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The Life Project GRACE

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The Life Project GRACE The Life Project GRACE Grazing and Restoration of Grazing and RestorationArchipelago of Archipelago and and Coastal Coastal Enviroments Contents What is the GRACE Project? 3 Juniper Heaths 16 The Project Actions in Brief 4 Calcareous Bedrock 18 Historic Land 6 Calcareous Grasslands 20 Restoration Actions 7 Species-rich Nardus Grasslands 22 Rare Species 8 Species-rich Lowland Grasslands 24 Ripple Effects... 9 Wet Meadows 26 Project Sites 10 Wooded Meadows 28 Dry Meadows on Exposed Bedrock 30 habitat types Wood Pastures 32 Coastal Meadows – Saline and Brackish 12 The GRACE Project sharing information 34 Heathlands 14 Networking provides knowledge 35 Publisher: County Administrative Board of Aerial photos: Counties of Halland, Blekinge and Stockholm, Bergslagbild AB. Västra Götaland County of Västra Götaland, perpixel.se. Bird photos: Erik Landgren Project Manager: Fanny Sahlén Other photographs have been taken by staff from the County Administrative Graphic design: Nowa Kommunikation AB Boards of Blekinge, Halland, Stockholm and Västra Götaland as well as the Printed:Bildtext April här 2016 kan vara en lite längre rad. Archipelago Foundation in Stockholm. English Translation: Vikki Bengtsson, Pro Natura Illustrations: Kerstin Hagstrand-Velicu What is the GRACE Project? The County Administrative Boards of Blekinge, Halland, Stockholm, Västra Götaland and The Archipelago Foundation have worked together to restore overgrown pastures. The GRACE Project ran between 2010 and 2016. The Project has focused on clearing, burning and actions to secure grazing animals. The grazing animals are a requirement for the long term conservation of the restored areas. When bushes and trees are cleared, accessibility and opportunities for recreation improve. The management work has resulted in the return of threatened species associated with the rural landscape. The GRACE Project has informed the general public, politicians, district councils and relevant civil servants regarding the importance of the rural landscape for biodiversity. When species disappear, human welfare is threatened according to researchers in the USA, Canada and Sweden. The Project has been financed by the EU and the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency as well as by theCounty Administrative Boards involved in the Project. GRACE is an acronym for Grazing and Restoration of Archipelago and Coastal Environments. Icelandic horses on Rörö in the County of Västra Götaland 3 The Project Actions in Brief The Project has: Undertaken 43 restoration burning events to open up and regenerate over- grown heathlands. Burning stimulates the germination of heather seeds. 965 hectares of overgrown areas have been cleared of bushes and trees on islands. Now, flowers, insects and animals have a chance to return to the landscape. Built an animal shed at Arholma in the Stockholm Archipelago. The animal shed is essential for having grazing animals out on Arholma-Idö. Arranged grazing animals for 927 hectares of pasture where access is difficult. The grazing and trampling of the animals is required to keep the areas open and accessible as well as for conserving a rich plant and animal life. 4 The Project has improved the habitats for a number of rare species including ten birds and four insects. The management has also favoured many other species. Erected 12 160 metres of fencing and 41 gates to allow visitors to pass through. Invested in docking points and mobile corrals to make the transportation of animals easier. Simple hay cutting machines have been purchased for the management of meadows. Produced information material in the form of signs, folders, demonstration sites, a website and an app. Informed the public, experts and decision- makers regarding the value of the Project, management and the results during excursions in the Grace sites. In addition local information meetings and seminars have been organised. 5 Historic Land Man has exploited the coast for thousands of years. The valuable plant and animal life in the archipelago is there as a consequence of centuries of traditional agriculture. Prior to industri alisation, the majority of the population lived in the countryside. The land was intensively farmed up until the middle of the 1900s. In 1870, seventy percent of the population worked in agriculture. Today it is less than two percent that make a living from farming, forestry and fishing. Difficult to Farm Many small farms have been abandoned over the last hundred years, primarily because they are difficult to access and thus difficult to farm. Expensive transportation costs for animals, milk and fodder with boats makes it difficult to make a living from farming on the coast. Rationalised Farming Food production has become large scale in order to try and deal with the lack of profit­ ability and increased competition from abroad. Today, one third of our food is imported. This has led to the abandonment of pastures. When the animals disappear there is no longer any need for winter fodder and the meadows no longer need to be cut. Electricity and Oil Replace Wood In the past wood was collected from the surroundings to be used for heating and cooking. It was not only wood from trees that were used, but bushes and woody plants were also collected. When households gained access to electricity and oil, wood was no longer collected and the land began to become overgrown. Conservation in its time The management actions in GRACE have prepared the land for sustainable farming into the future. Current societal trends mean that diversification in the archipelago is making a comeback. There is great interest in local and organic food products. More also choose ecotourism in terms of accommodation and other activities in beautiful environments. Traditional landscape This means that the conditions for the plant and animal life as well as small businesses on Härön, the County in the archipelago are better than they have been for a long time. We are therefore very of Västra Götaland hopeful that our Swedish archipelago will live on. 6 Restoration Actions Overgrown Islands get a New Lease of Life A large amount of clearance has been carried out in the Project. On the west coast, restoration burning has also been carried out. The islands are inaccessible which makes significant demands on the contractors with regard to the transport of equipment and machines. The Restoration Burning, Halland Project has arranged grazing animals to secure the long term future management. After the end of the Project, the environmental subsidies via the Swedish Board of Agri- culture make continued grazing on the islands possible. Clearing on Filjeholmen, Västra Götaland Transport following clearing, Extraction on Slädö, Blekinge Villinge boskapsö, Stockholm 7 Rare Species The Project has specifically taken into account some of the rare species identified by the EU. In Blekinge this included five terns and five wading birds on the coastal meadows as well as three insects associated with old oaks. In Stockholm this includes the rare fern Botrychium simplex on Idö. Hermit Beetle (Osmoderma eremita) The hermit beetle is dependent on old, hollow oaks and other deciduous trees. The larvae of the beetle live in hollows with decayed wood. The same tree can be inhabited for many decades. The hermit beetle is a threatened species in Sweden. The population in Blekinge is of great national and international value. When the landscape becomes overgrown, the life of the old trees is shortened and thus the habitat for the hermit beetle is also under threat. Stag Beetle (Lucanus servus) The stag beetle has its stronghold in the wood pastures of Blekinge, Kalmar and the area south of Linköping. It is also found in the UK and southern Europe. The stag beetle Is dependent upon habitats with old trees and dead wood, which is becoming increasingly rare in Sweden. Common Tern (Sterna hirundo) This species has reduced along the coast due to the fact that the coastal meadows have become overgrown. The bird regularly breeds in Blekinge. The possibility for the birds to find nesting sites on the islands has increased following the clearance work. Arctic Tern (Sterna paradisaea) This tern breeds regularly in Blekinge. The Project actions have increased the chances for the birds to find suitable islands for breeding. Wood Sandpiper (Tringa glareola) Blekinge is a regular resting site for the wood sandpiper. Since the middle of the 1980s, numbers of this species have declined in Southern Sweden due to the fact that the coastal meadows have become overgrown. The GRACE Project has thus created more open areas and thus improved the conditions for this bird. Bildtext här kan vara en lite längre rad. Ripple Effects... A viking relic exposed during restoration as a part of the GRACE Project in Blekinge. Thanks to the clearance work that the County Administrative Board has carried out on for example Öppenskär, previously unknown relics have been exposed from the juniper thickets. An excavation of what was thought to be a grave from the middle of the 900s has been undertaken on the island of Öppenskär in the Eastern Archipelago in Karlskrona. The discovery is very exciting, including for example 300–400 small cut fragments of Arabic coins. As well as the coin fragments, pieces of sword, pearls, whetstones and ring buckles for clothes have been found. Virtually no pieces of bone have been found and so the current theory is that it is Viking discovery in Blekinge more likely to have been a place where craftsmen worked. There are there­ fore a number of questions that remain to be answered. An archaeological survey was undertaken in the summer of 2016 on all of the Grace islands in the Karlskrona Archipelago. Remains of Peat Extraction on the Bohus Coast Peat was historically a very important resource in Bohuslän; a landscape with very little woodland. This fossil fuel was used for many things including heating and as building material. Peat was an important part of Great interest for the coppiced the local economy.
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