and designed and published in a professional manner. This report received formal peer review by subject-matter experts who were not directly involved in the collection, analysis, or reporting of the data, and whose background and expertise put them on par technically and scientifically with the authors of the information. Views, statements, findings, conclusions, recommendations, and data in this report do not necessarily reflect views and policies of the National Park Service, U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • 24 1048 Sherrill 5.Indd
    2012 SOUTHEASTERN NATURALIST 11(3):529–533 Survey of Zoonotic Pathogens in White-tailed Deer on Bald Head Island, North Carolina Brandon L. Sherrill1,*, Anthony G. Snider2, Suzanne Kennedy-Stoskopf 3, and Christopher S. DePerno1 Abstract - Odocoileus virginianus (White-tailed Deer) have become overabundant in many urban and suburban areas, which can cause concern about exposure of humans and pets to zoonotic pathogens. Bald Head Island, NC is a small barrier island that has experienced ongoing residential development since the mid-1980s and has a relatively high deer density (15–17 deer/km2). To address concerns expressed by residents, we screened ≈13% of the White-tailed Deer population for potential zoonotic pathogens. We collected blood from 8 deer in January through March 2008 and 5 deer in January 2009. We tested sera for antibodies to Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Borrelia burgdorferi, and six serovars of Leptospira interrogans; and whole blood samples for Bartonella spp. and B. burgdorferi DNA. All sera were negative for antibodies to L. interrogans; two samples were seropositive for A. phagocytophilum, and one was seropositive for B. burgdorferi. Whole blood PCR results were negative for Bartonella spp. and B. burgdorferi. Con- tinued surveillance for wildlife diseases on Bald Head Island is necessary to determine prevalence of specifi c pathogens, their impacts on the White-tailed Deer population, and the risk of exposure to humans and pets. Introduction Odocoileus virginianus Zimmerman (White-tailed Deer; hereafter also “Deer”) are overabundant in many areas throughout their range and can often negatively impact human populations (e.g., property damage, vehicle collisions, exposure to zoonotic pathogens), particularly in suburban areas with expanding residential development (Butfi loski et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Extensive Distribution of the Lyme Disease Bacterium, Borrelia Burgdorferi Sensu Lato, in Multiple Tick Species Parasitizing Avian and Mammalian Hosts Across Canada
    UC Davis UC Davis Previously Published Works Title Extensive Distribution of the Lyme Disease Bacterium, Borrelia burgdorferi Sensu Lato, in Multiple Tick Species Parasitizing Avian and Mammalian Hosts across Canada. Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7950629h Journal Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland), 6(4) ISSN 2227-9032 Authors Scott, John D Clark, Kerry L Foley, Janet E et al. Publication Date 2018-11-12 DOI 10.3390/healthcare6040131 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California healthcare Article Extensive Distribution of the Lyme Disease Bacterium, Borrelia burgdorferi Sensu Lato, in Multiple Tick Species Parasitizing Avian and Mammalian Hosts across Canada John D. Scott 1,*, Kerry L. Clark 2, Janet E. Foley 3, John F. Anderson 4, Bradley C. Bierman 2 and Lance A. Durden 5 1 International Lyme and Associated Diseases Society, Bethesda, MD 20827, USA 2 Environmental Epidemiology Research Laboratory, Department of Public Health, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA; [email protected] (K.L.C.); [email protected] (B.C.B.) 3 Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; [email protected] 4 Department of Entomology, Center for Vector Ecology and Zoonotic Diseases, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT 06504, USA; [email protected] 5 Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA 30458, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-519-843-3646 Received: 13 September 2018; Accepted: 2 November 2018; Published: 12 November 2018 Abstract: Lyme disease, caused by the spirochetal bacterium, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (Bbsl), is typically transmitted by hard-bodied ticks (Acari: Ixodidae).
    [Show full text]
  • Urban Tick Ecology in Oklahoma City
    URBAN TICK ECOLOGY IN OKLAHOMA CITY: TICK DISTRIBUTION, PATHOGEN PREVALENCE AND AVIAN INFESTATION ACROSS AN URBANIZATION GRADIENT By MEGAN A ROSELLI Bachelor of Science in Biology Wilkes University Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania 2015 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE May, 2019 URBAN TICK ECOLOGY IN OKLAHOMA CITY: TICK DISTRIBUTION, PATHOGEN PREVALENCE AND AVIAN INFESTATION ACROSS AN URBANIZATION GRADIENT Thesis Approved: Scott R. Loss Thesis Co-Adviser Bruce H. Noden Thesis Co-Adviser W. Sue Fairbanks ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS A thesis takes a village, and there are so many people and organizations that made my thesis possible. Funding for my thesis was provided by the Oklahoma Center for the Advancement of Science and Technology (OCAST) and USDA/NIFA hatch grants. Additional funding for my degree program was provided by an Oklahoma State University Graduate Fellowship and a scholarship endowed by Robert L. Lochmiller II. First and foremost, I thank my advisors Drs. Scott Loss and Bruce Noden whose ideas, guidance, edits, and support significantly improved my thesis and entire graduate school experience. I also thank my committee member, Dr. Sue Fairbanks, who provided invaluable help with methodology and provided fresh new perspectives on my results. My project would not have been possible without numerous people who assisted with fieldwork: Dawn Brown, Caitlin Laughlin, Caleb McKinney, and Liam Whiteman. Urban fieldwork is difficult and unique, and I was lucky to have the help of a hard- working, adaptable group of people. I also thank those who volunteered their time to assist with field work, including Jared Elmore, Kelsey Elmore, Sirena Lao, Matthew Fullerton, Alexis Cole, and my advisors.
    [Show full text]