Amateurism and Athletics in Australasia and Beyond
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Decentred Britons: Amateurism and Athletics in Australasia and Beyond Erik Nielsen A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctorate of Philosophy from the School of History and Philosophy at the University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia 2011 PLEASE TYPE THE IJNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES Thesis/Dissertation Sheet Surname or Family name: Nielsen First name; Erik Oilier name/s: John AbbreVIation (or <Iegree as giv011 ln the Unlvmlt~ calendar. PhD School: School of History and Philosoph)' Foculty: Faculty of A~ and Social Scitnces Tille: Decentred Britons: Amateurism and Athletics in Australasia and Beyond Abstract 350 words maximumt (PLEASE TYPE) Tbis thesis investigates the relationship between the concept ofamateurism and Ote notion ofa pan Britis!J community with regard to amateur at!Jletics in Australasia. Amateurism is luvestigated through an analysis of its mots, its expression and the way that it was defined. Tite roots of amateurism are excavated through an examination of the early life ofkey administrator Richard Coombes in England. His education and experiences within the Coombes fami ly business- the Greyhound Hotel- led to a conception ofamateurU.m far removed from tlte elite English conception. TitIs more earthy understB11ding ofamateurism fouud expressioo io decisiollS made as a leading figure in Australasian amateur athletics. l:le oversaw Lbe establishment of events aimed at popularising the sport - an endeavour that he was joined in with by his counterparts in New Zealand. He was instrumental in the institution of a liberal defmilion of amateurism that was further aimed at extending the amateur franchise. This liberal definition of amateurism gravely influenced tbe relationsltip between the Amateur Athletic Union ofAustralasia [AAUAJ and their Englisb counterpart the Amateur Athletic Association [AAAJ. This thesis uses what John Pocock has described as 'British History' to understand this relationship. The AAUA embodied what Neville Meaney would call 'Thwarted Britishne,~s' in that it felt slighted by a lack ofattenti011 displayed by the AAA. lt responded to this challenge by affirming its place within the British world rather than asserting its rustinctiveness. ltcreared bonds wiili amateur figures beyond the mninstream and claimed a place within domestic British debates, a sttategy also pursued with respect to the United States and Canada. While relationships with amateur athletic figures from these countries provided suppon to the AAUA. national differences proved intractable. A transnational approach is applied to the most important pan-British relationship ofall to the AAUA the relationsb.ip between Australia and New Zealand. Ttte breakup ofthis relationship \viii be sb.own to be doe to factors other Lban nationalism. The imperial context will be shown to be vital to Lbe demise of Australasian Olympic representation. The unwilliuguess of Australians 10 reform theAAUA led to its demise. Oec;laraUon relating to dJspositlon of project thesfsldi.ssertaUon I hereby gran! to the Unlvers11y of New Soulh Wales or its agents the rlgh\lo archive and to make available my lhesls or dissertation In Whole orI n pan in the UnNOlSity hbraries In all foiT!l$ or medta. now or nere after known. subject to tne provisions of tile"Copyright ACI1968. I retain all propeny rig hiS, such as palent rights. I also retain the right louse In future worl<s (such as •rticles or books)all or pan of this thesis or dissertation, I also authorise Unhle(5ily Microfilms to use the 350 wort! <~bstraCI of my thesis in Dissertation Abstracts lnlarnational (this is applleabteto doctoral tneses only) I1V _/:_ _'?,0- "r20/f .................., ........................ .. .......... ..... ~··· .......... 4 ............ ....... Date Signature The University recognises that there may be exceptional clreumstances requlrfng remnctlons on copying or cond~lons on use. Requests for fCslrictlon fora period of up l.o 2 years must be made In writing, Requests !'or a longer perlod of reslriction may be considered In exceotional olroumstances and reauire lhe oooroval of the Dean of Graduate Rese<Jrr:IL FOR OFFICE USE ONLY Date of completion of requirements for Award: THIS SHEET IS TO BE GLUED TO THE INSIDE FRONT COVER OF THE THESIS Contents Acknowledgements vi Abbreviations ix Chapter One – Introduction 1 Chapter Two – A Corinthian? A Blood? Rethinking the Amateur Ideology of Richard Coombes 44 Chapter Three – Amateur Athletics as a Spectacle in Australasia 81 Chapter Four – Defining the Australasian Amateur Community 122 Chapter Five – ‘Imperialism and Nationalism in Action’? Reconfiguring the Athletic Relationship with Britain 167 Chapter Six – North American Cousins: Relations with the United States and Canada 207 Chapter Seven – A Question of Nationalism? The Dissolution of the Australasian Amateur Athletic Relationship – Part 1: Australasian Teams 248 Chapter Eight – A Question of Nationalism? The Dissolution of the Australasian Amateur Athletic Relationship – Part 2: The Amateur Athletic Union of Australia and New Zealand 279 Conclusion 319 Sources Consulted 330 Acknowledgements I owe a tremendous debt of gratitude to Dr Sean Brawley, who acted as my supervisor. In addition to generously sharing his knowledge and offering astute comments, he acted as an advocate on my behalf in a number of contexts. Without his energetic support, it would have been impossible to carry out much of the research, and the quality of the writing would have suffered. His influence on my development as a historian goes far beyond what is present on the subsequent pages. Dr Anthony Hughes acted as my co- supervisor and provided invaluable advice and other support, particularly during the vital first semester of my candidature when he acted as my primary supervisor. I benefited not only from his support, but he made my life easier as a researcher due to the positive impression he left in Lausanne at the Olympic Museum. A number of other scholars within the sports history community also offered me support and advice during email conversations and at conferences, including Beck Press, Tony Collins, Duncan Stone, Robert Barney, Daryl Adair, Richard Cashman, Bruce Coe, Paul Circosta, Meryll Fletcher, Wray Vamplew, Matthew P. Llewellyn and Geoffery Kohe, along with countless others. Financial support for this thesis was provided by the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences at the University of New South Wales [UNSW] through their Postgraduate External Research Programs. I was also fortunate enough to be awarded the 2008 Tom Brock Scholarship by the Tom Brock Bequest Committee. These awards allowed me to consult with international sources that offered me the opportunity to give my thesis an international perspective. In addition to financial help, the School of History and Philosophy at UNSW provided me with significant administrative support. Head of School Dr Paul Brown and Postgraduate Coordinators Dr Nick Doumanis, Dr Mina Roces and Dr Geoff vi Nathan provided insightful suggestions and support during review meetings and at other times. Members of the administrative staff including Sally Pearson, Lekana Kim and Sam Russell helped me through the often onerous administrative tasks that accompany postgraduate study. A number of librarians and archivists have provided me with invaluable assistance in the production of this thesis. While I am a bit reticent to single out any of these often sadly underappreciated professionals for fear of forgetting someone, the following librarians and archivists have been particularly helpful – Andy Carr of the State Library of New South Wales, Ruth Beck-Perrenaud formerly of the Olympic Museum in Lausanne, Switzerland, Alice Constance of the British Olympic Foundation, Sandra Bell of Library and Archives Canada, Abbey Lewis of Archives New Zealand, Stephen Donnell of the New Zealand Olympic Committee and David Studham and Trevor Ruddell of the Melbourne Cricket Club Library. Bryan Brown – the Development Director of Hampton School – also provided assistance with sources relating to Hampton School. Jon Devitt and Harry Gordon were also extremely generous in allowing me to view Mr Gordon’s collection of material relating to the Olympic Movement in Australia held at the National Library of Australia. The Postgraduate Community at the School of History and Philosophy at UNSW provided a supportive environment for my development as a historian. Charmaine Robson, Eureka Henrich and Eve Carroll-Dwyer organised seminars and conferences that offered other prospective scholars and me with an environment to develop arguments and presentation skills. I would like to thank these colleagues for the expenditure of their precious time, as well as those that contributed to these sessions – especially Anna Doukakis, Carlin de Montfort and Lindsay Yeates. vii My final and deepest thanks go to my own little transnational community, my family. The Nielsen, Eatock, Roberts, Krogh and Pedersen clans have indulged my journey through this process and tolerated some strange behaviour on my part under pressure. Special thanks go to my nuclear family, John and Lynne Nielsen as well as Anika and Jason Portelli. viii Abbreviations AAA – Amateur Athletic Association AAC – Amateur Athletic Club or Australasian Cricket Council AAFC – Amateur Athletic Federation of Canada AAU – Amateur Athletic Union (United States) AAUA or Australasian Union – Amateur Athletic Union of Australasia AAUANZ – Amateur Athletic Union of Australia and New Zealand