Racemization in Post-Translational Modifications Relevance To
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Characterization of L-Serine Deaminases, Sdaa (PA2448) and Sdab 2 (PA5379), and Their Potential Role in Pseudomonas Aeruginosa 3 Pathogenesis 4 5 Sixto M
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/394957; this version posted August 20, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 1 Characterization of L-serine deaminases, SdaA (PA2448) and SdaB 2 (PA5379), and their potential role in Pseudomonas aeruginosa 3 pathogenesis 4 5 Sixto M. Leal1,6, Elaine Newman2 and Kalai Mathee1,3,4,5 * 6 7 Author affiliations: 8 9 1Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts Sciences and 10 Education, Florida International University, Miami, United States of 11 America 12 2Department of Biological Sciences, Concordia University, Montreal, 13 Canada 14 3Department of Molecular Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Herbert 15 Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, 16 United States of America 17 4Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, 18 United States of America 19 20 Present address: 21 22 5Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Herbert Wertheim 23 College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, United States 24 of America 25 6Case Western Reserve University, United States of America 26 27 28 *Correspondance: Kalai Mathee, MS, PhD, 29 [email protected] 30 31 Telephone : 1-305-348-0628 32 33 Keywords: Serine Catabolism, Central Metabolism, TCA Cycle, Pyruvate, 34 Leucine Responsive Regulatory Protein (LRP), One Carbon Metabolism 35 Running title: P. aeruginosa L-serine deaminases 36 Subject category: Pathogenicity and Virulence/Host Response 37 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/394957; this version posted August 20, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. -
Human Cathepsin A/ Lysosomal Carboxypeptidase a Antibody
Human Cathepsin A/ Lysosomal Carboxypeptidase A Antibody Monoclonal Mouse IgG2A Clone # 179803 Catalog Number: MAB1049 DESCRIPTION Species Reactivity Human Specificity Detects human Cathepsin A/Lysosomal Carboxypeptidase A in direct ELISAs and Western blots. In Western blots, detects the single chain (55 kDa) and heavy chain (32 kDa) forms of recombinant human (rh) Cathepsin A. In Western blots, less than 5% crossreactivity with rhCathepsin B, C, D, E, L, O, S, X and Z is observed and no crossreactivity with the light chain (20 kDa) of rhCathepsin A is observed. Source Monoclonal Mouse IgG2A Clone # 179803 Purification Protein A or G purified from hybridoma culture supernatant Immunogen Mouse myeloma cell line NS0derived recombinant human Cathepsin A/Lysosomal Carboxypeptidase A Ala29Tyr480 (predicted) Accession # P10619 Formulation Lyophilized from a 0.2 μm filtered solution in PBS with Trehalose. See Certificate of Analysis for details. *Small pack size (SP) is supplied either lyophilized or as a 0.2 μm filtered solution in PBS. APPLICATIONS Please Note: Optimal dilutions should be determined by each laboratory for each application. General Protocols are available in the Technical Information section on our website. Recommended Sample Concentration Western Blot 1 µg/mL Recombinant Human Cathepsin A/Lysosomal Carboxypeptidase A (Catalog # 1049SE) Immunoprecipitation 25 µg/mL Conditioned cell culture medium spiked with Recombinant Human Cathepsin A/Lysosomal Carboxypeptidase A (Catalog # 1049SE), see our available Western blot detection antibodies PREPARATION AND STORAGE Reconstitution Reconstitute at 0.5 mg/mL in sterile PBS. Shipping The product is shipped at ambient temperature. Upon receipt, store it immediately at the temperature recommended below. -
Amino Acid Building Block Models – in Brief
Amino Acid Building Block Models – In Brief Key Teaching Points for Amino Acid Building Block Models© Overall Student Learning Objective: What Dictates How a Protein Folds? Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. All amino acids have an identical core structure consisting of an alpha-carbon, carboxyl group, amino group and R-group (sidechain). A linear chain of amino acids is a polypeptide. The primary sequence of a protein is the linear sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide. Proteins are made up of amino acid monomers linked together by peptide bonds. Peptide bond formation between amino acids results in the release of water (dehydration synthesis or condensation reaction). The protein backbone is characterized by the “N-C-C-N-C-C. .” pattern. The “ends” of the protein can be identified by the N-terminus (amino group) end and the C-terminus (carboxyl group) end. For a more complete lesson guide, please visit: http://www.3dmoleculardesigns.com/3DMD-Files/AABB/ContentsandAssembly.pdf Amino Acid Core Structure Build an amino acid according to the diagram to the right: 1. Identify the alpha carbon, amino group, carboxyl group and R-group (sidechain representation) in the structure you have constructed. Two amino acids can be chemically linked by a reaction called “condensation” or “dehydration synthesis” to form a dipeptide bond linking the two amino acids. A chain of amino acid units (monomers) linked together by peptide bonds is called a polypeptide. General Dipeptide Structure Construct a model of a dipeptide using the amino acid models previously built. 2. What are the products of the condensation reaction (dehydration synthesis)? 3. -
Introduction to Proteins and Amino Acids Introduction
Introduction to Proteins and Amino Acids Introduction • Twenty percent of the human body is made up of proteins. Proteins are the large, complex molecules that are critical for normal functioning of cells. • They are essential for the structure, function, and regulation of the body’s tissues and organs. • Proteins are made up of smaller units called amino acids, which are building blocks of proteins. They are attached to one another by peptide bonds forming a long chain of proteins. Amino acid structure and its classification • An amino acid contains both a carboxylic group and an amino group. Amino acids that have an amino group bonded directly to the alpha-carbon are referred to as alpha amino acids. • Every alpha amino acid has a carbon atom, called an alpha carbon, Cα ; bonded to a carboxylic acid, –COOH group; an amino, –NH2 group; a hydrogen atom; and an R group that is unique for every amino acid. Classification of amino acids • There are 20 amino acids. Based on the nature of their ‘R’ group, they are classified based on their polarity as: Classification based on essentiality: Essential amino acids are the amino acids which you need through your diet because your body cannot make them. Whereas non essential amino acids are the amino acids which are not an essential part of your diet because they can be synthesized by your body. Essential Non essential Histidine Alanine Isoleucine Arginine Leucine Aspargine Methionine Aspartate Phenyl alanine Cystine Threonine Glutamic acid Tryptophan Glycine Valine Ornithine Proline Serine Tyrosine Peptide bonds • Amino acids are linked together by ‘amide groups’ called peptide bonds. -
1519038862M28translationand
Paper No. : 15 Molecular Cell Biology Module : 28 Translation and Post-translation Modifications in Eukaryotes Development Team Principal Investigator : Prof. Neeta Sehgal Department of Zoology, University of Delhi Co-Principal Investigator : Prof. D.K. Singh Department of Zoology, University of Delhi Paper Coordinator : Prof. Kuldeep K. Sharma Department of Zoology, University of Jammu Content Writer : Dr. Renu Solanki, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya College Dr. Sudhida Gautam, Hansraj College, University of Delhi Mr. Kiran K. Salam, Hindu College, University of Delhi Content Reviewer : Prof. Rup Lal Department of Zoology, University of Delhi 1 Molecular Genetics ZOOLOGY Translation and Post-translation Modifications in Eukaryotes Description of Module Subject Name ZOOLOGY Paper Name Molecular Cell Biology; Zool 015 Module Name/Title Cell regulatory mechanisms Module Id M28: Translation and Post-translation Modifications in Eukaryotes Keywords Genome, Proteome diversity, post-translational modifications, glycosylation, phosphorylation, methylation Contents 1. Learning Objectives 2. Introduction 3. Purpose of post translational modifications 4. Post translational modifications 4.1. Phosphorylation, the addition of a phosphate group 4.2. Methylation, the addition of a methyl group 4.3. Glycosylation, the addition of sugar groups 4.4. Disulfide bonds, the formation of covalent bonds between 2 cysteine amino acids 4.5. Proteolysis/ Proteolytic Cleavage 4.6. Subunit binding to form a multisubunit protein 4.7. S-nitrosylation 4.8. Lipidation 4.9. Acetylation 4.10. Ubiquitylation 4.11. SUMOlytion 4.12. Vitamin C-Dependent Modifications 4.13. Vitamin K-Dependent Modifications 4.14. Selenoproteins 4.15. Myristoylation 5. Chaperones: Role in PTM and mechanism 6. Role of PTMs in diseases 7. Detecting and Quantifying Post-Translational Modifications 8. -
Isolation and Nucleotide Sequence of the Cdna for Rat Liver Serine
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 85, pp. 5809-5813, August 1988 Biochemistry Isolation and nucleotide sequence of the cDNA for rat liver serine dehydratase mRNA and structures of the 5' and 3' flanking regions of the serine dehydratase gene (threonine dehydratase/hormonal regulation/consensus sequences) HIROFUMI OGAWA*t, DUNCAN A. MILLER*, TRACY DUNN*, YEU SU*, JAMES M. BURCHAMt, CARL PERAINOt, MOTOJI FUJIOKAt, KAY BABCOCK*, AND HENRY C. PITOT*§ *McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, The Medical School, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706; tDepartment of Biochemistry, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Faculty of Medicine, Sugitani, Toyama 930-01, Japan; and tDivision of Biological and Medical Research, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439 Communicated by Van R. Potter, April 15, 1988 (received for review December 29, 1987) ABSTRACT Rat serine dehydratase cDNA clones were determination of the exact size of DNA complementary to isolated from a Agtll cDNA library on the basis of their serine dehydratase mRNA was made by S1 nuclease and reactivity with monospecific immunoglobulin to the purified sequencing of genomic clones of the regions flanking the enzyme. Using the cDNA insert from a clone that encoded the gene. serine dehydratase subunit as a probe, additional clones were isolated from the same library by plaque hybridization. Nucle- otide sequence analysis of the largest clone obtained showed MATERIALS AND METHODS that it has 1444 base pairs with an open reading frame consisting of 1089 base pairs. The deduced amino acid sequence cDNA Cloning. A rat liver cDNA library constructed in contained sequences of several portions of the serine dehydra- Agtll phage (13) was screened for antibody-reactive plaques tase protein, as determined by Edman degradation. -
Spell Checked 12-13 BP Cards 52-113 Layout 1
Provide a detoxification mechanism Deamination is also an oxidative reaction that occurs under aerobic conditions in all tissues but especially the liver and kidneys. During oxidative deamination, an amino acid is converted into the corresponding keto acid (for energy) by the removal of the amine functional group as ammo- nia and the amine functional group is replaced by the ketone group. The ammonia eventually goes into the urea cycle. Oxidative deamination occurs primarily on glutamic acid because glutamic acid was the end product of many transamination reactions. Glutamate dehydrogenase is an enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes the oxidative deamination of glutamate. Ammonia is released, and α-ketoglutarate is formed. Glutamate dehydrogenase is unusual in that it can use either NAD or NADP as a coenzyme. The reversible reaction has a major function in both the synthesis and degradation of glutamic acid and, via transaminases, other amino acids as well. *** Important: Both aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) are transaminases (aminotransferases). They are not involved in oxidative deamination reactions. In contrast to transamination reactions that transfer amino groups, oxidative deamination results in the liberation of the amino group as free ammonia. 1. Glutaminase deaminates glutamine to glutamate and ammonium ion; asparagin- Notes ase deaminates asparagine to aspartate and ammonium ion. 2. Glutamate is unique in that it is the only amino acid that undergoes rapid oxidative deamination. + 3. Histidine is deaminated by histidase to form ammonium ion (NH 4) and urocan- ate. 4. Serine and threonine are deaminated by serine dehydratase. Serine is converted to pyruvate, and threonine to α-ketobutyrate (which is decarboxylated oxidatively to form propionyl CoA); ammonium ion is released.. -
BACE1 Function and Inhibition: Implications of Intervention in the Amyloid Pathway of Alzheimer’S Disease Pathology
Review BACE1 Function and Inhibition: Implications of Intervention in the Amyloid Pathway of Alzheimer’s Disease Pathology Gerald Koelsch CoMentis, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; [email protected] Received: 15 September 2017; Accepted: 10 October 2017; Published: 13 October 2017 Abstract: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a fatal progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by increasing loss in memory, cognition, and function of daily living. Among the many pathologic events observed in the progression of AD, changes in amyloid β peptide (Aβ) metabolism proceed fastest, and precede clinical symptoms. BACE1 (β-secretase 1) catalyzes the initial cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein to generate Aβ. Therefore inhibition of BACE1 activity could block one of the earliest pathologic events in AD. However, therapeutic BACE1 inhibition to block Aβ production may need to be balanced with possible effects that might result from diminished physiologic functions BACE1, in particular processing of substrates involved in neuronal function of the brain and periphery. Potentials for beneficial or consequential effects resulting from pharmacologic inhibition of BACE1 are reviewed in context of ongoing clinical trials testing the effect of BACE1 candidate inhibitor drugs in AD populations. Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease; amyloid hypothesis; BACE1; beta secretase; pharmacology 1. Introduction Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a fatal progressive neurodegenerative disorder, slowly eroding memory, cognition, and functions of daily living, inevitably culminating in death from pneumonia and infectious diseases resulting from failure to thrive, loss of fine motor skills, and incapacitation. Treatment is limited to therapeutics that alleviate symptoms of memory loss, but are effective for a relatively short duration during and after which disease progression continues. -
Supplementary Table S4. FGA Co-Expressed Gene List in LUAD
Supplementary Table S4. FGA co-expressed gene list in LUAD tumors Symbol R Locus Description FGG 0.919 4q28 fibrinogen gamma chain FGL1 0.635 8p22 fibrinogen-like 1 SLC7A2 0.536 8p22 solute carrier family 7 (cationic amino acid transporter, y+ system), member 2 DUSP4 0.521 8p12-p11 dual specificity phosphatase 4 HAL 0.51 12q22-q24.1histidine ammonia-lyase PDE4D 0.499 5q12 phosphodiesterase 4D, cAMP-specific FURIN 0.497 15q26.1 furin (paired basic amino acid cleaving enzyme) CPS1 0.49 2q35 carbamoyl-phosphate synthase 1, mitochondrial TESC 0.478 12q24.22 tescalcin INHA 0.465 2q35 inhibin, alpha S100P 0.461 4p16 S100 calcium binding protein P VPS37A 0.447 8p22 vacuolar protein sorting 37 homolog A (S. cerevisiae) SLC16A14 0.447 2q36.3 solute carrier family 16, member 14 PPARGC1A 0.443 4p15.1 peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, coactivator 1 alpha SIK1 0.435 21q22.3 salt-inducible kinase 1 IRS2 0.434 13q34 insulin receptor substrate 2 RND1 0.433 12q12 Rho family GTPase 1 HGD 0.433 3q13.33 homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase PTP4A1 0.432 6q12 protein tyrosine phosphatase type IVA, member 1 C8orf4 0.428 8p11.2 chromosome 8 open reading frame 4 DDC 0.427 7p12.2 dopa decarboxylase (aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase) TACC2 0.427 10q26 transforming, acidic coiled-coil containing protein 2 MUC13 0.422 3q21.2 mucin 13, cell surface associated C5 0.412 9q33-q34 complement component 5 NR4A2 0.412 2q22-q23 nuclear receptor subfamily 4, group A, member 2 EYS 0.411 6q12 eyes shut homolog (Drosophila) GPX2 0.406 14q24.1 glutathione peroxidase -
Reduced Reelin Expression Accelerates Amyloid-ßplaque
9228 • The Journal of Neuroscience, July 7, 2010 • 30(27):9228–9240 Neurobiology of Disease Reduced Reelin Expression Accelerates Amyloid- Plaque Formation and Tau Pathology in Transgenic Alzheimer’s Disease Mice Samira Kocherhans,1* Amrita Madhusudan,1* Jana Doehner,1* Karin S. Breu,1 Roger M. Nitsch,2 Jean-Marc Fritschy,1 and Irene Knuesel1 1Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland, and 2Division of Psychiatry Research, University of Zurich, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland In addition to the fundamental role of the extracellular glycoprotein Reelin in neuronal development and adult synaptic plasticity, alterations in Reelin-mediated signaling have been suggested to contribute to neuronal dysfunction associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In vitro data revealed a biochemical link between Reelin-mediated signaling, Tau phosphorylation, and amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing. To directly address the role of Reelin in amyloid- plaque and Tau pathology in vivo, we crossed heterozygous Reelin knock-out mice (reeler) with transgenic AD mice to investigate the temporal and spatial AD-like neuropathology. We demonstrate that a reduction in Reelin expression results in enhanced amyloidogenic APP processing, as indicated by the precocious production of amyloid- peptides, the significant increase in number and size of amyloid- plaques, as well as age-related aggravation of plaque pathology in double mutant compared with single AD mutant mice of both sexes. Numerous amyloid- plaques accumulate in the hippocampal formation and neocortex of double mutants, precisely in layers with strongest Reelin expression and highest accumulation of Reelin plaques in aged wild-type mice. Moreover, concentric accumulations of phosphorylated Tau-positive neurons around amyloid- plaques were evident in 15-month-old double versus single mutant mice. -
Introduction 1.1 Post-Translational Modifications
Chapter I: Introduction 1.1 Post-translational modifications Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are responsible for dynamic regulation of protein structure and function (Jensen et al., 2006). One example of the function of post-translational modifications in the dynamic regulation of protein structure and function is signal transduction; post-translational modification of key regulatory proteins in signal transduction pathways controls cellular proliferation, metabolism, gene expression, cytoskeletal organization and apoptosis (Jensen et al., 2006). Post-translational modifications not only change the mass of the protein, they are also often responsible for changes in charge, structure and conformation. This leads to changes in the biological activity of proteins like enzymes, the binding affinity of proteins to receptors and other protein-protein interactions (Hoffmann et al., 2008) (Murray et al., 1998). For example, the interaction of the cytokine TGF-beta with its receptor complex results in the phosphorylation of SMAD family proteins which activates these proteins to regulate target gene expression (Massague et al., 2000). Post-translational modified amino acid residues can act as binding sites on proteins for a specific recognition domain on other proteins. For example, phosphorylated tyrosine residues can bind to SH2 or PTB domains (Pawson et al., 1997). Depending on the type of PTM they can be very abundant and have a large number of target proteins, whereas other PTM`s have only a few target proteins. Moreover, some PTM`s are connected with several different residues and not only with one residue. For example multi-site phosphorylation that primarily targets Serine, Threonine and Tyrosine residues is a crucial mechanism for the regulation of protein localization and functional activity (Cohen et al., 2000). -
Urine RAS Components in Mice and People with Type 1 Diabetes and Chronic Kidney Disease
Articles in PresS. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol (May 3, 2017). doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00074.2017 Title: Urine RAS components in mice and people with type 1 diabetes and chronic kidney disease Running title: Urine RAS components in diabetic kidney disease Authors: Jan Wysocki, MD-PhD, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA Anne Goodling, BA. Kidney Research Institute and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA Mar Burgaya, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA Kathryn Whitlock, MS. Center for Child Health, Behavior and Development, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA John Ruzinski, BS. Kidney Research Institute and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA Daniel Batlle, MD, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611 Maryam Afkarian, MD-PhD, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 Corresponding author: Maryam Afkarian, MD-PhD, 4150 V Street, Suite 3500, Sacramento, CA 95817. Telephone: (916) 734-3774 Fax: (916) 734-7920. Email: [email protected]. Abstract word count: 250 Key words: diabetic kidney disease, renin angiotensin system, angiotensinogen, cathepsin D, angiotensin converting