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Enzyme Activities in Soils As Affected by Management Practices Mine Ekenler Iowa State University

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Enzyme Activities in Soils As Affected by Management Practices Mine Ekenler Iowa State University Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2002 Enzyme activities in soils as affected by management practices Mine Ekenler Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Agricultural Science Commons, Agriculture Commons, Agronomy and Crop Sciences Commons, and the Biochemistry Commons Recommended Citation Ekenler, Mine, "Enzyme activities in soils as affected by management practices " (2002). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 510. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/510 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. ProQuest Information and Learning 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 Enzyme activities in soils as affected by management practices by Mine Ekenler A dissertation submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Major: Soil Science (Soil Microbiology and Biochemistry) Program of Study Committee: M.A. Tabatabai, Major Professor Richard M. Cruse Thomas E. Fenton Anthony L. Pometto III Louisa B.Tabatabai Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2002 UMI Number: 3073445 UMI8 UMI Microform 3073445 Copyright 2003 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 ii Graduate College Iowa State University This is to certify that the doctoral dissertation of Mine Ekenler has met the dissertation requirements of Iowa State University Signature was redacted for privacy. Major Professor Signature was redacted for privacy. For the Major Program iii DEDICATION To my parents: Muzaffer and Giillu Ekenler and My son: Deniz Jason Ekenler-Borges IV TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT viii CHAPTER 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 Organization of Dissertation 5 CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 7 Soil Enzymes 7 Sources and States of Enzymes in Soils 8 Types of Enzymes in Soils 12 Glycosidases 14 Arylamidase 17 Amidohydrolases 19 Phosphatases 22 Arylsulfatase 24 Soil Health and Quality 25 Effects of Management Practices on Microbial Biomass and Enzyme Activities 29 Effects of liming on enzyme activities 29 Effects of cropping systems and N fertilization on enzyme activities 32 Effects tillage and residue management on enzyme activities 33 Nitrogen Mineralization 35 Indexes of available nitrogen 35 References 41 V CHAPTER 3. EFFECTS OF LIMING AND TILLAGE SYSTEMS ON MICROBIAL BIOMASS AND GLYCOSIDASES IN SOILS 65 Abstract 65 Introduction 67 Materials and Methods 71 Results 76 Discussion 79 Conclusions 85 References 86 CHAPTER 4. ARYLAMIDASE AND AMIDOHYDROLASES IN SOILS AS AFFECTED BY LIMING AND TILLAGE SYSTEMS 107 Abstract 107 Introduction 108 Materials and Methods 113 Results 116 Discussion 119 Conclusion 123 References 125 CHAPTER 5. RESPONSES OF PHOSPHATASES AND ARYLSULFATASE IN SOILS TO LIMING AND TILLAGE SYSTEMS 139 Abstract 139 Introduction 141 Materials and Methods 145 Results 147 Discussion 151 vi Conclusions 155 References 156 CHAPTER 6. (3-GLUCOSAMINIDASE ACTIVITY OF SOILS: EFFECT OF CROPPING SYSTEMS AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO NITROGEN MINERALIZATION 172 Abstract 172 Introduction 173 Materials and Methods 176 Results 180 Discussion 182 References 186 CHAPTER 7. EFFECTS OF TRACE ELEMENTS ON p-GLUCOSAMINIDASE ACTIVITY IN SOILS 204 Abstract 204 Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results and Discussion 205 References 212 CHAPTER 8. TILLAGE AND RESIDUE MANAGEMENT EFFECTS ON p-GLUCOSAMINIDASE ACTIVITY IN SOILS 220 Abstract 220 Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results and Discussion 221 References 231 CHAPTER 9. p-GLUCOSAMINIDASE ACTIVITY AS AN INDEX OF NITROGEN MINERALIZATION IN SOILS 239 Abstract 239 Introduction 240 vii Materials and Methods 243 Results and Discussion 245 References 248 CHAPTER 10. GENERAL CONCLUSIONS 260 APPENDIX. ADDITIONAL TABLES 267 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 279 viii ABSTRACT Studies were undertaken to investigate the long-term effects of lime application and tillage systems (no-till, ridge-till, and chisel plow) on soil microbial biomass C (Cmic) and N (Nmic) and the activities of glycosidases (a- and P-glucosidases, a- and p-galactosidases and p -glucosaminidase); phosphatases (acid and alkaline phosphatases and phosphodiesterase); amidohydrolases (L- asparaginase, L-glutaminase, amidase, urease, and L-aspartase); and arylamidase at their optimal pH values. With the exception of acid phosphatase, which was significantly but negatively correlated, all other enzyme activities were significantly and positively correlated with soil pH values at four sites in Iowa. A activity/A pH values showed that among the enzymes studied p- glucosidase, L-glutaminase, and acid phosphatase are the most sensitive to pH changes and could be used as tools for monitoring ecosystems health and function. The effect of crop rotations and N fertilization on p -glucosaminidase activity and its relationship to N mineralization were studied in soils of two long-term field experiments in Iowa. The activity of p-glucosaminidase was significantly affected by crop rotations and N fertilization, and was significantly correlated with Corg and Norg, Cmic, and Nmic in soils, and with cumulative N mineralized during 24 weeks of incubation at 30°C. ix Studies to evaluate the effects of 23 trace elements on the activity of p- glucosaminidase in three Iowa surface soils showed that at 5 mmol kg-1 soil, the activity of this enzyme was inhibited by 18, and activated by 5, of the trace elements tested, with Ag(I) and Hg(II) being the most effective inhibitors. Also, the activity of this enzyme was significantly affected by tillage systems (no-till, chisel plow, and moldboard plow) and four residue placements (bare, normal, mulch, and double mulch). Other studies showed that the amounts of N mineralized in 56 surface soils, obtained from six states in the North Central region of the United States, by two biological and three chemical methods were significantly correlated with P-glucosaminidase activity, and with organic C and total N. The amounts of N minerahzed during 14 days of incubation of field-moist soils under waterlogged conditions at 30°C were the most significantly correlated with p-glucosaminidase activity (r = 0.86***). 1 CHAPTER 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION Recent agricultural research priority has focused on sustaining soil health and quality, i.e., identifying key parameters or processes for monitoring changes in soils properties (physical, chemical, or biological) induced by management. The quality of soil can impact sustainability, productivity, and environmental quality and, thus, human and animal health. Historically, much attention focused on impacts of agriculture on soils erosion and depletion of organic matter. Biological processes have received little attention because of the perceived difficulties associated with such work. More recently, attention has focused on the long-term impacts of agriculture on soil biology and biochemical parameters (Dick, 1992; Turco et al., 1994; Doran and Parkin, 1994; Deng and Tabatabai, 1996a; Moore et al., 2000). The term soil health or quality has been defined as the capacity of a soil to function within ecosystem boundaries to sustain biological productivity, maintain environmental quality, and promote plant and animal health (Doran and Parkin, 1994). Soil microorganisms and their processes are the major contributors to the maintenance of soil quality because they control the decomposition of organic matter, biogeochemical cycling including No fixation, the formation of soil structure, and the fate of organics applied to soils (Dick, 1992; Turco et al., 1994). One of the most commonly used parameter to study biological processes 2 in soils is measurement of total microbial bio mass. The soil microbial biomass is a small but the most labile C and N pools in soils. It is the impetus behind nutrient transformation and cycling in soils. Consequently, the fertility status of soils depends upon both the size and activity of microorganisms. Whereas the soil organic matter is relatively stable, the microbial biomass is very dynamic and responds
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