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Fake News Jako Produkt Medialny W Dobie Postprawdy. Studium Przypadku Niebieskiego Wieloryba

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Fake News Jako Produkt Medialny W Dobie Postprawdy. Studium Przypadku Niebieskiego Wieloryba Uniwersytet Warszawski Wydział Dziennikarstwa, Informacji i Bibliologii Katarzyna Bąkowicz Fake news jako produkt medialny w dobie postprawdy. Studium przypadku Niebieskiego Wieloryba. Rozprawa doktorska napisana pod kierunkiem prof. UW, dr hab. Tadeusza Kowalskiego Warszawa 2019 Spis treści 1. Wstęp......................................................................................................................................5 1.1. Weryfikowalność, a nie prawda......................................................................................5 1.2. Czy wierzyć mediom?.....................................................................................................8 1.3. Fakty nie mają znaczenia...............................................................................................10 1.4. Cel uświęca środki.........................................................................................................11 1.5. Filozofia i misja.............................................................................................................13 1.6. Narzędzia medialne.......................................................................................................14 1.7. Rzeczywistość wymieszana z fikcją..............................................................................16 1.8. Metodologia i źródła......................................................................................................18 2. Od brzegu do brzegu – zagadnienie prawdy w mediach.................................................21 2.1. Przestrzeń definicyjna...................................................................................................21 2.2. Wykrywanie kłamstwa..................................................................................................24 2.3. Pomiędzy prawdą a fałszem..........................................................................................26 2.4. Prawda obiektywna czy medialna?...............................................................................28 2.5. Czwarta władza.............................................................................................................31 2.6. Era postprawdy.............................................................................................................35 3. Opowieść medialna.............................................................................................................39 3.1. Wszystko jest produktem..............................................................................................39 3.2. Polityka informacyjna...................................................................................................42 3.3. Szeroka kategoria..........................................................................................................54 3.4. Ulotna natura newsa......................................................................................................59 4. Fake news.............................................................................................................................63 4.1. Próba definicji...............................................................................................................63 4.2. Komponenty i rodzaje fake newsa.................................................................................67 4.3. Fakty, których nie było..................................................................................................71 4.4. Internet źródłem informacji...........................................................................................73 4.5. Pogranicze etyczne........................................................................................................78 4.6. Emocjonalne podłoże fake newsa..................................................................................81 4.7. Bańka informacyjna.......................................................................................................85 4.8. Efekt komory pogłosowej..............................................................................................87 4.9. Spirala milczenia...........................................................................................................89 4.10. Sztuczna inteligencja...................................................................................................90 4.11. Zjawisko klikbajtu.......................................................................................................95 2 5. Historia Niebieskiego Wieloryba.......................................................................................99 5.1. Wprowadzenie...............................................................................................................99 5.2. Metodologia badań......................................................................................................102 5.3. Narodziny gry..............................................................................................................104 5.4. Jak było naprawdę?......................................................................................................106 5.5. Polskie media o Niebieskim Wielorybie......................................................................110 5.6. Wyniki badań i wnioski...............................................................................................117 5.7. Perspektywa suicydologiczna......................................................................................122 5.8. Globalny fake news......................................................................................................126 5.8.1. Arabia Saudyjska...............................................................................................126 5.8.2. Australia............................................................................................................128 5.8.3. Austria...............................................................................................................131 5.8.4. Bangladesz........................................................................................................133 5.8.5. Brazylia.............................................................................................................136 5.8.6. Bułgaria.............................................................................................................138 5.8.7. Chiny.................................................................................................................140 5.8.8. Egipt..................................................................................................................143 5.8.9. Ekwador............................................................................................................145 5.8.10. Francja.............................................................................................................147 5.8.11. Grecja..............................................................................................................150 a. Zawartość materiałów medialnych................................................................150 b. Gra Niebieski Wieloryb.................................................................................153 5.8.12. Hiszpania.........................................................................................................155 5.8.13. Honduras.........................................................................................................157 5.8.14. Indie.................................................................................................................159 5.8.15. Iran..................................................................................................................162 5.8.16. Irlandia............................................................................................................164 5.8.17. Kanada.............................................................................................................166 5.8.18. Kazachstan......................................................................................................168 5.8.19. Kenia...............................................................................................................171 5.8.20. Litwa................................................................................................................174 5.8.21. Malezja............................................................................................................177 5.8.22. Meksyk............................................................................................................179 5.8.23. Mołdawia.........................................................................................................181 3 5.8.24. Mongolia.........................................................................................................183 5.8.25. Niemcy............................................................................................................185 5.8.26. Peru.................................................................................................................188 5.8.27. Portugalia........................................................................................................190 5.8.28. Rosja................................................................................................................192 5.8.29. Stany Zjednoczone..........................................................................................195 5.8.30. Wielka Brytania...............................................................................................197
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