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The Botanical Importance and Health of the Bushmans Estuary, Eastern Cape, South Africa

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The Botanical Importance and Health of the Bushmans Estuary, Eastern Cape, South Africa THE BOTANICAL IMPORTANCE AND HEALTH OF THE BUSHMANS ESTUARY, EASTERN CAPE, SOUTH AFRICA By Nolusindiso Jafta Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MAGISTER SCIENTIAE In the Faculty of Science at Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University January 2010 Supervisor: Prof. J.B. Adams Abstract The Bushmans Estuary is one of the few permanently open estuaries in the Eastern Cape that is characterized by large intertidal salt marshes. Freshwater inflow to the estuary has decreased as a result of abstraction by more than 30 weirs and farm dams in the catchment. The mean annual run-off is naturally low (38 x 106 m3 y-1) and thus abstraction and reduction of freshwater inflow to the estuary is expected to cause a number of changes. The aims of this study were to determine the current health/status of the estuary based on the macrophytes and microalgae and identify monitoring indicators for the East London Department of Water Affairs, River Health Programme. Changes in the estuary over time were determined from available historical data which were compared with present data. This analysis showed that under normal average conditions freshwater inflow to the estuary is very low, less that 0.02 m3 s-1 most of the time. Under these conditions the estuary is in a homogenous marine state. Vertical and horizontal salinity gradients only form when high rainfall and run-off occurs (> 5 m3.s-1). Salinity gradients from 30.1 PSU at the mouth to 2.2 PSU in the upper reaches were measured in 2006 after a high flow event. However the estuary quickly reverted back to its homogenous condition within weeks after this flood. This study showed that freshwater inflow increased nutrient input to the estuary. Total oxidised nitrogen (TOxN) and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) concentrations were higher in August 2006, after the flood, than during the other low flow sampling sessions. TOxN decreased from a mean concentration of 21.6 µM in 2006 to 1.93 µM in February 2009. SRP decreased from 55.3 µM to 0.2 µM respectively. With the increased nutrient availability, the response in the estuary was an increase in phytoplankton biomass. After the 2006 floods the average water column chlorophyll-a was 9.0 µg l-1, while in the low freshwater inflow years it ranged from 2.1 to 4.8 µg l-1. The composition of the phytoplankton community was always dominated by flagellates and then diatoms, with higher cell numbers in the nutrient- enriched 2006 period. Although the water column nutrient data indicated that the estuary was oligotrophic, benthic microalgal biomass (11.9-16.1 µg.g-1) in the intertidal zone was comparable with nutrient rich estuaries. Benthic species indicative of polluted conditions were found (Nitzschia frustulum, Navicula gregaria, Navicula cryptotenelloides). These benthic species were found at the sites where wastewater / sewage seepage had occurred. Benthic diatom species also indicated freshwater inflow. During the high flow period in 2006 the dominant diatoms were fresh to brackish species that were strongly associated with the high concentrations of TOxN and SRP (Tryblionella constricta, Diploneis smithii, Hippodonta cf. gremainii, and Navicula species). During the freshwater limited period of 2008 and 2009 the benthic diatom species shifted to a group responding to the high salinity, ammonium and silicate concentrations. The species in this group were Nitzschia flexa, Navicula tenneloides, Diploneis elliptica, Amphora subacutiuscula and Nitzschia coarctata. I Ordination results showed that the epiphytic diatom species responded to different environmental variables in the different years. Most of the species in 2008/2009 were associated with high salinity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, ammonium and silicate concentrations while the response was towards TOxN and SRP in 2006. The dominant species were Cocconeis placentula v euglyphyta in 2006; Nitzschia frustulum in 2008; and Synedra spp in 2009. The average biomass of the epiphytes was significantly lower in May 2008 than in both August 2006 and February 2009; 88.0 + 17.7 mg.m-2, 1.7 + 0.8 mg.m-2, and 61.8 + 14.4 mg.m-2 respectively. GIS mapping of past and present aerial photographs showed that submerged macrophyte (Zostera capensis) cover in 1966 and 1973 was less than that mapped for 2004. Salt marsh also increased its cover over time, from 86.9 ha in 1966 to 126 ha in 2004, colonizing what were bare sandy areas. Long-term monitoring of the health of the Bushmans Estuary should focus on salinity (as an indicator of inflow or deprivation of freshwater), benthic diatom identification and macrophyte distribution and composition (for the detection of pollution input), and bathymetric surveys (for shallowing of the estuary due to sedimentation). II Acknowledgements I would like to extend my greatest and sincerest gratitude to my supervisor, Professor Janine Adams. I thank her very much for all her much needed pushes, inspiration and abundant help she has given to me to be able to reach my goal, which seemed impossible to achieve at times. I would also like to thank: Dr. Gavin Snow for letting me disrupt his schedule at times with my sampling trips and input to my project; Ms. Shireen Prinsloo for all the help she provided during sampling trips; and Mrs Patricia Smailes, who contributed a significant amount of time assisting with the microalgal counts and diatom identification, and a whole lot of motivation. Thank you to Mr. Mandilakhe Mdodana for providing data for the 2006 sampling trip and Mary-Anne Crocker for the May 2008 epiphyte data. And, thank you to all the postgraduate students and staff in the Botany Department at NMMU and my friends for their input and support during this journey. I would also like to express my gratitude to the National Research Foundation and the River Health Programme of the East London Department of Water Affairs for funding this project. My sincerest gratitude also goes to my family and Lukhanyo Mdyesha for their continuous love and support. III CONTENTS Abstract ..................................................................................................................................... I Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................... III List of Figures ........................................................................................................................ VI List of Tables ......................................................................................................................... IX Chapter 1: Background ........................................................................................................... 1 1.1 General Introduction ........................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Available information on the Bushmans River catchment .............................................. 3 1.2.1 Climate ...................................................................................................................... 3 1.2.2 Geology and geomorphology .................................................................................... 5 1.2.3 Uses and anthropogenic impacts ............................................................................... 5 1.2.4 Physical characteristics of the Estuary ...................................................................... 7 1.2.5 Water quality of the estuary ...................................................................................... 9 1.2.6 The biota of the estuary........................................................................................... 11 1.2.7 The importance of the estuary ................................................................................. 13 Chapter 2: Literature Review ............................................................................................... 16 2.1 Botanical communities in estuaries and their importance ............................................. 16 2.1.1 Salt marsh................................................................................................................ 16 2.1.2 Submerged macrophytes ......................................................................................... 20 2.1.3 Reeds and Sedges .................................................................................................... 27 2.1.4 Phytoplankton ......................................................................................................... 30 2.1.5 Benthic microalgae ................................................................................................. 34 2.1.6 Epiphytic microalgae .............................................................................................. 41 2.2 The botanical importance of estuaries ........................................................................... 45 2.3 The health of estuaries ................................................................................................... 46 2.2.1 The South African Estuarine Health Index ............................................................. 47 2.2.2 Monitoring .............................................................................................................. 49 2.2.3 The South African monitoring protocols ................................................................ 55 Chapter 3: The botanical importance and present status of the Bushmans Estuary ...... 62 3.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................
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