Channel Islands National Park Timeline

2 20,000 Before Present (BP) Sea level 1602 Vizcaino sails past the Channel Islands. 1912 Light beacon placed on AI. 0 approximately 350 feet lower than today. First good charts of the Channel Islands. 0 Northern Channel Islands are one island named 1915 Aggi wrecked off Talcott Shoals, one mile 0 Santarosae by modern researchers. 1769 Portola sails up the coast of . west of SRI. Hyder family moves to SBI to farm. 0 Bay is “discovered.” European settlement of the California coast begins. 1 1920 Prohibition begin. Islands become B 1770 First introduction of glass beads to 9 popular smuggling areas. P Chumash. 2 0 1923 Cuba wrecked off Point Bennett, SMI. 1777 Steel needles in use by Chumash. Decline of shell bead manufacture begins.

1782 Mission San Buenaventura established. 1854 AI set aside for a lighthouse. James Total Chumash population estimated at 8,000 to Whistler produces two copper etchings of AI 10,000 people. for the US Coast and Geodetic Survey.

1793 George Vancouver visits area and gives 1855 US Reservation, Zanja de Cota, islands their present-day names. established for the surviving Chumash near 13,000 BP Sea level begins to rise. Pleistocene Mission Santa Inés. Active sealing in progress fauna—pygmy mammoth, “giant” deer mouse, 1 1800 Aleut hunters active on the islands during on AI. flightless goose, rattlesnake, shrew, vampire 8 this period. Russian and American ships leave bat—begins to disappear. 0 the Aleuts on the islands for long periods of time 1858 T.W. More buys interest in SRI. In 1865 the More family completes buying the island. 0 to hunt otters. The hunters are reported to have 1928 Frenchy Le Dreau takes up residence on 12,900 BP Arlington Springs on Santa Rosa massacred some island American Indians. AI; remains there for 28 years. Island (SRI) inhabited. The oldest known 1 1860 Abalone industry established by the 8 Chinese. human remains found in North America date to 1804 Spanish plan to build a mission on SCI. 1928 Light tower built on SBI. this occupation. Idea later abandoned. 6 0 1862 6,000 sheep reported on SMI. 1929 Jane L. Stanford is dynamited off east 12,000 to 11,500 BP Increased evidence 1806 Measle epidemic. Chumash population is coast of SRI. The Lester family resides on SMI. 1869 SCI Company formed and purchased of human occupation on SRI and San Miguel significantly reduced. Herbert Lester acts as manager of the ranch. Island (SMI), including Daisy Cave on SMI. island to develop as a ranch. Sheep are recorded grazing on AI. 1812 Major earthquake hits the area. 1 1930 Elephant seals return to SMI. 10,500 BP Shell beads, fishing gorges, and sea 9 1 1870 US Census of Agriculture lists 50,000 grass cordage present in archaeological sites. 1816 1,328 Chumash reside at Mission San 3 8 sheep on SCI. Buenaventura. 0 10,000 BP Earliest evidence of human 7 occupation on (SCI). 1820s Last of the Island Chumash population 0 1874 Up to 100,000 sheep reported on SRI. moves from islands to mainland. SMI reported as grazed down to the sand. 7,5000 BP Earliest known Chumash village site on SRI. 1824 Chumash revolt. Many leave the missions 1875 Paul Schumacher excavates archeological only to be brought back later. sites on SCI and SMI. 7,000 BP Population density on the islands begins to rise, significant increase in fish and 1 1878 Leon de Cessac leads first archeological marine mammal exploitation. 8 expedition to AI, SMI, and SCI. 3 5,000 BP Earliest evidence of occupation on 0 1880s Justinian Caire acquires sole ownership (AI). of SCI.

4,000 BP Earliest evidence of occupation on (SBI). 1932 AI lighthouse is completed.

2,500 BP Transition to circular shell fishhooks 1934 SMI transferred to the US Navy. begins, marking an evolution in technology 1830 Thirty convicts are dropped off on SCI and increasing reliance on fishing. Mortars and with provisions. The landing area becomes 1935 Mutiny on the Bounty filmed in part on pestles manufactured on SMI for trade. known as “Prisoners Harbor.” SMI. The film wins best picture of the year.

1 1834 Richard Henry Dana arrives in California 1937 Edwin Stanton purchases 9/10ths of SCI. 5 aboard the Pilgrim and later writes a book about 1892 Goldenhorn wrecked off coast of SRI. 0 his experiences, Two Years Before the Mast. 1938 Channel Islands National Monument 0 is established, encompassing AI and SBI, and 1894 Crown of England wrecked off coast of 1836 George Nidever and hunting party have a 1 administered from Sequoia National Park. B SRI. 9 P skirmish with Aleuts on SRI. 4 1941 AI is designated a Coastal Lookout 1 1900 Ordinances are passed making it 1839 SCI is granted to Andres Castillero 0 Station. The lighthouse is blacked out and men 9 illegal to gather abalone from less than twenty (Mexican Land Grant). are kept on a twenty-four-hour watch from the

Peter Howorth 0 feet of water, ending Chinese commercial tower. 1843 SRI is granted to Jose Antonio and Carlos 0 gathering. 1,5000 BP Tomol (frameless, planked canoe) Carrillo. The island is stocked with cattle, sheep, 1942 A coastal lookout station and aircraft and bow and arrow introduced. and horses the next year. early warning post are established on SBI. New Zealand red rabbits are introduced on SBI. 1,000 BP Micro-blade and shell bead industries 1 1850 California becomes part of the United begin on SCI. Shell beads were used as 8 States (Compromise of 1850). George Nidever 1947 President Truman signs a proclamation money and were traded throughout southern 5 leases SMI from new government and extending the boundaries of Channel Islands California. 0 introduces sheep, cattle, pigs, and horses to the National Monument to include one nautical island. Gull eggs are harvested on the islands mile off the shores of AI and SBI. Phil Orr sets 800 BP Dramatic changes in Chumash and shipped to San Francisco during this period. up camp on SRI and conducts archeological economic and political systems begin— fieldwork for the next 21 years.

increased complexity in social classes, 1850s US Coast Survey begins mapping the Tim Hauf technology, and trade. Channel Islands to improve navigation and 1 commerce. 1901 SRI is purchased by Vail & Vickers Co. 9 650 BP Shell bead production intensifies. The ranch is converted from a sheep ranch to a 5 cattle ranch. 0 1 5 1905 JM Colman wrecked off Pt. Bennett, SMI. 4 0 1907 H. Bay Webster leases AI and lives on Middle AI with his wife and two sons for 10 years.

1909 Japanese and American fishermen harvesting abalone. 1950 The US Air Force establishes a small base at Johnsons Lee on SRI. 1 1910 Eaton Resort is established on SCI. Tim Hauf Northern elephant seals hunted to near 9 1954 Rabbit extermination program initiated extinction—reduced to less than 100 on 1542 Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo sails up the coast 1853 The SS Winfield Scott wrecks off AI. 1 on SBI by the (NPS) and Guadalupe Island off Baja California. of California and dies on a Channel Island. First 0 the US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). written description of the Channel Islands and 1853 Lone Woman of San Nicolas Island is Population is estimated at 2,600 rabbits. their inhabitants. brought to Santa Barbara by George Nidever. 1911 Sea otters are protected by law. Comet wrecked off north coast of SMI. 0 6 9 1 0 8 9 1 0 7 9 1 otters to SanNicolas Island. 1987 USFWS beginsreintroduction sea of 1986 SRIispurchased by NPS. on AI. 1985 Live underwater video program begins Channel. marine species harvested inthe Santa Barbara urchins1985 Sea comprise fifty percent of in Ventura Harbor. constructed for Channel Islands National Park 1982 Visitor center and administration building established. Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary are 1980 Channel Islands National Park and on SCIto The Nature Conservancy. 1978 Dr. Carey Stanton agrees to sell hisland 1975 AI visitor center opens. headquarters ismoved to Ventura Harbor. 1974 Channel Islands National Monument California peaks at almost 144,000pounds. 1972 White abalone harvest insouthern the birds. Anacapa Island, the primary USnesting site for one California brown pelican chick survives at 1970 Dueto pesticide contamination, only 1968 AIlighthouse isautomated. National Monument isestablished inOxnard. 1967 Headquarters for Channel Islands the Interior that allows the to NPS manage SMI. between the USNavy and the of Department 1963 Cooperative agreement established 1962 Chickasaw wrecked off the coast SRI. of SCI. 1960 SantaCruzwrecked inPrisoners Harbor, SBI burns66percent the of island. AI and setupabasecamp. An accidental fire on 1959 First seasonal park rangers arrive on West Monument inSanDiego. is administered from Cabrillo National 1957 Channel Islands National Monument

Tim Hauf Diane Brooks 3 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 9 9 1 wild on SRI. 2003 First island foxes are released back to the protect and restore marine ecosystems. protected areas around the Channel Islands to 2003 The state California of establishes marine eradicated2003 Rats from AI. broadcasts from the islands and underwater. over 1.6million students through live satellite Expedition and other organizations to reach 2002–2003 Park with partners JASON to reestablish the historical island population. eagles2002 Bald released into the park asstep Species Act. endangered under the federal Endangered invertebrate to beproposed for listing as 2002 White abalone become the first marine route since the 1870s. (plank canoe)—the first to travel the historic Limuw (Santa CruzIsland) inatraditional tomol paddle across to the Santa Barbara Channel to 2001 Members the of Chumash community 14,733. the total acreage owned by the public on SCIto acres its of holding on SCIto the bringing NPS, 2001 The Nature Conservancy donates 8,500 animals, are brought into captivity. 2000 The last remaining wild foxes on SRI,15 SMI, 15animals, are brought into captivity. Islands. The remaining wild island foxes on golden eagles from the northern Channel on beginstrapping SCI.NPS and relocation of First golden eagle nest isfound on Coche Point fox decline isdue to predation by golden eagles. 1999 Radiotelemetry study reveals that SMI and removed from SCI. 1999 The last the of sheep are live-captured but 12cattle on SRIby 31,1998. Dec. settlement agreement requiring removal all of Conservation Association, and the sign NPS a 1998 Vail &Vickers, National Parks threatened. SRI and nine plants on SCIasendangered or 1997 USFWS lists eight species plants of on to 6,264. bringing the total acreage owned by the public acquires1996 NPS the last East SCI quarter of unknown reasons. 1995 Island foxes begindeclining on SMI, for 1993 Feral pigs are eliminated from SRI. purchased by the NPS. 1992 Two more East SCIare quarters of 1991 SBIvisitor center opens. NPS. 1991 One-fourth East SCIispurchased of by

Robert Schwemmer Robert Schwemmer 5 0 0 2 7 0 0 2 8 0 0 2 over 30,000 children. 2009 Parks asClassrooms programs educate 300,000. mainland visitor center has increased to about 2009 Annual visitation to the islands and the islands. celebrates 40years visitor of transportation to 2008 Park concessioner Island Packers captive foxes are released into the wild. extinction on SCI,SMI, and SRI. The last the of bringing the island fox back from the brinkof 2008 Captive breeding program succeeds in 2007 Feral pigs eradicated from SCI. in over 50years. 2007 First peregrine falcon chicks hatch on SBI encompass 21percent the of sanctuary. areas into federal waters. Protected areas now Sanctuary expands the marine protected 2007 Channel Islands National Marine webcam.htm nps.gov/chis/photosmultimedia/bald-eagle- eagle2006 Bald webcam established on SCI: first chicks in over 50 years hatch on the islands. 2006 In 2006,two bald eagle pairsnest and the National Marine Sanctuary 25th Anniversary. 2005 Channel Islands National Park and years. on SMI, where they have beenmissing for five 2004 First foxes are released back to the wild Service. listed asendangered by USFish &Wildlife the park aswell asCatalina island foxes, are 2004 Four island fox subspecies, the three in

Tim Hauf Tim Hauf Peter Sharrpe 0 1 0 2 1 1 0 2 2 1 0 2 the area. communities, supporting more than 300 jobs in visitors spent more than $24million innearby 2012 Economic report shows that in2010park Islands restored at Prisoners Harbor. 2012 Largest coastal wetland on the Channel 2011 Islands. for the first time since 1912 on the Channel 2011 California common murre chicks hatch for outstanding federal volunteer program. wins the Take Pride in America national award program, Channel Islands Naturalist Corps, 2011 The park and sanctuary joint volunteer 60 years on Anacapa Island. 2011 Lagomarsino Visitor Center inVentura. 2011 New exhibits installed inthe Robert J. treasure-in-the-sea.htm or online at: nps.gov/chis/photosmultimedia/a- premieres. View the filmin our visitor center 2011 New park film,Treasure intheSea, ensuring access to the island. 2010 Staircase replaced on Anacapa Island equivalent 32full-time of positions. volunteers, donating over 65,000hours—the 2009 Volunteer program grows to over 921 SCI inthe 1883masonry ranch house. 2009 Scorpion Ranch Visitor Center openson Nonnative deer and elk eradicated on SRI. eagle Bald hatches for the first time in over

Annie Schmidt