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Supply Systems and Social Networks The University of Dodoma University of Dodoma Institutional Repository http://repository.udom.ac.tz Social Sciences Doctoral Theses 2016 Supply systems and social networks determining access and use of antibiotics in livestock and their implications on antibiotics resistance in Ngorongoro district, Tanzania Matunga, Benta Nyamanyi The University of Dodoma Matunga, B. N. (2016). Supply systems and social networks determining access and use of antibiotics in livestock and their implications on antibiotics resistance in Ngorongoro district, Tanzania (Doctoral thesis). The University of Dodoma, Dodoma. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12661/1741 Downloaded from UDOM Institutional Repository at The University of Dodoma, an open access institutional repository. SUPPLY SYSTEMS AND SOCIAL NETWORKS DETERMINING ACCESS AND USE OF ANTIBIOTICS IN LIVESTOCK AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS ON ANTIBIOTICS RESISTANCE IN NGORONGORO DISTRICT, TANZANIA By Benta Nyamanyi Matunga A Thesis Submitted in Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the University of Dodoma The University of Dodoma October, 2016 CERTIFICATION The undersigned certify that they have read and hereby recommend for acceptance by The University of Dodoma a thesis entitled “Supply Systems and Social Networks Determining Access and Use of Antibiotics in Livestock and their Implications on Antibiotics Resistance in Ngorongoro District, Tanzania” in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the University of Dodoma. Signature: _________________ Dr. Rehema G. Kilonzo (Supervisor) Date: _________________ Signature: Prof. Joanne Sharp (Supervisor) Date: Date: 7th November 2016 iii DECLARATION AND COPYRIGHT I, Benta Nyamanyi Matunga, do hereby declare to the Senate of the University of Dodoma that this thesis is my own original work and that it has not been submitted for a higher degree in any other University. Signature ________________________________________ No part of this thesis may be reproduced, stored in any retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior written permission of the author or The University of Dodoma. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I thank the Almighty God for his protection, blessings and bringing me up to this moment. I am grateful to the collaboration between University of Dodoma and Glasgow through Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) project for funding this work. I extend my gratitude to the National Science Foundation (DEB1216040) and Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) for their support to AMR project to facilitate this study. I am also glad to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisors Dr. Rehema G. Kilonzo of the University of Dodoma whose valuable guidance, constructive criticisms and tireless efforts in giving me academic advice, something which has facilitated the completion of this work. Thanks to Prof. Joanne Sharp of the University of Glasgow, Scotland who made efforts to build me a pathway to academic learning and logistics for funding. I thank my employer, the University of Dodoma for granting me a study leave and support throughout this work. Special thanks should also go to the Regional Administration Secretary Office Arusha Region and District Administration Secretary office Ngorongoro District for granting me permission to conduct research and to Dr. Miran B. Miran the District Livestock Development Officer, Ngorongoro District for his valuable information and supportive contacts to Endulen Ward during my field work. My sincere thanks should also go to Mzee T. Sarmo and his family for support at Endulen ward also Mr. Supuk and Mr. S. Kereto for translation and research assistance at Endulen and Esere villages. I also thank Mr. O. Sorongo for organizing field activities and research assistance at Nainokanoka and Irkeepus villages. I thank Fr. Ngowi of Endulen Parish and Sister Matola at Nainokanoka Dispensary for providing me with accommodation. Furthermore, I am grateful to Dr. E. Ichumbaki of Olduvai Landscape Palaeo Anthropology Project (OLAPP) for transport support to Esere v village during field work. My appreciation goes to Dr. P. Allando‘s family in Karatu and Dr. M. D. Matunga in Arusha for their support and encouragement during data collection. I extend my gratitude to Dr. S. Matotola and Mr. Abdala for their support on data analysis. I also thank my friends J. Ndanga, A. M. Kitigwa, Ms. L. Bhogohe and Ms. S. Maghashi for their encouragement, love, support and prayers throughout my study. Furthermore, I extend my special thanks to Prof. D. Mwamfupe and Dr. E. Ngowi, for their nurturing, support, mentorship, friendship and positive criticisms that contributed to improvement and completion of this work. I also express my sincere gratitude to Prof. A. Tenge, Dr. V. George, Prof. P. Kopoka and Dr. A. Mustafa for their valuable contributions. More special thanks go to respondents in Enduleni, Esere, Nainokanoka and Irkeepus villages for providing crucial information for this study, village leaders and individuals consulted during the study. Moreover, I express my sincere gratitude to all staff members of the Department of Development Studies, School of Social Sciences, Graduate Studies of the University of Dodoma and Prof. A. Ame who provided valuable inputs and constructive criticism during the early stage of this work. I also express my thanks to all other people who, in one way or another, contributed to the success of this study. Last but not least, I express my deep and special gratitude to my beloved family members: Sarah D. Wangwe, Haji Athuman, Richard Matunga, Emmanuel Matunga, Agnes Daniel and my parents Mama Magdalina Naaman and Gaudensius Matunga as well as my sisters Nyanjira, Sophia, Constansia and Matilda for their prayers, love, moral support, encouragement and resilience throughout my ups and downs of the study time. Finally, all the short comings of this study remain my responsibility. vi DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to my loving family and friends. Also, to the inspirational memory of the late Dr. Michael Damas Matunga, my uncle who passed away towards the end of this work may his soul rest in peace. Amen. vii ABSTRACT Antibiotics resistance is a global concern that presents a major threat to veterinary public health as it reduces the effectiveness of antibiotic treatment in livestock and people. Many studies on antibiotics resistance have been based mainly on microbiology, biomedical and veterinary sciences in laboratory test with little attention paid to social aspects. Based on pastoralist communities in Ngorongoro District in Tanzania, the study examined how supply systems and social networks determine the access and use of antibiotics and their implications on antibiotics resistance. Specifically, the study sought to map out and examine how supply systems and social networks determine the access and use of antibiotics and to examine the implications of supply systems and social networks on antibiotics resistance. The study used both quantitative and qualitative approaches involving survey, key informant interview, focus group discussion; participatory wealth ranking and observation methods. A sample size of 221 respondents and 21 key informants were involved in the study. Quantitative data were analysed using statistical package for social sciences computer software version 20. Qualitative data were analysed using content analysis. The findings revealed that supply systems have failed to provide adequate quality antibiotics and veterinary experts to impart proper knowledge, information, services and monitoring as well as regulatory control mechanisms for the distribution channel of antibiotics from the various sources to end users. This has forced end users to resort to strategies such as sharing antibiotics and knowledge on use of antibiotics. Among the important actors in social networks who determine access to and use of antibiotics include neighbours, friends, relatives, interest groups and traditional dealers. These actors are connected with social ties based on trust and reciprocity. However, they have limited knowledge on antibiotics handling and viii administration hence resulting into misuse of the drugs. This lack of knowledge has implications on antibiotics resistance. It is concluded that supply systems is associated with inadequate quality antibiotics, limited number of experts and limited knowledge of users of antibiotics. All these contribute to problem of antibiotics resistance. Therefore, social aspects are equally important in explaining antibiotics problem in livestock. It is therefore recommended that there should be capacity building to those who are involved in the supply systems and users on the proper access and use of antibiotics. Also, awareness creation to the public on the problem of antibiotics resistance should be part and parcel of the design and implementation of the livestock policy planning and interventions. ix TABLE OF CONTENTS CERTIFICATION ........................................................................................................ i DECLARATION AND COPYRIGHT ....................................................................... iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................... v DEDICATION ........................................................................................................... vii ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................
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