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A Study of Chloroplast Biogenesis Within Variegated Mutants of Arabidopsis Andrew Alexander Foudree Iowa State University

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A Study of Chloroplast Biogenesis Within Variegated Mutants of Arabidopsis Andrew Alexander Foudree Iowa State University Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Graduate Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2012 A study of chloroplast biogenesis within variegated mutants of Arabidopsis Andrew Alexander Foudree Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd Part of the Agricultural Science Commons, Agriculture Commons, and the Plant Biology Commons Recommended Citation Foudree, Andrew Alexander, "A study of chloroplast biogenesis within variegated mutants of Arabidopsis" (2012). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 12858. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/12858 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A study of chloroplast biogenesis within variegated mutants of Arabidopsis by Andrew Alexander Foudree A thesis submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Major: Plant Biology Program of Study Committee: Steven R. Rodermel, Major Professor Martin Spalding David Oliver Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2012 Copyright © Andrew Alexander Foudree, 2012. All rights reserved. ii DEDICATION I would like to dedicate this thesis to all of my teachers who without their support I would not have been able to complete this work. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES . vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . ix ABSTRACT . x CHAPTER 1. Introduction: overview of immutans. 1 1.1 Review of immutans. 2 1.2 Generation of ROS in immutans and the process of photobleaching. 4 1.3 Literature cited . 7 CHAPTER 2. Two approaches to the study of chloroplast development. 11 2.1 Electron microscopy. 11 2.2 Transcriptome profiling. .12 2.3 Literature cited. 14 CHAPTER 3. A brassinosteroid transcriptional network revealed by genome-wide identification of BES1 target genes in Arabidopsis thaliana. .15 3.1 Research overview. .15 3.2 Literature cited. 18 3.3 Figures. 19 CHAPTER 4. Chloroplast photooxidation-induced transcriptome reprogramming in Arabidopsis immutans white leaf sectors. 21 4.1 Research overview. .21 4.2 Literature cited. 27 4.3 Figures. 29 iv CHAPTER 5. Suppressor of variegation4, a new var2 suppressor locus, encodes a pioneer protein that is required for chloroplast biogenesis. 33 5.1 Research overview. .33 5.2 Literature cited. .36 5.3 Figures. 37 CHAPTER 6. PDS activity acts as a rheostat of retrograde signaling during early chloroplast biogenesis. 38 6.1 Abstract. 38 6.2 Bidirectional signaling between the chloroplast and the nucleus. .39 6.3 Phytoene desaturase and photoprotection. .40 6.4 Comparison of three Arabidopsis photooxidized tissues impaired in PDS function. .42 6.5 A hypothesis: the redox state of the PQ pool acts as a rheostat of retrograde signaling. .44 6.6 Acknowledgements. 46 6.7 Literature cited. .47 6.8 Figures. 50 CHAPTER 7. Background: mechanism of variegation in immutans . .52 7.1 Introduction. 52 7.2 Proplastid-to-chloroplast conversion: embryogenesis. 52 7.3 Proplastid-to-chloroplast conversion: meristem, leaf primordia and early leaf development. .55 7.4 Etioplast-to-chloroplast conversion: greening by de-etiolation. 57 7.5 Literature cited. .60 7.6 Figures. 63 v CHAPTER 8. The mechanism of variegation in immutans provides insight into chloroplast biogenesis. 70 8.1 Abstract. 70 8.2 Introduction. 71 8.3 immutans. 72 8.4 PTOX function. .73 8.5 Mechanism of variegation: the threshold hypothesis. .79 8.5.1 Studies using mature leaves. .79 8.5.2 Studies using greening as a model system. 81 8.6 Compensating factors. .83 8.7 How do the green and white sectors of im differ?. .84 8.8 Second-site suppressors of im variegation. .85 8.9 AOX2 and AOX1a suppressors. .87 8.10 pgr5 and crr2-2 suppressors. 89 8.11 Acknowledgments. 91 8.12 Literature cited. 92 8.13 Figures. 106 CHAPTER 9. Dark-grown immutans reveals IMMUTANS is essential for normal chloroplast development. .109 9.1 Abstract. 109 9.2 Introduction. 110 9.3 Results. 115 9.4 Discussion. 120 9.5 Acknowledgements. 124 vi 9.6 Literature cited. 125 9.7 Figures. ..
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