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Cnidaria:Antho%Oa Biología reproductiva de algunas especies de la tribu Thenaria (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) en el litoral marplatense Item Type Theses and Dissertations Authors Excoffon, A.C. Download date 02/10/2021 15:03:07 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/1834/2957 BIOLOGIA BEPBODUCTIVA DS ALGUNAS ESpECIES DE LA TBIBU THENABIA (CNIDARIA :ANTHO%OA) EN EL LITOBAL MABPLATSNS8 . Tesis para optar al titulo de Doctor en Ciencias Bioldgicas par : Adriana Carmen SXCOFEON Director de Iesis : Dr . Mauricio Oscar CAMPONI Facultad de Ciencias Exactas v Naturales Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata ' l993 WI~:& 01~~ ~vBo~,i8 INDICE AGRADSCIMIENTOS . RESUMEN . 8 INTBODUCCION . l2 ANTSCSDSNTSG HISTOBICOS DEL SSTUDIO DE LA BIOLO8IA BSPBO- DUCIIVA DE ACTINIABIOS . l4 TIPOS DE BEpBODUCCION EN ACTINIABIA . l7 MAISBIALSS Y METODOS . .20 Area de estudio . .2l ~~ Material de estuozo-^ ^'- . .4`,a .wp+n~n~noi.^ .~~~".^-~ . .. Au BGSULTADOS . 33 l .-BIOLOGIA BEPBODUCTIVA DE Phymactis clematis DANA,l849 Proporcidn sexual . 34 Distribucidn de sexos en relacibn al diAmetro 'del disco basal . 38 Gametog6nesis . 4l Ovog6nesis . 44 Espermatog6nesis . 5l Caracteristicas del ciclo reproductivo . 53 Periodos reproductivos . 59 Desarrollo embrionario y larval en laboratorio Liberacibn de gametas . 62 Embriog6nesis . 63 Larva plAnula . 66 3 2 .-BIOLOGIA BEPBODUCTIVA DS Aulactinia (= Bunodactis) marplatensis %AMPONI,l977 . Proporcidn sexual . 7l Distribucibn de sexos en relacibn al dilmetro del disco basal . .74 Gametog6nesis . .75 Ovogdnesis . .75 8spermatogdnesis . 80 Periodos reproductivos . 82 Desarrollo embrionario y larval en laboratorio Libecacido de gametas . 84 . Smbriog6nesis . 85 Larva pl6nula . .85 3 .-BIOLO8IA BSPRODUCIIVA DS 0ulactis moscosa DANA, 1349 . Proporcidn sexual . 89 Distribucidn de sexos en relacibn al diimetro del disco basal . 92 Gametog6nesis . 93 Ovog6nesis . 93 Sspermatog6nesis . 97 periodos reproductivos . 99 Desarrollo embrionario y larval en laboratorio Liberacidn de gametas . l0l Embriog6nesis . .l0l Larva plAnula . .l02 4 .-COMPABACION DSL DSSABBOLLO 8MBBIONABIO Y LARVAL DE LOS ACTINIIDOS SSTUDIADOS . l07 5 .-BIOLOGIA BSpBODUCTIVA DS Tricnidactis errans PIB8S,l988 . Caracteristicas del plan estructural . lll Din6mica reproductiva . ll8 Laceracidn pedal de T . errans en laboratorio . l27 ZHay fisidn longitudinal en 7 . errans de Mar del plata? . l36 6 .-BIOLOGIA BEpBODUCTIVA DE Amthothod chilensis(LSSSON,l830) Caracteristicas del plan estructural . l38 DinSmica reproductiva . l4l ' Caracteristicas de la fisibn longitudinal . 146 DISCUSION Y CONCLUSIONSS . l56 REPRODUCCION SEXUAL Proporcidn sexual . 157 Gametog6nesis . l58 Ciclos reproductivos y liberacidn de gametas . : . l65 patrones de reproduccibn sexual y desarrollo . l67 La biologia reproductiva sexual en relacidn al status taxondmico de las especies . l72 REPRODUCCION ASEXUAL Laceracibn pedal . l75 Fisibn longitudinal . 179 IMPLICANCIAS DE LA BSPBODUCCION SEXUAL Y ASEXUAL . .l82 BIBLIOGRAFIA . l84 BESUMEN 8l estudio de la biologia reproductiva de los actiniarios es interesante no sdlo desde la perspectiva del conocimiento de la historia natural de estos organismos, ubicados en la base de los Metaooa ; este grupo, adem6s de reproducirse sexualmente desplegando todas las variantes posibles, tambidn se reproduce asexualmente mediante una variedad de procesos . Las especies m6s conspicuas del orden en el intermareal marplatense son : Phymactis clematis Aulactinia marglatensis, Oulactis muscosa, Iricnidactis errans y . AnthothW chilensis . El Wea de estudio elegido fue punta Cantera (38» 05' S, 57» 32'W), par ser una oona de f6cil acceso y con buena representatividad del grupo estudiado . Se realioaron muestreos mensuales para el estudio de los diversos par6metros reproductivos, qua permitan evaluar a estrategia reproductiva de estos actiniarios . Todas las especies son dioicas o gonocbricas con ambos sexos representados en una proporcidn l a l en !as actiniidos estudiados . En T . errans y A . chiIensis, hay desviacidn respecto a esa proporcibn ya gue las agregaciones gue las caracterioan est6n constituidas par uno de los dos sexos casi exclusivamente, femenino en el primer caso y masculino en el segundo . El estudio de la gametog6nesis indicd muchas similitudes con las caracteristicas referentes a otras especies de actiniarios ; la formacidn de los espermatoooides se realioa en cistos espermAticos ubicados en la mesogloea de los mesenterios f6rtiles, entre mdsculo retractor y filamento mesenterial . Las hembras se caracterioan pox, presentar un gran rango de tallas de ovocitos durante gran parte del aRo, con un notorio reinicio del ciclo reproductivo a fines del verano, si bien en P . clematis se registraron en algunos individuos, diferenciaciones de c6lulas gametog6nicas en otros periodos del aRo, posteriores a la expulsidn de las gametas . No obstante, en la mayoria de los meses, en las tres especies de actiniidos hay una notoria disparidad del grado . de desarrollo de los ovocitos entre diferentes hembras . En estos cnidarios no hay ningdn tipo de c6lulas nutriceas o "nurse cells", pero si es caracteristica la presencia del trofonema (estructura gue "une" el ovocito al celenterbn e interviene en su nutricibn) y la "espinacidn" desarrollada sabre la superficie de los ovocitos maduros . ' Sstos son liberados a trav6s de la boca, en un ndmero de unos cientos par veo, y el tamaRo en las tres especies oscila entre 120 y 150 pm . Si bien el climax reproductivo es estival, hay presencia de elementos maduros en gran parte del aNo, con la subsecuente liberacibn en diversos periodos . La fertilioacibn es externa y fue estudiado el desarrollo embrionario y larval de las tres especies, en laboratorio . La formacidn de la larva plInula insume de 48 a 72 horas'^ se caracterioa par presentar un penacho apical de f lagelos, gue dirige hacia adelante, rotando simultaneamente en sentido de las agujas de1 reloj . A los pocos dias la larva pl6nula, gue posee numerosos cnidae, desarrolla mesenterios y se acerca al sustrato . El tipo reproductivo de las tres especies estudiadas es el oviparo- planctdnico-planctotrdfico (se8dn Chia, l976), gue caracterioa a las especies de huevos pegueRos (menores a 300 pm), gue son liberados en gran n6mero y fertilioados externamente ; las plInulas resultantes son capaces de amplia dispersibn, a pesar gue en el plancton enfrentan la posible inanicibn, y fuerte presibn depredadora . Tricnidactis errans y Anthothob chilensis, de talla menor gue los actiniidos estudiados, tienen diferente tipo de distribucibn, en el limite entre el mediolitoral inferior e infralitoral superior ; agui forman agregaciones, o "clones" mediante reproduccibn asexual par laceracibn pedal en el primer caso, y par fisibn longitudinal en el segundo . T . errans en la agregacidn estudiada se feproduce asexualmente durante todo el aRo, en porcentajes gue oscilan del 20 al 96 % de los individuos . El ndmero de fragmentos producidos es variable, con un minima en !as meses invernales (media de 1,5 fragmentos), gue se eleva con el aumento de la temperatura del aqua de mar We Noviembre a Mayo, con una media de 4 fragmentos) . La produccidn de gametas se halla restringida de Febrero hasta Abril y muestra claramente un ciclo anual, pero a pesar de ser una especie dioica, la agregacibn de T . errans estudiada consiste casi exclusivamente de individuos hembras . No hay diferencias significativas entre el ndmero de fragmentos producidos par individuos est6riles y f6rtiles (adultos, de talla mayor), lo gue implica gue la produccidn de fragmentos no tiene relacidn directa con el tamaRo de los individuos, ni inversa con respecto a la gametog6nesis en los individuos . En Anthothob chilensis, la fisibn longitudinal es a trav6s de endoceles de mesenterios perfectos, perpendicular al eje directivo . La fisidn y consecuente regeneracidn es en el sentido prbximo-distal, y la formacidn de nuevos mesenterios es en la oona de cicatrioacibn . En este caso, la reproduccidn asexual es manifiesta sblo en los meses estivales, cuando asciende la temperatura del aqua de mar, y coma resultado del incremento de la fisidn en la agregacibn, disminuye la media de la talla We los individuos . Los ejemplares fdrtiles est6n escasamente repre%entados, dnicamente entre Noviembre y Snero, y son machos, exclusivamente . 8n ambas especies de Mesomyaria estudiadas, se repite lo observado para otras especies de este grupo, Haliplanella lineata (Verrill) y Metridium exilis Hand par Ghick y Lamb (1977) y Bucklin (l987a), respectivamente ; estos autores encuentran gue estas especies se reproducen estrictamente par reproduccidn asexual, estando los sexos representados en diferentes poblaciones . BIBLIOGBAFIA ACUMA,P .H . 1993 . Scologia poblacional de !as principales espe- cies de actiniarios (Cnidaria :Anthoooa) del intecmareal marplatense y oonas adyacentes .Tesis Doctoral de la Univ . Nacional de Mar del Plata ; 163 p 6 gs . ANDRES,A .l882 . Intorno alla Scissiparita della Attinie . Mitth . St .Neap . :l24-l48, APPELL0E ,A .l900 .Studien Ober Actinien-Sntwicklung .Bergens Mus . Arb .,l :l -99 . ATODA,K .l954 .The development of the sea anemone Biadumene lu- ciae,reyroduced by the pedal laceration .Sc . T ohoku ' Univ .,4th Ser .(Biol), XX (2) :l23-l29,l3 figs . ----- .l955 .Postlarval development of the sea anemone Antho- pleura sp . Ibid ., XX (3) :274-286,48 figs . ----- .l960 .The development of the sea anemone,Biadumene lu- ciae .IV .The correlation between the forms of laceration pieces and those of the regenerates .Bull .Mar .Biol .
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