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Proverbs 31:10-31 in a South African Context: a Bosadi (Womanhood)

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Proverbs 31:10-31 in a South African Context: a Bosadi (Womanhood) PROVERBS 31:10-31 IN A SOUTH AFRICAN CONTEXT: A BOSADI (WOMANHOOD) PERSPECTIVE by MADIPOANE JOYCE MASENY A (ngwana' MPHAHLELE) Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF LITERATURE AND PHILOSOPHY in the subject BIBLICAL STUDIES at the UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA PROMOTER: PROFESSOR J.J_ BURDEN JUNE 1996 DEDICATED TO Bomma - Tlou! And Ngwaladi! my mother-in-law, my sisters and all women struggling under kyriarchal post-apartheid South Africa \ ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The following (people and institutions) deserve a big THANK YOU from the present researcher: I. My promoter, Professor J J Burden for his constant and moreover fatherly gnidance as we struggled together through the thick forest of women's politics. 2. a. The co-ordinators of the Study of Women in Church History at Garrett- Evangelical Theological Seminary (GETS) at Evanston, (IL): Doctors Rosemary R Ruether and Rosemary S Keller for having invited me as a visiting scholar to Garrett-Evangelical Theological Seminary in 1995. My three months' stay at this Seminary which included attending classes and using the joint libraries of GETS, North Western University and Seabury - Western Theological Seminary free of charge, was quite an experience for me, particularly in feminist research. b. Dr Phyllis A Bird who actually facilitated my contacts with Garrett-- Evangelical Theological Seminary. Despite her work load during my stay at GETS, she constantly and patiently gnided me through parts of this thesis. 3. Dr Claudia Camp of Texas Christian University (Texas) for her valuable insights particularly with regard to Chapter Three of this thesis. 4. a. The University of the North for providing financially for my doctoral research through the years 1993-1995. b. The Research Section of the University of the North for having met me half-way with the finances for the present research and for having assisted me financially to be in a position to visit Garrett-Evangelical Theological Seminary on a research mission. c. The University of the North for having exposed me to the world of academics by giving me the opportunity and the finances to attend academic seminars and congresses. d. All my former colleagues at the University of the North - Faculty of Theology­ for the motivation they provided towards this research; in particular Professor S T Kgatla for his encouragement and support; Mr K D Payle for composing the Hebrew quotations of this thesis. 5. The University of South Africa for having assisted me financially for the year 1996. 6. The rich and organised library of the University of South Africa for providing me with the necessary material when needed. 7. Mrs A M Herholdt and Ms A Pretorius for their dedication in typing this work. 8. Mr D G Vale (Matjasana) for editing my African/Sothoised English. 9. My family - Malesela, my husband; Tumisho, TshegofatSo, Lerato and Thabo - dithorwana tSa ka (my grains) for the warmth and the love they provided me during my struggle through this research and always - BAKONE! ! 10. ToModimo, my Maker; to Jesus, the Sophia (Wisdom) of Yahweh, my Saviour and to the liberating Spirit, my Sustainer, for the strength and ability to complete this work. CONTENTS CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION: PROBLEM STATEMENT A CONTEXTUALISATION AND PROBLEM STATEMENT 1-7 B. POSTULATION OF A HYPOTHESIS 8-9 C. MOTIVATION FOR VALIDITY OF THE PRESENT STUDY 9-10 D. METHODOLOGYUSEDFOR THIS STUDY 10-24 1. FINDING AN OWN APPROACH 10-14 2. RECEPTION CRITICISM 14-17 3. SOCIO-CRITICAL HERMENEUTICS 17-22 a. Feminism as a critical theory 17-20 b. The Habermassian theory of communicative action 20-22 4. HISTORICAL-CRITICAL METHOD 22-24 a. Weaknesses of the historical-critical method 23-23 b. Strengths of the historical-critical method 23-24 E. PRESUPPOSITIONS AND TEXT THEORY 24-30 1. PRESUPPOSITIONS UNDERLYING PRESENT RESEARCH 24-26 a. General observation 24-25 b. Presuppositions 25-26 2. THEORETICAL TEXTUAL FOUNDATION OF RESEARCH 27-30 F. CHAPTER DIVISION 31-31 G ENDNOTES 32-32 • Ill m~I~~ II iIll \Iii 11 1661967 i CHAPTER2 READING THE BIBLE FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF WOMEN A. INTRODUCTION 33-36 B. A SURVEY OF MAINLINE (NORTH AMERICAN) FEMINIST BIBLICAL HERMENEUTICS 36-57 I. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS 36-38 2. SOME COMMON KEY ELEMENTS IN FEMINIST BIBLICAL HERMENEUTICS 38-57 a. The place of experience in coming to grips with Scripture 38-40 b. Feminists and the Bible 40-48 I. Different conceptions 40-41 ii. Different options 41-47 c. Special problems of methodology in feminist biblical scholarship 48-53 I. Language pertaining to God 49-51 II. Grappling with an androcentric text 52-53 d Review and evaluation 53-57 I. Feminist Biblical hermeneutics and theology 53-53 11. Definition or understanding of patriarchy 54-54 ill. Is the Bible as an androcentric document redeemable? 54-55 IV. The notion of interpretation as value-free 55-57 C. AFRICAN FEMINIST READINGS OF THE BIBLE 58-67 I. A CRITIQUE OF AFRICAN CULTURE AND RECEIVED CHRISTIANITY 59-61 2. CHRISTOLOGY FROM AN AFRICAN FEMINIST THEOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE 61-63 3. HOW AFRICAN FEMINISTS USE THE BIBLE 63-65 a. The authority of the Bible vis-a-vis the experience of women 63-64 b. The Bible and African women 64-65 4. EVALUATING AFRICAN FEMINIST BIBLICAL HERMENEUTICS 65-67 D. SOUTH AFRICAN BLACK FEMINIST READINGS OF THE BIBLE 67-82 I. INTRODUCTION 67-70 ii 2. FACTORS SHAPING BLACK WOMEN'S LIVES IN SOUTH AFRICA 70-79 a. Colonial Imperialism: Racism 70-73 b. Classism 73-74 c. Gender asymmetry 74-79 1. The African culture 75-77 11. The church in South Africa 78-79 3. READING THE BIBLE FROM A NORTHERN SOTHO CONTEXT 79-81 a. The social context of the readers 79-80 b. Approach( es) to the Bible 80-81 4. EVALUATING BLACK FEMINIST THEOLOGICAL DISCOURSES IN SOUTH AFRICA 82-82 E. ENDNOTES 83-85 CHAPTER3 PROVERBS 31:10-31 WITHIN THE BOOK OF PROVERBS A. THE DATE OF THE BOOK OF PROVERBS 86-94 I. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS 86-89 2. THE DATE OF PROVERBS 31:10-31 89-94 B. THE AUTHOR(S)/REDACTOR(S) OF THE BOOK OF PROVERBS 94-97 I. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS 94-95 2. THE SEX OF THE AUTHOR(S)/REDACTOR(S) 95-96 3. THE CLASS OF THE AUTHOR(S)/REDACTOR(S} 96-97 C. THE AUDIENCE OF THE BOOK OF PROVERBS 97-98 D. THE AUTHORSHIP/REDACTION AND READERSHIP OF PROVERBS 31 :10-31 99-101 E. PROVERBS 31: 10-31 IN THE BOOK OF PROVERBS 101-111 I. PROVERBS 31 AND PROVERBS 1-9 101-105 2. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PROVERBS 1-9, PROVERBS 31:10-31ANDPROVERBS10:1-31:9 105-107 3. PROVERBS 31:10-31 WITHIN PROVERBS 31 107-111 iii F. THE IMAGE OF WOMEN IN THE BOOK OF PROVERBS 111-120 1. THE IMAGE OF MOTHER IN PROVERBS 112-114 2. THE IMAGE OF WlFE IN PROVERBS 114-117 a. The wife: manager of household affairs 115-115 b. The counsellor wife 115-117 3. THE 'OTHER/FOREIGN' WOMAN 117-120 G. PROVERBS' IMAGE OF WOMEN IN A POST-EXILIC CONTEXT 120-127 H. A FEMINIST READING OF PROVERBS 31:10-31 127-140 1. INTRODUCTION 127-128 2. EXEGESIS OF PROVERBS 31: 10-31 FROM A FEMINIST PERSPECTIVE 128-140 I. KEY ISSUES IN CIRCLES OF FEMINIST BIBLICAL SCHOLARSHIP 140-148 1. POWER AND AUTHORITY 140-142 2. THE DIVISION BETWEEN THE PRIVATE AND THE PUBLIC SPHERES 142-145 3. A CRITIQUE OF PATRIARCHY 145-148 J. A SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 3 148-149 K. ENDNOTES 150-151 CHAPTER4 AN AFRICAN WOMAN'S LIBERATION READING OF PROVERBS 31:10-31 A. FEMINISM, WOMANISM OR SOMETHING ELSE? 152-156 1. INTRODUCTION 152-152 2. AFRICAN-AMERICAN FEMINISM/WOMANISM 152-153 3. DIFFERENCES IN CONTEXTS 153-156 B. A BOSADI PERSPECTIVE OR APPROACH 156-163 1. EXPLANATORY REMARKS 156-156 2. BOSADI IS A COMPREHENSIVE PERSPECTIVE 157-163 a Bosadi and positive elements of African culture 157-159 1. Bosadi and ubun1u/botho 157-158 11. Bosadi and the significance of the family I58-159 iv b. Bosadi and oppressive elements of African culture 159-159 c. Bosadi and other oppressive forces 159-163 C. PORTRAITS OF WOMEN IN SOME NORTHERN SOTHO AND OTHER AFRICAN PROVERBS 163-181 I. IMAGES OF WOMEN IN THE NORTHERN SOTHO PROVERBS 164-181 a. Women as mothers 165-169 b. Women as wives 169-172 c. The industry of a wife 172-175 d. Negative images about women in the Northern Sotho proverbs 175-181 1. Women are quarrelsome 175-176 11. Women are cowards 176-177 111. Women cannot lead 177-181 D. EVALUATING NORTHERN SOTHO PROVERBS FROM A BOSADI PERSPECTIVE 182-186 I. DEFINITION OF A WOMAN 182-182 2. RELATIONS BETWEEN MEN AND WOMEN 183-183 3. A WOMAN IN MARRIAGE 183-185 4. WOMEN AS MOTHERS 185-186 E. PROVERBS 31 : 10-31 FROM A BOSADI VIEWPOINT 186-204 I. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS 186-190 2. WOMEN: HOUSEHOLD MANAGERS 190-195 3. AN INDUSTRIOUS WOMAN 196-198 4. A WOMAN WHO FEARS THE LORD .. 199-201 5. THE WOMAN OF WORTH AND HER HUSBAND 201-203 6. THE ?'rt mzii-t, A CARING WOMAN 203-204 F. A SUMMARY OF CHAPTER4 204-208 G. ENDNOTES 209-209 CHAPTERS A LAST WORD ON THE BIBLE, WOMEN AND CONTEXT A. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS 210-213 B. A PARTISAN READING OF THE BIBLICAL TEXT 213-216 v I. POSITIVE ASPECTS OF A PARTISAN READING OF THE BIBLICAL TEXT 214-215 2. NEGATIVE ASPECTS OF A PARTISAN READING OF THE TEXT 215-216 C. ENDNOTES 217-217 BIBLIOGRAPHY 218-233 ·.• vi SUMMARY One of the presuppositions of the present research is that readers and their contexts play a significant role in the interpretation of biblical texts.
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