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Geological Society of America Bulletin Downloaded from gsabulletin.gsapubs.org on February 11, 2014 Geological Society of America Bulletin Volcano-tectonic interactions during rapid plate-boundary evolution in the Kyushu region, SW Japan S.H. Mahony, L.M. Wallace, M. Miyoshi, P. Villamor, R.S.J. Sparks and T. Hasenaka Geological Society of America Bulletin 2011;123, no. 11-12;2201-2223 doi: 10.1130/B30408.1 Email alerting services click www.gsapubs.org/cgi/alerts to receive free e-mail alerts when new articles cite this article Subscribe click www.gsapubs.org/subscriptions/ to subscribe to Geological Society of America Bulletin Permission request click http://www.geosociety.org/pubs/copyrt.htm#gsa to contact GSA Copyright not claimed on content prepared wholly by U.S. government employees within scope of their employment. 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Notes © 2011 Geological Society of America Downloaded from gsabulletin.gsapubs.org on February 11, 2014 Volcano-tectonic interactions during rapid plate-boundary evolution in the Kyushu region, SW Japan S.H. Mahony1,†, L.M. Wallace2, M. Miyoshi3, P. Villamor2, R.S.J. Sparks1, and T. Hasenaka4 1Department of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Wills Memorial Building, Queens Road, Bristol, BS8 1RJ, UK 2GNS Science, 1 Fairway Drive, Avalon, Lower Hutt 5010, New Zealand 3Beppu Geothermal Research Laboratory, Institute for Geothermal Sciences, Kyoto University, Noguchibaru, Beppu, Oita 874-0903, Japan 4Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION led to a complex volcanic history; since 15 Ma there have been “fl ood” basalt and andesite Evolution of the local plate tectonic and At subduction margins, volcanic and tectonic lavas, backarc monogenetic volcanoes, and arc volcanic system relationship at Kyushu processes are intrinsically linked. The distri- volcanoes varying in behavior from lava domes Island is defi ned by major changes in tec- bution and style of volcanism depends on the to calderas. tonics and volcanic style at ca. 15, 10, 6, regional tectonic framework, factors includ- Abundant geophysical and geological infor- and 2 Ma. Plate reconstructions presented ing: subducting slab dynamics, morphology mation for Kyushu allows an in-depth study here suggest that prior to 15 Ma, the Pacifi c and composition, mantle-wedge geodynam- of how volcanism over the past 15 Ma has plate subduction dominated Kyushu tecton- ics, upper-plate structure and composition, and responded to changes in plate convergence ics. From 15 to 6 Ma, the evolving relative regional tectonic deformation. Likewise, tecton- directions and subducting slab characteristics. In plate motions shifted the triple junction ics can be strongly infl uenced by the location of Kyushu the volcanic-tectonic system is young, between the Pacifi c plate, Philippine Sea active volcanism; for example, the upper plate complex, and rapidly changing. Geochemical plate, and southwest Japan northwards, can be thermally weakened by magmatism, and data are integrated into our analysis by using so that the Philippine Sea plate was sub- thereby magmatism can lead to the localization patterns in distribution of fl uid mobile elements, ducted beneath Kyushu. We suggest that a of deformation. Volcanic processes can perturb giving further insight into the volcanic and tec- lack of subduction-related volcanism from regional stress fi elds and infl uence the style of tonic evolution. We suggest that the volcano- 10 to 6 Ma is due to shallow subduction of faulting. Some plate boundaries undergo rapid tectonic evolution of the Kyushu region is con- the young Shikoku Basin lithosphere. By temporal and spatial changes, particularly sistent with the history of Philippine Sea plate 6–5 Ma, changes in the Philippine Sea plate where there is strong along-strike variation in motion as constrained by paleomagnetic and motion led to more rapid, nearly trench- the age of the subducting plate, or where a triple seafl oor spreading studies (Hall et al., 1995a, normal, subduction of the Eocene west Phil- junction is present. 1995b; Sdrolias et al., 2004). Our hypothesis ippine Basin crust beneath Kyushu. This Kyushu is located in southwest Japan for the volcano-tectonic evolution of Kyushu model is supported by an increase in arc- (Fig. 1), where the Philippine Sea plate is sub- is at odds with most published interpretations like geochemistry of lavas since ca. 6.5 Ma. ducted beneath the Amurian plate, a subplate by suggesting a mid-Miocene onset of the Izu Subduction of fl uid-rich features such as the of the Eurasian plate (e.g., Petit and Fournier, arc collision with central Japan (e.g., Seno and Kyushu-Palau ridge introduced large vol- 2005; DeMets et al., 2010). Philippine Sea plate Maruyama, 1984; Watanabe, 2005; Saito et al., umes of fl uids into the Kyushu arc system, subduction has led to a well-developed volcanic 2007). This highlights the need to resolve the leading to voluminous volcanism across arc in Kyushu. However, over the past 15 Ma, fundamental disconnect between current under- Kyushu, focused particularly in areas where there have been periods of apparent slow sub- standing of past Philippine Sea plate motion and the ridge subduction occurs in tandem with duction, changes in subduction direction, sub- the timing of Izu arc collision. local extensional tectonics. Key issues, such duction of a ridge, shallow plate subduction, as the timing of Izu arc collision with central clockwise and anticlockwise vertical axis rota- CENOZOIC TECTONIC SETTING IN Japan and the history of motion of the Phil- tion of the forearc region between the volcanic THE REGION OF SOUTHWEST JAPAN ippine Sea plate, are reassessed here, result- front and the trench, rollback of the subducting ing in a model that favors Izu arc–central slab and backarc and intra-arc rifting, as well as Throughout the Cenozoic, the long-term evo- Japan collision at ca. 8–6 Ma, rather than changes in relative motion of the adjacent tec- lution of the Pacifi c margin of Southeast Asia the more widely accepted date of ca. 15 Ma. tonic plates. These major Cenozoic changes in provided the overriding driving force behind tectonic setting (e.g., Cambray and Cadet, 1994; more localized margin changes in Japan. Prior Kamata and Kodama, 1994; Yamaji, 2003) have to late Cenozoic time, the entire length of the †E-mail: [email protected] GSA Bulletin; November/December 2011; v. 123; no. 11/12; p. 2201–2223; doi: 10.1130/B30408.1; 14 fi gures; 4 tables; Data Repository item 2011289. For permission to copy, contact [email protected] 2201 © 2011 Geological Society of America Downloaded from gsabulletin.gsapubs.org on February 11, 2014 Mahony et al. Japanese islands was underthrust by the Pacifi c a 12–30 Ma timing (Otofuji and Matsuda, 1983; lithosphere formed due to rifting and spreading plate (Taira, 2001; Hall, 2002). Since that time, Tamaki et al., 1992), while other data sets sug- in the eastern part of the Philippine Sea plate paleomagnetic data and spreading histories of gest a more short-lived opening history from between 30 and 15 Ma (Watts and Weissel, 1975; marginal basins have been interpreted to sug- 14 to 16 Ma (Otofuji et al., 1991). To accom- Kobayashi and Nakada, 1979; Okino et al., gest three major periods of regional tectonic modate the Sea of Japan opening, the Japanese 1999; Hall, 2002; Sdrolias et al., 2004) (Fig. 1). development in the adjacent Southeast Asia and islands parted from the Asian mainland (Tamaki The Kyushu-Palau ridge divided the young Shi- the southwest Pacifi c regions, at 45 Ma, 25 Ma, et al., 1992; Jolivet et al., 1994; Maruyama et koku Basin (eastern Philippine Sea plate) from and 5 Ma (Hall et al., 1995a, 1995b; Hall, 1998). al., 1997; Lee et al., 1999), with ~45° clockwise the 40–60 Ma West Philippine Basin (western Although the exact history and timing is con- rotation of Kyushu and southwest Honshu and Philippine Sea plate) lithosphere. The Kyushu- troversial, the Sea of Japan opened up west of ~45° anticlockwise rotation of northeast Hon- Palau ridge is a remnant Eocene– Oligocene Japan sometime between the mid-Oligocene shu and Hokkaido (Jolivet and Tamaki, 1992; arc that split away from the Izu-Bonin-Mariana and the mid-Miocene; some data sets indicate Otofuji et al., 1991, 1994). The Shikoku Basin arc during Shikoku Basin rifting. These events strongly infl uenced the position and nature of the triple junction (Fig. 1) between the Pacifi c 124° 128° 132° 136° 140° 144° 148° plate, Philippine Sea plate, and Eurasian plate (or Amurian subplate), which has evolved since Okhotsk Eurasian 15 Ma, impacting the tectonic history of central plate plate HOKKAIDO and southwest Japan. (Amurian 44° subplate) Present Day Kuril Trench Japan is currently located astride two subduc- tion margins: the Pacifi c plate is being subducted 40° beneath northern Japan, while the Philippine Sea plate is being subducted beneath southwest Sea of Japan 10 mm/yr Japan (Fig. 1). Much of the upper plate in south- HONSHU west Japan is part of the Amurian plate (Wei and Seno, 1998).
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