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Des Origines Du Programme Nucléaire Français À Nos Jours
Résistance et Dissuasion Des originesRésistance du programme et nucléaire Dissuasion français à nos jours Des originesRésistance du programme et nucléaire Dissuasion français à nos jours Des origines du programme nucléaire français à nos jours EXPOSITION Résistance et Dissuasion Des origines du programme nucléaire français à nos jours © D.R. – ECPAD/Défense / Archives historiques CEA / Archives © D.R. – ECPAD/Défense Résistance et Dissuasion Des origines du programme nucléaire français à nos jours LE RÔLE PIONNIER DE LA FRANCE DANS LE DOMAINE DE L’éNERGIE NUCLÉAIRE De la découverte de la radioactivité naturelle à celle de la radioactivité artificielle Extrait du discours de réception du prix Nobel de physique, le 6 juin 1905, par Pierre Curie « (…) On peut concevoir encore que dans des mains criminelles le radium puisse devenir très dangereux, ès la fin du XIXe siècle, la France exerce un rôle majeur dans la Ci-dessus : Henri Becquerel dans son laboratoire, 1903 – D.R. et ici on peut se demander si l’humanité a avantage découverte de l’énergie atomique. C’est ainsi que le physicien Henri à connaître les secrets de la nature, si elle est mûre Becquerel découvre en 1896 le rayonnement émis par les sels À gauche : Pierre et Marie Curie dans leur laboratoire, vers 1898 pour en profiter ou si cette connaissance ne lui sera D Musée Curie (coll. ACJC) d’uranium ; c’est une découverte considérable car il vient de mettre en pas nuisible. Ci-dessous : Frédéric Joliot et Irène Curie dans leur laboratoire, évidence le phénomène de la radioactivité naturelle. L’étape suivante vers 1934 – Musée Curie (coll. -
Lew Kowarski
Lew Kowarski 1907-1979 Avant-propos ~~~'\ John B. Adams Les textes publies dans le present document sont ceux directeur de son Departement des sciences naturelles. des allocutions prononcees !ors d'une reunion a la me Denis de Rougemont, comme Lew Kowarski, a done pris moire de Lew Kowarski, qui s'est tenue au CERN a une grande part a la creation du CERN et s'est trouve en Geneve le 20 decembre 1979. contact avec Kowarski, tant a ce moment-la que pendant Ces allocutions couvrent les differentes phases de la vie Jes annees ou ce dernier a travaille au CERN. Leurs rela et de !'oeuvre de Lew Kowarski, et chaque orateur s'est tions se resserrerent encore apres que Kowarski eut pris sa trouve en association etroite avec lui a differentes epoques retraite. de sa carriere. Jean Mussard a egalement concouru a la creation du Jules Gueron a rencontre Kowarski avant la seconde CERN car, a l'epoque ou !'UNESCO entreprenait d'ela guerre mondiale alors qu'il travaillait au laboratoire de borer le projet d'un Laboratoire europeen de physique Joliot a Paris. Ensemble, ils entrerent a «Tube Alloys», nucleaire, ii etait directeur adjoint de la Division pour la nom de code pour le projet d'energie nucleaire en Angle cooperation scientifique internationale a l'UNESCO et terre, et se rendirent au Canada quand ce projet y fut Pierre Auger le chargea de cette elaboration. C'est ainsi transfere en 1943. Apres la guerre, tous deux devinrent qu'il entra en contact avec Lew Kowarski et ii resta en directeurs au CEA, en France, puis leurs itineraires se rapport etroit avec lui jusqu'au deces de celui-ci. -
ABSTRACT Title of Dissertation: the PRINCIPAL UNCERTAINTY: U.S
ABSTRACT Title of Dissertation: THE PRINCIPAL UNCERTAINTY: U.S. ATOMIC INTELLIGENCE, 1942-1949 Vincent Jonathan Houghton, Doctor of Philosophy, 2013 Dissertation directed by: Professor Jon T. Sumida Department of History The subject of this dissertation is the U. S. atomic intelligence effort against both Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union in the period 1942-1949. Both of these intelligence efforts operated within the framework of an entirely new field of intelligence: scientific intelligence. Because of the atomic bomb, for the first time in history a nation’s scientific resources – the abilities of its scientists, the state of its research institutions and laboratories, its scientific educational system – became a key consideration in assessing a potential national security threat. Considering how successfully the United States conducted the atomic intelligence effort against the Germans in the Second World War, why was the United States Government unable to create an effective atomic intelligence apparatus to monitor Soviet scientific and nuclear capabilities? Put another way, why did the effort against the Soviet Union fail so badly, so completely, in all potential metrics – collection, analysis, and dissemination? In addition, did the general assessment of German and Soviet science lead to particular assumptions about their abilities to produce nuclear weapons? How did this assessment affect American presuppositions regarding the German and Soviet strategic threats? Despite extensive historical work on atomic intelligence, the current historiography has not adequately addressed these questions. THE PRINCIPAL UNCERTAINTY: U.S. ATOMIC INTELLIGENCE, 1942-1949 By Vincent Jonathan Houghton Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Maryland, College Park, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2013 Advisory Committee: Professor Jon T. -
Churchill Was Not As Short Sighted As Hitler and Saw the Danger Of
Britain and the atomic bomb: MAUD to Nagasaki. Item Type Thesis Authors Gorman, Claire L. Rights <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc-nd/3.0/"><img alt="Creative Commons License" style="border-width:0" src="http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by- nc-nd/3.0/88x31.png" /></a><br />The University of Bradford theses are licenced under a <a rel="license" href="http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/">Creative Commons Licence</a>. Download date 25/09/2021 12:38:38 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10454/4332 Chapter Three: The Allies and the bomb, August 1943 to August 1945 1. Germany Churchill realised a German nuclear weapon could threaten London. If Germany had a nuclear reactor it would be possible to launch a radioactive strike on the British capital. Accordingly, the British planned an audacious raid on the German heavy water supply in Norway. An attack squad was parachuted into the Norsk Hydro plant on 16th February 1943. This attack was „completely successful.‟1 The attack party planted explosives in the factory, causing extensive damage „and over 4 months‟ stock of “heavy water” were destroyed.‟2 Later that year, the British were dismayed to learn via the Norwegian underground that the Norsk Hydro plant had not in fact been put out of action. By August 1943 it had resumed production. The fact that the Germans had rebuilt the High Concentration Plant so rapidly was taken by the Allies as „a clear indication that the uranium project had a high priority in the German war effort.‟3 John Anderson decided prompt action was essential and the plant should be attacked once again. -
The Nuclear Engineer, C1940-1965
Johnston, S.F. (2009) Creating a Canadian profession: the nuclear engineer, c. 1940-1968. Canadian Journal of History / Annales Canadiennes d'Histoire, 44 (3). pp. 435-466. ISSN 0008-4107 http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/24891/ Deposited on: 11 February 2010 Enlighten – Research publications by members of the University of Glasgow http://eprints.gla.ac.uk Abstract/Résumé analytique Creating a Canadian Profession: The Nuclear Engineer, c. 1940-1968 Sean F. Johnston Canada, as one of the three Allied nations collaborating on atomic energy development during the Second World War, had an early start in applying its new knowledge and defining a new profession. Owing to postwar secrecy and distinct national aims for the field, nuclear engineering was shaped uniquely by the Canadian context. Alone among the postwar powers, Canadian exploration of atomic energy eschewed military applications; the occupation emerged within a governmental monopoly; the intellectual content of the discipline was influenced by its early practitioners, administrators, scarce resources, and university niches; and a self-recognized profession coalesced later than did its American and British counterparts. This paper argues that the history of the emergence of Canadian nuclear engineers exemplifies unusually strong shaping of technical expertise by political and cultural context. Le Canada, une des trois nations Alliées collaborant au développement de l’énergie atomique durant la Deuxième Guerre mondiale connut une avance précoce dans la mise en application de cette nouvelle connaissance et dans la définition de cette nouvelle profession. À cause du secret de l’aprèsguerre et des buts nationaux très nets, l’industrie nucléaire fut modelée uniquement par le contexte canadien. -
June 17, 1993 Interview with André Finkelstein by Avner Cohen
Digital Archive digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org International History Declassified June 17, 1993 Interview with André Finkelstein by Avner Cohen Citation: “Interview with André Finkelstein by Avner Cohen,” June 17, 1993, History and Public Policy Program Digital Archive, From the personal collection of Avner Cohen. https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/113997 Summary: Transcript of Avner Cohen's 1993 interview with André Finkelstein. Finkelstein, deputy director of the IAEA and a ranking official within the French Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), discusses Franco- Israeli nuclear technology exchange and collaboration in this 1993 interview. Credits: This document was made possible with support from the Leon Levy Foundation and Carnegie Corporation of New York (CCNY). Original Language: English Contents: English Transcription Interview with Dr. André Finkelstein [1] This interview was conducted on 17 June 1993 in Paris, France. Interviewer: Dr. Avner Cohen Dr. André Finkelstein: I was trained as a physical chemist, I spent two years in Rochester University in New York and then I came back and joined the French Commission.[2],[3] Dr. Avner Cohen: When was that? Finkelstein: ’53. And I was involved in isotope tritium production and then quickly the Commission was expanding very quickly, so many people had no chance to stay in the lab very long and I was called to headquarters and I was in international affairs. I float[ed] for many years in [International Atomic Energy Agency] IAEA[4] in Vienna and I was for four years as deputy director general in Vienna and then I came back . Cohen: For Hans Blix?[5] Finkelstein: Before Hans Blix, with [Sigvard] Eklund [6] in the Department of Research and Isotopes. -
Nuclear Proliferation International History Project
Nuclear Proliferation International History Project From the Peaceful Atom to the Peaceful Explosion: Indo-French nuclear relations during the Cold War, 1950–1974 By Jayita Sarkar NPIHP Working Paper #3 September 2013 THE NUCLEAR PROLIFERATION INTERNATIONAL HISTORY PROJECT WORKING PAPER SERIES Christian F. Ostermann, Leopoldo Nuti and Evan Pikulski, Series Editors This paper is one of a series of Working Papers published by the Nuclear Proliferation International History Project. The Nuclear Proliferation International History Project (NPIHP) is a global network of individuals and institutions engaged in the study of international nuclear history through archival documents, oral history interviews and other empirical sources. Recognizing that today’s toughest nuclear challenges have deep roots in the past, NPIHP seeks to transcend the East vs. West paradigm to work towards an integrated international history of nuclear weapon proliferation. The continued proliferation of nuclear weapons is one of the most pressing security issues of our time, yet the empirically-based study of international nuclear history remains in its infancy. NPIHP’s programs to address this central issue include: the annual Nuclear Boot Camp for M.A. and Ph.D. candidates to foster a new generation of experts on the international history of nuclear weapons; the NPIHP Fellowship Program for advanced Ph.D. students and post-doctoral researchers hosted by NPIHP partner institutions around the world; a coordinated, global research effort which combines archival mining and oral history interviews conducted by NPIHP partners; a massive translation and digitization project aimed at making documentary evidence on international nuclear history broadly accessible online; a series of conferences, workshops and seminars hosted by NPIHP partners around the world. -
From the Peaceful Atom to the Peaceful Explosion: Indo-French Nuclear Relations During the Cold War, 1950–1974
Nuclear Proliferation International History Project From the Peaceful Atom to the Peaceful Explosion: Indo-French nuclear relations during the Cold War, 1950–1974 By Jayita Sarkar NPIHP Working Paper #3 September 2013 THE NUCLEAR PROLIFERATION INTERNATIONAL HISTORY PROJECT WORKING PAPER SERIES Christian F. Ostermann, Leopoldo Nuti and Evan Pikulski, Series Editors This paper is one of a series of Working Papers published by the Nuclear Proliferation International History Project. The Nuclear Proliferation International History Project (NPIHP) is a global network of individuals and institutions engaged in the study of international nuclear history through archival documents, oral history interviews and other empirical sources. Recognizing that today’s toughest nuclear challenges have deep roots in the past, NPIHP seeks to transcend the East vs. West paradigm to work towards an integrated international history of nuclear weapon proliferation. The continued proliferation of nuclear weapons is one of the most pressing security issues of our time, yet the empirically-based study of international nuclear history remains in its infancy. NPIHP’s programs to address this central issue include: • the annual Nuclear Boot Camp for M.A. and Ph.D. candidates to foster a new generation of experts on the international history of nuclear weapons; • the NPIHP Fellowship Program for advanced Ph.D. students and post-doctoral researchers hosted by NPIHP partner institutions around the world; • a coordinated, global research effort which combines archival mining and oral history interviews conducted by NPIHP partners; • a massive translation and digitization project aimed at making documentary evidence on international nuclear history broadly accessible online; • a series of conferences, workshops and seminars hosted by NPIHP partners around the world. -
Montréal 8 Novembre 2014 Le Laboratoire Secret
Centenaire Pierre Demers – Montréal 8 novembre 2014 Le Laboratoire Secret de l’Université de Montréal (1942-46) Antoine Théorêt Bonsoir mesdames et messieurs, Professeur Pierre Demers à l’occasion de votre centenaire je salue en vous un homme passionné qui durant sa vie entière a conservé toute sa foi et son enthousiasme pour la recherche scientifique mais s’est rebellé de voir la Science dépecée aujourd’hui en spécialités de plus en plus étroites alors que vous fidèle aux valeurs des savants de la Renaissance comme le suggère Marco Fontani vous recherchez à l’enrichir par votre tempérament d’artiste. Vous n’avez jamais accepté que vos multiples intérêts de recherche soient entravés par de quelconques contraintes imposées par les codes de la science actuelle ; votre ami, le botaniste Pierre Dansereau a déjà dit de vous qu’aucun autre professeur n’avait autant profité de sa liberté académique et cela vous a bien servi à poursuivre votre démarche originale et souvent audacieuse. Le mois de novembre est celui ou l’on commémore le Jour du Souvenir en mémoire de ceux qui ont combattu pour protéger nos droits et libertés durant le premier conflit mondial. Pour vous qui avez mené au cours de votre vie plusieurs luttes et combats avec la pugnacité légendaire que l’on vous connait, j’aimerais faire un retour de 75 ans sur votre passé pour évoquer votre participation à l’âge de 25 ans dans la Bataille des Laboratoires entre les Alliés et l’Allemagne durant la seconde guerre mondiale. Un épisode extraordinaire de votre vie qui allait marquer profondément votre carrière. -
Thorium Research in the Manhattan Project Era
University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Masters Theses Graduate School 5-2014 Thorium Research in the Manhattan Project Era Kirk Frederick Sorensen University of Tennessee - Knoxville, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes Recommended Citation Sorensen, Kirk Frederick, "Thorium Research in the Manhattan Project Era. " Master's Thesis, University of Tennessee, 2014. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/2758 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Kirk Frederick Sorensen entitled "Thorium Research in the Manhattan Project Era." I have examined the final electronic copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Master of Science, with a major in Nuclear Engineering. Ondrej Chvala, Major Professor We have read this thesis and recommend its acceptance: Laurence Miller, Howard Hall Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) Thorium Research in the Manhattan Project Era A Thesis Presented for the Master of Science Degree The University of Tennessee, Knoxville Kirk Frederick Sorensen May 2014 © by Kirk Frederick Sorensen, 2014 All Rights Reserved. ii to my patient and wonderful wife Quincy.. -
(CEA/DAM) a Key Player in Developing France's Nuclear Deterrent
The Military Applications Division (CEA/DAM) a key player in developing France's nuclear deterrent a key player in developing France's nuclear deterrent nuclear France's in developing player a key From the pioneers of nuclear physics Military Applications Division (DAM) to the Simulation Programme www-dam.cea.fr ISBN : 978-2-9574210-1-5 http://www.barcode-generator.de The Military Applications Division (CEA/DAM) - (CEA/DAM) Division MilitaryThe Applications The Military Applications Division (CEA/DAM) a key player in developing France's nuclear deterrent From the pioneers of nuclear physics to the Simulation Programme CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 5 FROM BECQUEREL TO GERBOISE BLEUE (1896 – 1960) Early scientific discoveries 12 French nuclear scientists in the Resistance 14 Setting up the CEA 18 The plan to develop a French nuclear industry 21 Towards the First French nuclear test 38 CHAPTER 2 49 FROM THE ATOMIC BOMB TO THERMONUCLEAR WEAPONS (1960 - 1968) Nuclear defence and planning 54 The emergence of France's nuclear strategy 58 The DAM: development and growth 62 Access to the H bomb and the key role of nuclear testing 66 CHAPTER 3 71 CONSOLIDATING FRANCE'S DEFENCE NUCLEAR CAPABILITY (1969 - 1981) Development of France's strategic Triad 76 Development of tactical nuclear weapons 80 Nuclear testing strategy 84 CHAPTER 4 89 SHIFTS AND CONTINUITY (1981-1996) Modernizing the Nuclear Forces and the end of the Cold War 94 France's disarmament policy 98 From the moratorium to the definitive end to nuclear tests 104 CHAPTER 5 107 SIMULATION, THE ULTIMATE TOOL GUARANTEEING THE FRENCH NUCLEAR WEAPONS SINCE 1996 Developing the Simulation Programme 118 The CEA/DAM's opening policy 126 The DAM, a key player in France's defence system 130 FROM BECQUEREL TO GERBOISE BLEUE 18961 - 1960 In this first chapter, we will focus on the early days Great Britain and then in North America. -
141 Unpublished Sources and Primary Documents Chadwick
Britain and the atomic bomb: MAUD to Nagasaki. Item Type Thesis Authors Gorman, Claire L. Rights <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc-nd/3.0/"><img alt="Creative Commons License" style="border-width:0" src="http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by- nc-nd/3.0/88x31.png" /></a><br />The University of Bradford theses are licenced under a <a rel="license" href="http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/">Creative Commons Licence</a>. Download date 28/09/2021 18:33:51 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10454/4332 Bibliography: Unpublished Sources and Primary Documents Chadwick Papers CHAD 1/12/2, Minutes of MAUD Technical Committee 9/4/41, Churchill Archives Centre (henceforth CAC) CHAD 1/19/8, Letter from Francis Simon to James Chadwick, 19/9/41, CAC CHAD 1/19/8, Letter from Pye to James Chadwick, 19/9/1941, CAC CHAD 1/19/8, Letter from Pye to James Chadwick, 16/10/41, CAC CHAD 1/19/8, Letter from Francis Simon to James Chadwick, 20/1/43, CAC CHAD 1/28/2, Relations between American and British S1 Project, CAC CHAD 1/29/2, General Policy on atomic Energy, British scientific office, 2/1/43, CAC CHAD 1/28/6, Notes of a meeting at Liverpool University, 30/6/40, CAC CHAD 1/28/6, MAUD Report on Uranium as an explosive, CAC CHAD 1/28/6, MAUD Committee Report on Uranium Fission, 26/8/41, CAC CHAD 1/30/3, 4TH Meeting of Tube Alloys Technical Committee, 23/4/42, CAC CHAD 1/30/3, 11TH Meeting of Tube Alloys Technical Committee, 13/11/42, CAC CHAD 1/30/3, 12TH Meeting of Tube Alloys Technical Committee, 11/12/42, CAC CHAD 4/4/4, French Members of Montreal staff, 31/1/45, CAC CHAD 4/4/4, Preserving Security over the French scientists working on the Canadian Project, 20/1/45, CAC CHAD 4/4/4, James Chadwick to Mackenzie King, CAC CHAD 4/6/1, Meeting of the Combined Policy Committee, 22/1/45, CAC CHAD 4/6/29, Statement on sentence passed on Dr.