The Enthronement of Mai Chand Kaur-1840
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I. Foundation of Jammu and Kashmir State
I. Foundation of Jammu and Kashmir State The State of Jammu and Kashmir known for its extravagant natural beauty is the northernmost State of the Indian Union. It can be aptly described by famous farsi; couplet of Hazrat Amir Khusrau which states: Agar firdaus bar roo-e zameen ast, Hameen ast – o hameen ast – o hameen ast. It means if there is a paradise on earth it is this, it is this, it is this. Jammu and Kashmir which occupies an extremely strategic position on the Indian frontiers, is the only State in the Indian Union with a Muslim majority. It shares international with Russia, Afghanistan, Pakistan and China. It is bounded on the south by Himachal Pradesh and the Punjab, on the north by Chinese Turkistan and a little of Russian Turkistan, and on the east by Chinese Tibet. On the west lies Pakistan and to the northwest, Afghanistan. Causes for the foundation -In 1846 Kashmir experienced a unique development with enduring consequences. The development was that three distinctive political, geographical and cultural entities i.e. Kashmir valley, Jammu and ladakh were merged into one political entity. At no stage in the history of the state, the three regions formed a single political entity. It was only Kashmir which claim the position of an empire and on the contrary Jammu & Ladakh were small states each under a local ruler or tributaries of powerful rulers emerged either in Kashmir or elsewhere in neighborhood. On the eve of 1846, Kashmir, Jammu as well as Ladakh were under the control of Lahore Darbar. -
Banda Bahadur
=0) |0 Sohan Singh Banda the Brave ^t:- ;^^^^tr^ y^-'^;?^ -g^S?^ All rights reserved. 1 € 7?^ ^jfiiai-g # oft «3<3 % mm "C BANDA THE BRAVE BY 8HAI SOHAN SINfiH SHER-I-BABAE. Published by Bhai NARAiN SINGH Gyani, Makaqeb, The Puiyabi Novelist Co,, MUZAm, LAHORE. 1915. \^t Edition?^ 1000 Copies. [Pmy 7 Hupef. 1 § J^ ?'Rl3]f tft oft ^30 II BANDA THE BRAVE OR The Life and Exploits OF BANDA BAHADUB Bliai SoJiaii Siiigli Shei-i-Babar of Ciiijrainvala, Secretarv, Office of the Siiperiiitendeiit, FARIDKOT STATE. Fofiuerly Editor, the Sikhs and Sikhism, and ' the Khalsa Advocate ; Author of A Tale of Woe/ *Parem Soma/ &c., &c. PXJ]E>irjrABX I^O^irElL,IST CO., MUZANG, LAHORE. Ut Edition, Price 1 Rupee. PRINTED AT THE EMPIRE PRESS, LAHORE. — V y U L — :o: My beloved Saviour, Sri Guru Gobind Singh Ji Kalgi Dhar Maharaj I You sacrificed your loving father and four darlings and saved us, the ungrateful people. As the subject of this little book is but a part and parcel of the great immortal work that you did, and relates to the brilliant exploits and achievements of your de- voted Sikhs, I dedicate it to your holy name, in token of the deepest debt of gratitude you have placed me and mine under, in the fervent hope that it may be of some service to your beloved Panth. SOHAN SINGH. FREFAOE. In my case, it is ray own family traditions that actuated me to take up my pen to write this piece of Sikh History. Sikhism in my family began with my great great grand father, Bhai Mansa Singh of Khcm Karn, Avho having received Amrita joined the Budha Dal, and afterwards accompanied Sardar Charat Singh to Giijranwala. -
The Sikh Prayer)
Acknowledgements My sincere thanks to: Professor Emeritus Dr. Darshan Singh and Prof Parkash Kaur (Chandigarh), S. Gurvinder Singh Shampura (member S.G.P.C.), Mrs Panninder Kaur Sandhu (nee Pammy Sidhu), Dr Gurnam Singh (p.U. Patiala), S. Bhag Singh Ankhi (Chief Khalsa Diwan, Amritsar), Dr. Gurbachan Singh Bachan, Jathedar Principal Dalbir Singh Sattowal (Ghuman), S. Dilbir Singh and S. Awtar Singh (Sikh Forum, Kolkata), S. Ravinder Singh Khalsa Mohali, Jathedar Jasbinder Singh Dubai (Bhai Lalo Foundation), S. Hardarshan Singh Mejie (H.S.Mejie), S. Jaswant Singh Mann (Former President AISSF), S. Gurinderpal Singh Dhanaula (Miri-Piri Da! & Amritsar Akali Dal), S. Satnam Singh Paonta Sahib and Sarbjit Singh Ghuman (Dal Khalsa), S. Amllljit Singh Dhawan, Dr Kulwinder Singh Bajwa (p.U. Patiala), Khoji Kafir (Canada), Jathedar Amllljit Singh Chandi (Uttrancbal), Jathedar Kamaljit Singh Kundal (Sikh missionary), Jathedar Pritam Singh Matwani (Sikh missionary), Dr Amllljit Kaur Ibben Kalan, Ms Jagmohan Kaur Bassi Pathanan, Ms Gurdeep Kaur Deepi, Ms. Sarbjit Kaur. S. Surjeet Singh Chhadauri (Belgium), S Kulwinder Singh (Spain), S, Nachhatar Singh Bains (Norway), S Bhupinder Singh (Holland), S. Jageer Singh Hamdard (Birmingham), Mrs Balwinder Kaur Chahal (Sourball), S. Gurinder Singh Sacha, S.Arvinder Singh Khalsa and S. Inder Singh Jammu Mayor (ali from south-east London), S.Tejinder Singh Hounslow, S Ravinder Singh Kundra (BBC), S Jameet Singh, S Jawinder Singh, Satchit Singh, Jasbir Singh Ikkolaha and Mohinder Singh (all from Bristol), Pritam Singh 'Lala' Hounslow (all from England). Dr Awatar Singh Sekhon, S. Joginder Singh (Winnipeg, Canada), S. Balkaran Singh, S. Raghbir Singh Samagh, S. Manjit Singh Mangat, S. -
THE EVOLUTION of the ROLE of WOMEN in the SIKH RELIGION Chapter Page
UGC MINOR RESEARCH PROJECT FILE NO: 23-515/08 SPIRITUAL WARRIORS: THE EVOLUTION OF THE ROLE OF WOMEN IN THE SIKH RELIGION SUBMITTED BY DR. MEENAKSHI RAJAN DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY S.K SOMAIYA COLLEGE OF ARTS, SCIENCE AND COMMERCE, VIDYAVIHAR, MUMBAI 400077 MARCH 2010 SPIRITUAL WARRIORS: THE EVOLUTION OF THE ROLE OF WOMEN IN THE SIKH RELIGION Chapter Page Number 1 INTRODUCTION 1 2 ROLE OF WOMEN IN SIKH HISTORY 12 3 MATA TRIPTA 27 4 BIBI NANAKI 30 5 MATA KHIVI 36 6 BIBI BHANI 47 7 MATA SUNDARI 53 8 MAI BHAGO 57 9 SARDARNI SADA KAUR 65 10 CONCLUSION 69 BIBLIOGRAPHY 71 i Acknowledgement I acknowledge my obligation to the University Grants Commission for the financial assistance of this Minor Research Project on Spiritual Warriors: The Evolution of the Role of Women in the Sikh Religion. I extend my thanks to Principal K.Venkataramani and Prof. Parvathi Venkatesh for their constant encouragement. I am indebted to the college and library staff for their support. My endeavour could not have been realised without the love, support and encouragement from my husband, Mr.Murli Rajan and my daughter Radhika. I am grateful to my father, Dr. G.S Chauhan for sharing his deep knowledge of Sikhism and being my guiding light. ii 1 CHAPTER - 1 INTRODUCTION Sikhism is one of the youngest among world religions. It centers on the Guru –Sikh [teacher -disciple] relationship, which is considered to be sacred. The development of Sikhism is a remarkable story of a socio- religious movement which under the leadership of ten human Gurus’ developed into a well organized force in Punjab.1Conceived in northern India, this belief system preached and propagated values of universalism, liberalism, humanism and pluralism within the context of a “medieval age.” Its teachings were “revealed’ by Guru Nanak (1469-1539 AD) who was, in turn, succeeded by nine other Gurus’. -
British Views on Their Invasion of Punjab
THE RETRIBUTION Of THE ARCHIVE: BRITISH VIEWS ON THEIR INVASION OF PUNJAB Jason R. B. Smith HE event known as “The Sikh War,” “The First and Second Silth TWars,” and “The Anglo-Such War,” received considerable attention from former British officers in the aftermath ofthe episode. From 1845 to 1849 the British invaded and reinvaded Punjab, an area in modern northwestern India and north Pakistan whose name literally translates as “Five Rivers,” for the five rivers the territory resides within. Histories written by British administrators and former British soldiers explained the military conquest ofthe Punjab as a decidedly just annexation. These administrators and soldiers described a territory in chaos, to which they brought enlightened rule. In contrast, contemporary historians and scholars suggest that the British manufactured the conditions ofdisorder in the Punjab prior to bringing it stability. These latter historians make use of revealing documents that the former did not take into account, while the former concerned themselves mostly with a vivid account of a victorious campaign against an aggressive enemy. British acting- historians immediately following the military subjugation of Punjab inaccurately represented the violence they brought to the region as a heroic and justified military engagement, whereas the Punjabi people defending their home received the part of barbaric but brave people urgently in need of western values and styles of government. British historiography from the period following the conquest does not stray far from the themes of chaos, instability and culpability. G. Kharana’s British Historiography ofthe Sikh Power in the Punjab serves as an excellent source of analysis on the nature of British historiography,’ Initially, as the British came into contact with Sikhs, they sought out all the knowledge they could get. -
'Game Changer': Transformation of Polity, Economy, and Society Of
277 Singh: ‘Great Game’ as a ‘Game Changer’ ‘Great Game’ as a ‘Game Changer’: Transformation of Polity, Economy, and Society of Punjab (1809‐1907) Maninderjit Singh Defence and National Security Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh _________________________________________________________________ The Great Game was played by the British for commercial primacy and political supremacy in Afghanistan. They wanted to secure their Indian Empire from overland continental threats that were a natural extension of the European power politics between the British, French, and Russians towards the Indian sub‐ continent. To counter them, the British interfered in the internal and external affairs of states lying around the north‐western frontier region. Punjab was one such state, which was annexed by the British to extend their commercial and political permeation in and across Afghanistan. The present study explores how the British interference in the affairs of Punjab that started with the Treaty of Amritsar in 1809, due to the threat of a Franco‐Russian invasion of India, proved to be a ‘game‐changer’ in concern to the complex polity, economy, and society of Punjab. _________________________________________________________________ Introduction The Great Game could rightly be regarded as the ‘game‐changer’ in the modern history of Punjab. British attempts to use Punjab as a buffer state through friendly relations with Maharaja Ranjit Singh, and their later decision to make Punjab part of British India following his death, was largely determined by the compulsions of the Great Game. Punjab’s transformation as a ‘garrison state’1, with the largest number of troops stationed in the province, had a direct relation to the Russian intervention on the cards. -
Harpreet Singh
FROM GURU NANAK TO NEW ZEALAND: Mobility in the Sikh Tradition and the History of the Sikh Community in New Zealand to 1947 Harpreet Singh A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History, The University of Otago, 2016. Abstract Currently the research on Sikhs in New Zealand has been defined by W. H. McLeod’s Punjabis in New Zealand (published in the 1980s). The studies in this book revealed Sikh history in New Zealand through the lens of oral history by focussing on the memory of the original settlers and their descendants. However, the advancement of technology has facilitated access to digitised historical documents including newspapers and archives. This dissertation uses these extensive databases of digitised material (combined with non-digital sources) to recover an extensive, if fragmentary, history of South Asians and Sikhs in New Zealand. This dissertation seeks to reconstruct mobility within Sikhism by analysing migration to New Zealand against the backdrop of the early period of Sikh history. Covering the period of the Sikh Gurus, the eighteenth century, the period of the Sikh Kingdom and the colonial era, the research establishes a pattern of mobility leading to migration to New Zealand. The pattern is established by utilising evidence from various aspects of the Sikh faith including Sikh institutions, scripture, literature, and other historical sources of each period to show how mobility was indigenous to the Sikh tradition. It also explores the relationship of Sikhs with the British, which was integral to the absorption of Sikhs into the Empire and continuity of mobile traditions that ultimately led them to New Zealand. -
Ranjit Singh's Kashmir Extensionism by Dr. Khawja Zahid Aziz
13 RANJIT SINGH’S KASHMIR EXTENSIONISM AND BRITAIN’S ROLE Khawaja Zahid Aziz, PhD Assistant Professor of Kashmiryat Department of Kashmiryat, University of the Punjab, Lahore Abstract Kashmir, one of the most blessed spots upon the earth, remained under the auspices of different dynasties from BC to AD 1947. The powerful Sikh Ruler of the Punjab, Ranjit Singh, occupied it with the support of the British, the Dogras and the Kashmiri Pandits. The centuries old Muslim Rule on Kashmir came to an end with Ranjit’s occupation. The imposition of non- Muslim Rule brought miseries, indignities, economic, political and religious persecution. His representatives in Kashmir also pursued the policy of unbounded repression and corruption with the active support of him. This article deals with the Ranjit’s rule on Kashmir. Keywords: Shah Mir, Kota Rani, Mughal Empire, Pandit Birbal Dhar, Gujranwala, Sukerchakia, Punjab, The British, Marhattas, Muslim, Ranjit Singh. 14 The state of Jammu and Kashmir has a rich history spread over a period of more than five thousand years preserved in written form. Asoka, Kanishka and Lalitaditya were the most conspicuous figures of the Hindu dynasty. They raised their country to the height of glory it had never reached before.(1) After them, the history of Kashmir sinks into a long tale of court intrigue with one weak king succeeding another, until the centuries of Hindu Rule came to an end in AD. 1323, when Renchan Shah, a Tibetan by birth and an adventurer at the court, raised a successful rebellion and usurped the throne.(2) After him, Shah Mir, a Muslim, deposed Kota Rani and founded a Muslim dynasty. -
Role of Select Courtiers and Officials at Lahore Darbar (1799- 1849)
ROLE OF SELECT COURTIERS AND OFFICIALS AT LAHORE DARBAR (1799- 1849) A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Social Sciences of the PUNJABI UNIVERSITY, PATIALA In Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN HISTORY Supervised by Submitted by Dr. Kulbir Singh Dhillon Rajinder Kaur Professor & Head, Department of History, Punjabi University, Patiala DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY PUNJABI UNIVERSITY, PATIALA 2011 CONTENTS Chapter Page No Certificate i Declaration ii Preface iii-xiv Chapter – I 1-45 INTRODUCTION Chapter – II 46-70 ESTABLISHMENT OF CENTRAL SECRETARIAT Chapter – III 71-99 FINANCIAL ADMINISTRATORS Chapter – IV 100-147 MILITARY COMMANDANTS Chapter – V 148-188 CIVIL ADMINISTRATORS Chapter – VI 189-235 DARBAR POLITICS AND INTRIGUES (1839-49) CONCLUSION AND FINDINGS 236-251 GLOSSARY 252-260 APPENDIX 261-269 BIBLIOGRAPHY 270-312 PREFACE Maharaja Ranjit Singh was like a meteor who shot up in the sky and dominated the scene for about half a century in the History of India. His greatness cannot be paralleled by any of his contemporaries. He was a benign ruler and always cared for the welfare of his subjects irrespective of their caste or creed. The Maharaja had full faith in the broad based harmony and cooperation with which the Hindus and the Muslims lived and maintained peace and prosperity. The evidence of the whole hearted co-operation of the Hindu Courtiers, Generals and Administrators is not far to seek. The spirit of Maharaja Ranjit Singh's rule was secular. In the present thesis I have selected only the Hindu Courtiers and Officials at the Lahore Darbar. -
Reconstructing Gender Identities from Sikh Literature (1500-1920)
RECONSTRUCTING GENDER IDENTITIES FROM SIKH LITERATURE (1500-1920) A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN THE FACULTY OF ARTS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES SUPERVISOR SUBMITTED BY : DR. SULAKHAN SINGH PARMAR NIRAPJIT Professor Research Scholar Department of History Department of History Guru Nanak Dev University Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar Amritsar DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY GURU NANAK DEV UNIVERSITY AMRITSAR 2010 CERTIFICATE It is certified that the thesis entitled Reconstructing Gender Identities from Sikh Literature (1500-1920) , being submitted by Parmar Nirapjit in fulfillment for the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, is a record of candidate’s own work carried out by her under my supervision and guidance. The matter embodied in the thesis has not been submitted earlier for the award of any other degree. Date : Dr. Sulakhan Singh Professor CERTIFICATE It is certified that the thesis entitled Reconstructing Gender Identities from Sikh Literature (1500-1920) , is entirely my own work and all the ideas and references have been duly acknowledged. Dr. Sulakhan Singh Parmar Nirapjit Professor Department of History Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar PREFACE Women’s issues have always created a deep urge in me to prod deeper into their problems and the manner in which these problems are faced by them. Women since ages are addressed as the weaker sex and it becomes ironical that apart from a section of the male population, majority of the women themselves support this view. In building gender attitudes of people religions play a major role. -
LSE Review of Books: Book Review: Royals and Rebels: the Rise and Fall of the Sikh Empire by Priya Atwal Page 1 of 3
LSE Review of Books: Book Review: Royals and Rebels: The Rise and Fall of the Sikh Empire by Priya Atwal Page 1 of 3 Book Review: Royals and Rebels: The Rise and Fall of the Sikh Empire by Priya Atwal In Royals and Rebels: The Rise and Fall of the Sikh Empire, Priya Atwal offers a new study that convincingly pushes against the historiography that has positioned the Sikh Empire as a one-man enterprise, delving deep into archival sources to reveal the rich, energetic and flawed lives of the Punjabi royal elite as they tried to carve out their dynastic place in India during the first half of the nineteenth century. The book is a tour-de-force, finds Diya Gupta, with the clarity and authority of Atwal’s writing and her careful reading of historical material succeeding in revealing the contingencies of the past in all its complexity. Royals and Rebels: The Rise and Fall of the Sikh Empire. Priya Atwal. Hurst. 2020. Ik si rajah, ik si rani, Dono margeh, khatam kahaani! Once there was a King, once there was a Queen, Both died, and there the story ends! Priya Atwal’s Royals and Rebels: The Rise and Fall of the Sikh Empire alludes to this humorous Punjabi couplet, only to highlight the book’s own impulse for resurrection. In Atwal’s deft hands, it is not simply a king and a queen who are reborn, but Shere-e- Punjab or the ‘Lion of Punjab’, Ranjit Singh himself, juxtaposed against the agency of his family – sons, grandsons, mothers-in-law and wives. -
Hair (Kesh) S^ Nsable Sx
Hair (Kesh) s^ nsable sx. Sikh identity q* Prof. Sher Singh 'Sher' Published by Dharam Parchar Committee (SGPC) SRI AMRITSAR. FREE X The article X / Kesh-An indispensable\ 'symbol of Sikh Identity has been taken from the book entitled Apostasy Among Sikh Youth edited by \ Dr. Kharak Singh / \ f o r free distribution./ \ -Publisher/ ^jffi^cUj^Panial^icrita^Ubffii^^wwwjDaivdbclk^^WKi A KESH - INDISPENSABLE SYMBOL OF SIKH IDENTITY - Zoologically speaking, Man is an animal in animal kingdom, a mammal amongst animals according to taxonomy and the Homo sapiens amongst the mammals. The term Homo sapiens means "Man the Wise". Why ? Because he is a rational being. And who is rational ? The one who thinks. Who does do it ? Man; the word in medieval English and Anglo- saxon, is ‘mann’ akin to German ‘mann’, Goth ‘manna’, etc., probably in its Indo-European base ‘man’ to think, associated or cognate with Latin ‘mens’, i.e., mind. Hence, its basic sense is, "the one that thinks". In our own language, the word ‘maanas’ is derived from man (mind), the faculty of thinking and reasoning. The zoologist studies the animals of all species, kinds and types, but it is anthropology, which exclusively studies man, and amongst all sciences it is anthropology, which means, "The science or study of Man". Hence, proper ly speaking, the study of man is the domain of anthropologists and the divisions and subdivisions of different sciences put forth their respective claims of distinction as separate disciplines. Still, everything that is studied about man, comes within the embrace and the umbrella of anthropology.