Acknowledgement I would like to thank John Sutton, Merrick Posnansky, and Fred Wendorf for their insights and discussions of the work and personality of Gertrude Caton Thompson, Gina Dubois for proof reading this article, the librarians of the University College London Special Collection in their help to access her archive and Anne Thomson, librarian of Newnham College for making her portrait available for publication.

Gertrude Caton Thompson (1888-1985). Famous Footsteps to Fill Willeke Wendrich, University of California, Los Angeles

France, Malta, , Rhodesia and : her biography, Mixed Memoirs, privately in the first half of the twentieth century Ger- printed in 1983 and distributed among trude Caton Thompson’s work took her to friends and to a few libraries, when she three continents, and the quality of her ex- was 95 years old. She based her memo- cavations, surveys and publications is such ries on a diary which, as she describes in that they are until today important points the prologue to her memoirs, she started of reference. Her excavation methods were when she was eleven years old, for want distinctly ahead of their time (Hoffman of other activities during foul weather in 1991: 139). Working in the northeastern the Bay of Biscay on a ship heading to Fayum since 2003, I find myself referring to Malta. She meticulously kept that diary, Caton-Thompson’s work in exactly the same and jotted down notes on her activities, terms as colleagues working in Kharga Oasis friends, opinions, and thoughts. The (Kleindienst et al. 2004): we all realize these voice of the eleven year old girl, written are large footsteps to fill. There are many down and reflected on by the 95 year old reasons why she is considered a role model woman, show that from early on Ger- by present day archaeologists – especially, trude was quite opinionated. Predomi- but not exclusively, by female colleagues. She nantly based on these memoirs, Marga- was one of the first persons who understood ret Drower recently wrote a biographical the importance of prehistoric research in chapter, which is an excellent summing Egypt, and she pursued this work not only up of a very full life (Drower 2004). there, in the Nile Valley, the Fayum and the An archaeologist reading Caton-Thompson’s Kharga Oasis, but also in Yemen. Her role memoirs will find herself impatiently in the Zimbabwe debate was instrumental reading chapters of activities and mus- in settling a highly politicized and racially ings that bear no reference at all to ar- colored debate. chaeology. Her first remarks which be- To learn about her life and work, we have tray a certain interest in things ancient not only her scientific publications, in- date to when she was approximately cluded at the end of this article, but also 25 years old.

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Eton, and later Oxford, but Gertrude was schooled by governesses at home. Gertrude took as her surname the name of her father’s family (Caton-Thompson), but at some point, it is not entirely clear when, she dropped the hyphen. Some writers refer to her last name as “Thompson” only (e.g. Stark 1953 in the index). Presumably, Caton was her grandmother’s surname, taken on by her father as a double name. Dropping the hyphen may have been an attempt to avoid the impression that she was married. Since most of her publications are written under “Caton-Thompson”, this is what is consis- tently put in the bibliography below, while in the text I refer to her according to her own preference, as “Gertrude Caton Thompson”. The family had moved to the vicinity of Windsor (‘Flint House’), but resettled in 1900 in Maidenhead, after her mother re- married. George Moore, Gertrude’s step father was a medical doctor and a widower with a large family. Gertrude was happy in this extended family, which gave her four additional brothers and Nancy, a girl of about her own age. The two girls were given lessons by a series of governesses and from Fig. 1 their 12th year they were sent to a small Portrait by Andrew Born in February 1888 and passing away boarding school, “The Links.” Gertrude’s Freeth 1955, commissioned by, in April 18, 1985, at the age of 97, Ger- diary notes, often opinionated and full off and courtesy of trude Caton Thompson (fig. 1) saw almost humor, shine through in the writings of the Newnham College, a century pass. Her father, William Caton- 95-year-old. Of her education she remarks: Cambridge. Thompson, was 21 years older than her “No science was taught; arithmetic was mother, Ethel Gertrude Page. He was head minimal, Latin not compulsory. One of the legal department of the London and modern language was compulsory (in my North-Western railway, fell ill when he was case French, which required no effort) and 57, and moved the family from Kensington, given a high priority along with drawing London, to Bassett near Southampton. He and music. History and Geography were died when Gertrude was only five years old, I now think, adequately taught – the his- and she never had much contact with her tory rather more than adequately, since it grant parents and uncles from his side of the comprised in addition to English, that of family. Gertrude had one brother, Arthur, the Church and the all-embracing Holy four years older, who, in later life, suffered Roman Empire.” (p. 22)1 from mental illness. Gertrude’s mother had three sisters and four brothers, a large, se- The small boarding school, with approximately verely puritan family, which nevertheless 25 girls, would travel and stay for several months offered warm family surroundings for Ger- in a European city. In Gertrude’s four-and-half trude and her brother, during frequent fam- years at the school she spent time in Dresden ily visits in her youth. Her brother went to (where she discovered the music of Wagner)

1. All page numbers without author or year refer to Gertrud Caton Thompson’s Mixed Memoirs, published in 1983.

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and Florence (which she absolutely adored, and hood on Carlyon was prepared for a mili- where she developed an appreciation of art). tary career. He went to Sandhurst, gradu- The concerns of her youth, born to a well to ated loaded with honors and left for a post do family, are reflected in her daily activi- in India with the 7th Hussars. In 1913 she ties. She spent much time playing golf, ten- refused a marriage proposal of an admirer nis, and cricket; fishing, hiking and skating. because her “heart was with Carlyon though She was an avid hunter, participating fully in a totally unpossessive way.” In 1916 he for the first time when she was 15, and own- was posted in Egypt, in command of a troop ing three horses by the time she was 20. She of the Imperial Camel Corps, whose task it played the violin and loved music, regularly was to patrol the western edge of the Libyan attending concerts in London and convers- Desert. In September of that year he was ing with like minded friends. During the murdered by the Senussi and his body, hor- season she was occupied with hunting dur- ribly mutilated, was found near Bahariya ing the day, and dancing at night. Oasis and buried in the British Army Cem- In 1905 Gertrude went to for the last etery at Minia. Gertrude had never declared stage of her schooling. This consisted of her feelings towards him, but she describes French lessons, visits to art museums, riding how many years later, Carlyon’s mother ex- and intense violin lessons, including at least pressed that she was aware of how she had three hours of daily practice. Music was the loved him (p. 47, 54, 62, 70-71). mainstay of her life, and in her memoirs she 1910 was a difficult year for her. Her mother quotes from the youthful opinions she jot- had been seriously ill and when she recovered, ted down (and commented on when writ- decided to divorce Moore due to his infidelity. ing her memoirs): Escaping England, the two women decided to travel through late 1910 and 1911. After sev- “A series of Lamoureux Orchestral concerts eral weeks in Mentone, at the French Medi- was more to my taste. At one of them Casals terranean coast, “at that time much favoured performed (what?), and at another the 1st, by English fleeing from an English winter” (p. 2nd and 3rd Beethoven symphonies were 55). They left in January 1911 from Marseille given, which electrified me. At yet another to Alexandria by boat, and traveled by train they did the ‘Pastoral’ (“lovely”) and Back- to Cairo and on to Luxor and Aswan, where haus played the Second Piano Concerto they stayed a month. Here Gertrude met Ella (“very poorly indeed”)!” (p. 39) Stephens, who would remain a life long friend Thus her education was finished when and cultural mentor. She was in Aswan for she was 18. She was quite pampered and health reasons, suffering from tuberculosis, healthy (with the exception of regular bouts and died in 1937. Gertrude’s brother Arthur of bronchitis), and apart from music, had joined them in Egypt, and together they ”did” no specific interests or drives. Her time was the sites. Gertrude writes in her memoirs: “… spent hunting, partridge shooting, dancing, although the long day excursions on donkeys visiting music performances and more vio- to the Theban temples and tombs across the lin practice. In 1907 she accompanied her river with my brother had been enormously mother, who was a keen traveler and could enjoyed, I cannot remember that they raised not stand the cold English winter, to Athens, any intelligent interest” (p. 56). The only re- Crete and the Holy Land, with a brief five- mark on the antiquities of Egypt was an ex- day visit to Alexandria and Cairo. pression of outrage at the threat of flooding of Gertrude never married and in her memoirs the temple of Philae by the new dam. she discusses her love-life only in the most The style of Gertrude’s Mixed Memoirs is terse of sentences. She had grown to love remarkable, in that she seems to prefer the Carlyon Mason-McFarlane, the second son use of the passive, as if she is trying to cre- of friends of the Moore family, two years her ate distance between her older and younger junior, whom she had known during her selves. Her observations and comments are childhood at Maidenhead. From early boy- often humorous, but rarely does she let her

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Fig. 2 Gertrude Caton Thompson driving the car at Qasr el- Sagha. Courtesy of UCL library, Caton Thompson archive. Not published earlier.

emotions play a role. Personal and profes- stay had to be expanded to seven weeks sional remarks follow one another in rapid because of troop movements, but she con- succession. On the same page she writes sidered this one of the happiest times in her about her surprise of being nominated for life, which she spent with her dear friend the British Academy and, in relation to a Ella Stephens, whom she met in Aswan in friend’s child “My reaction to babies (…) 1911. During that time she developed her has always been one of avoidance verging first interest in prehistory (p. 68). Before the on dislike; they seemed to me the least at- war she had attended a course on Mycenea, tractive of all vertebrates.” (p. 219). Minoans and early Greeks at the British Mu- Visiting Syracuse on the way back, the fam- seum by a compelling lecturer, and she had ily arrived in London in the summer of been reading on palaeolithic prehistory. In 1911, and found a new home in London, France, she visited ongoing excavations at 76 Albert Hall Mansions, 7th floor, near the Roches Rouges and was allowed to help Kensington gardens, where they would live out. This made her decide that she wanted for 30 years. In London, Gertrude became to make a serious study of prehistory, but involved in Women’s Suffrage and in addi- the war situation prevented her from doing tion spent her time with violin lessons and so immediately. visits to performances. She came into her She described the optimism in London in inheritance when she was 24 years old, and early 1916, and the devastating news of the her circumstances were quite comfortable battle of the Somme, where several of her (p. 6). At the start of the war in the summer relatives died. In early 1917 she met Ar- of 1914 she stayed with family in Scotland thur Salter, a civil servant at the Transport and learned how to drive (fig. 2) a car. She Department of the Admiralty, and was involved herself in stimulating soldiers to asked to help out there. She started a lowly recruit by writing a pamphlet “Why We Are administrative job (“government slave”, At War” (p. 64). Back in London she joined p. 72), and became the personal secretary the Women’s Emergency Corps, whose tasks of Arthur Salter. This was her first work ex- she considered futile. During the early war perience and she found herself fascinated years, life in London seemed to go on quite by it, and by the fact that she was doing ordinarily. In November 1915, she and her something consequential. With Salter she mother left via Paris for Menton, in South- visited the Paris Conference of 1919 as part ern France, to improve their health. Their of the British Delegation.

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In April 1921 she visited the Stephens’ again, Radwan, who would work with her for after having just recovered from an appendi- 13 years to come. In Cairo, the director of citis removal, which at that time was a serious the Geological Survey, Dr. Hume, had as- operation, from which it took her months to sured her that there was no Palaeolithic in recover. She once more engaged in excavations Egypt, but she soon proved him wrong by at the Rochers Rouges. Returning to London finding Mousterian type flint implements she took, at the age of 33, classes at Univer- on the high desert plateau west of Abydos. sity College, Arabic lessons at the School of She published a Christian hermite’s cell, Oriental Studies, and private lessons in sur- found during her survey, in her 1926 publi- veying from a young man from the School of cation. The hermitage was stocked with food Mines at Kensington Gardens. She came into and water as a refuge, because it was a time contact with Petrie2, and befriended Mar- of unrest and increasing protests against the garet Murray, and , who was British occupation of Egypt, culminating in connected to the Natural History Museum. the murder of three British officers. Determined as always, she wrote: “I allowed In February the operations were moved myself few social engagements unconnected from Abydos to Oxyrhynkhos, where Petrie with archaeology” (p. 82). The same dedica- wanted to save as much as he could from tion that she had shown her violin, now was the ongoing looting of the site by sebbakhin given to archaeology. and papyrus hunters. This area was of no In November she left for Abydos, to join use to Caton Thompson’s work and she de- Petrie, and she “learnt what travelling with cided to travel alone to Helwan, where she the Petries, second-class on trains, boat and stayed in a nice clean hotel, and identified hotels was like” (p. 83). Upon her arrival several sites near the golf links. A week of in Cairo, she booked her return ticket for collection study in the Museum in Cairo March 1922 first-class. ended her third visit to Egypt, but the first Her description of Petrie is worth quoting: that was work-related. On the way back she stayed with her friends in Southern France “At 73 he was ageing though still indefati- and visited the sites and cave paintings in gable. His splendid head well-carried, with Dordogne. aquiline features, very wide-apart eyes of The exhibit of the British School of Archae- penetrating quality, and plentiful silky grey ology in Egypt, which displayed the 2000 hair and beard was off-set by a loosely- palaeoliths she had collected, drew atten- framed body, with an ungainly stride. His tion to her work, and brought her new op- contempt for reasonably good living was portunities. She joined Margaret Murray on proverbial. Food and drink to him were an expedition to Malta for two months, to an unfortunate necessity to be endured excavate the Neolithic and/or Bronze Age as swiftly and cheaply as possible; a raw temple at Borg-en-Nadur and a prehistoric carrot was a meal. His mode of life was cave at Ghar Dhalam. She realized that her aided by a devoted wife, who would have knowledge of geology was lacking and de- been conspicuously good-looking if given cided not to return to Egypt for the 1922- the chance. (…) In one thing he failed to 23 season, but to concentrate on further impress. His voice was high-pitched and training instead. She was accepted for three apt to squeak when he was annoyed. (…) terms at Newnham College, Cambridge, su- Temperamentally he was dictatorial and pervised by Dr. Gertrude Elles. Under Dr. obstinate; everything must be so and so Elles’s tutelage she took classes in zoology, however improbable.” (83-84) paleontology, geology, surveying, prehis- Gertrude’s task was to map out the Palaeo- tory (with Miles Burkitt) and anthropology. lithic around Abydos, and she left the camp Through contacts of Lady Darwin, in whose in the morning with her assistant Mahmud house at Newnham Grange she boarded, she became acquainted with the Cambridge 2. See Midant-Reynes this volume. academic elite.

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Upon Petrie’s request she returned to Egypt Caton Thompson had to leave the excava- in January 1924, to examine a curious col- tion to the next year, because she had prom- lection of mineralized animal bones at Qau. ised to return to Malta in March 1924, to She lived in a Middle Kingdom tomb, shar- continue work on the Ghar Dhalam cave, ing the cool space with a family of three co- the results of which was disappointing, bras “who lived by daylight in a rock fissure especially after the exciting discoveries in and went away by night to hunt. By mutual Egypt. All through the year, her thoughts consent they were as polite to me as I was to were with continuation of that work, them, though I took the precaution of lay- and Petrie arranged that she would get a ing sand on the rock floor in case they wan- £ 500 stipend from the British School of dered towards my bed. The cook offered to Archaeology to finish her work in Hema- kill them, but I would have none of it.” mieh. She finished the work there in March The study of the mineralized bones resulted 1925, finding increasing evidence that the in a conflict with Petrie, who was convinced Badarian was underlying the Amratian. that they had been swept down by a wadi Before setting out to Hemamieh, however, from the Eastern Desert in Quarternary she decided that she first wanted to take times. Caton Thompson doubted this, be- two months to explore the Fayum desert, cause the bones did not show any evidence because of certain similarities with the of turbulent rolling, but obliged by explor- Badarian flints. Her small team consisted ing the wadi for three days. Petrie did not, of Edith Hughes as personal companion however, accept her judgment and the fol- and camp manager, and five Quftis, hand- lowing year invited Kenneth Sandford, lec- picked by Petrie. Upon arrival in Cairo, turer in Oxford, over to give an authorita- political unrest caused her permit to be tive opinion. His conclusion was the same, held up. She was advised to leave Egypt, however, and he surmised the bones came but decided to make further enquiries by from a former Nile channel, evidenced by phoning officials in the Fayum. “his report soil remains in the teeth of some of the ani- “made nonsense of the Cairo advice, pro- mals (91). In 1924 the team was split in two vided I could settle matters in person with camps: Petrie, Caton Thompson, the camp the Egyptian Governor of the Fayum Prov- manager Mrs. Brunton and three students, ince. So I bought a second-hand box Ford and a second camp made up of Guy Brun- for £ 150, complete with Nubian chauf- ton and his wife, with two students, among feur, and we set off for Fayum, luggage whom J.L. Starkey. Brunton was working and equipment piled high.” With support on a cemetery site with a large labor force, of the Governor of Fayum, and her friend which Caton Thompson did not deem J.L. Starkey, who worked with the Univer- suitable for the more sensitive work on sity of Michigan Expedition in Karanis, predynastic settlements. Upon the find of she could start the work. “Details of those a hitherto unknown very fine rippled pot- two months’ reconnaissance in utter bliss tery, dubbed Badarian, Caton Thompson without an anxiety in the world has been convinced Petrie to allow her to explore published” (Caton-Thompson & Gardner the talus slopes of the cliffs and the culti- 1934). With our present day equipment, vated flood plain. She discovered a stratified well maintained 4WD vehicles, GPS receiv- settlement, Hemamieh, with the remains of ers, dig house with running water, electric- seven wattle-and-daub huts, dated to the ity and internet, our work seems to be far Amratian Period, with Badarian underlying removed from the small expedition that set it (Brunton & Caton-Thompson 1928). Pet- forth in 1924. The modern world has en- rie was wildly enthusiastic, and Wainwright, croached upon the Fayum desert, and the Inspector of Antiquities for Upper Egypt, sites are under immediate and enormous proclaimed this a find that rivaled the im- threat (Wendrich & Cappers 2005). Yet a portance of Carter’s discovery of Tutankha- very similar feeling of utter bliss does land mun’s tomb (p. 92). upon our much larger team, when turn-

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ing our faces towards the desert, and away Petrie had decided that the lake had filled from the bustle of modern development. the Fayum depression around the 5th cen- The first exploration of the Fayum desert tury BCE, fitting Herodotus’ assertions. was important, but the most spectacular Caton Thompson’s initial observations work was done the year after, when Caton discerned two or more distinct lakes, the Thompson returned to the Fayum with a last of which “seen by Herodotus, showed woman who would be a lifelong colleague a history of recession from an already rela- and friend. Elinor Gardner’s role has been tively low level.” (p. 99) much underestimated. Very little is known At that time Petrie had left Egypt for good, about this modest woman, who quietly has after a conflict with the French director of done incredibly important work. A chapter the Antiquities Organization, and refo- dedicated to her in this issue of Archéo-Nil cused the British Archaeological School would have been fitting. On the other hand, to Palestine. it may have proven difficult to find much The results of the 1926 Fayum season were information. She was a trained geologist, spectacular. The concession area covered who had worked for three years as head of 100 square mile. Elinor Gardner concen- the Geology Department of Stellenbosch trated on drawing a contour map of this University, while the professor was enlisted area, while Gertrude excavated the Neolithic for work related to the war. By the time settlements of Kom W and Kom K. While Gertrude was looking for a geologist Elinor scraping the surface of a high ridge north Fig. 3 had returned to the UK and was employed of Kom K, Gardner discovered round, bas- Excavating a as teacher in a girls’ school in Sheringham. ketry-lined silos, of which 67 were excavated Neolithic basket in the Fayum. She had experience with field work, and was (fig. 3 & 4). Only in 2004 it became appar- Courtesy of UCL very eager to participate in the Fayum expe- ent that the hard layer, covering the contents library, Caton Thompson dition, so much so that she simply quitted of the pits, noted by Gertrude in the Desert archive. Not her position, without having foreknowledge Fayum, were not a natural phenomenon, published earlier. that she would gain a position as lecturer in but purposely mixed and applied lids (Wen- Geology at Bedford College, after returning drich & Cappers 2005). The discovery of Fig. 4 Excavating a from the field (pp. 100, 102). domesticated wheat and barley, woven linen Neolithic basket Petrie provided the subvention for Gard- textiles and extremely finely made decorated in Fayum (method of stabilization). ner’s participation, in order to solve a geo- basketry, as well as coarse coiled silo linings, Courtesy of UCL logical conflict between him and Gertrude, were spectacular, and brought a new light library, Caton Thompson rising from the first season of work in to the interpretation of the Fayum Neo- archive. Not Fayum. During an early visit of the Fayum, lithic (Caton-Thompson & Gardner 1934). published earlier.

3 4

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Fig. 5 Camp at In addition, the team (fig. 5) explored an Thompson’s site. She was a scientist to the Qasr el-Sagha. Courtesy of UCL Old Kingdom road leading up to the dio- core, so she had no difficulty in accepting that library, Caton rite quarries of Gebel Qatrani, the Greco- her theories were reviewed. She was quite in- Thompson Roman site of Soknopaiou Nesos (Dimai terested to learn the results of new techniques archive. Not published earlier. el-Sebakh), a Middle Kingdom cemetery such as Radiocarbon and Thermolumines- and Old Kingdom remains. Based on the re- cence dating. What she objected to was Wen- sults, Caton Thompson and Gardner devel- dorf and Schild’s interpretation of the Pleis- oped the theory that the lake level gradually tocene lake levels, an issue which was not at dropped and that two cultural phases could the center of their work, as well as the identi- be discerned, the Neolithic Fayum A people, fication of her Fayum B with their Terminal who made a crude type of pottery, were Palaeolithic. Wendorf and Schild argue con- apt at flint working, and were growing do- vincingly that the Fayum B sites they re-exam- mesticated wheat and barley, and at a later ined were in fact made up of several deflated date, after the water level dropped further, surfaces and, therefore, a mixture of Neolithic the Fayum B people, who did not have the and Terminal Palaeolithic assemblages. same level of development as the Fayum A. Exploring the high desert, and the ancient As quite common in the early 20th century, a road to Gebel Qatrani, was not easy (fig. 6). change in material culture was explained as In Gertrudes words: “During the prelimi- a new group of people coming into the area. nary season of reconnaissance I had found a Caton Thompson saw the Fayum B people possible way of ascent for a car, with the aid as a primitive tribe, overrunning the Fayum of ropes and four stalwart Quftis. The first A inhabitants of the Fayum, and settling in attempt was rather tense and we nearly lost the area, without adopting any of the more the car; but with experience in the second advanced technology. In 1976 Wendorf and season it became easy enough”. Schild published the work they did in the The third Fayum season was fraught with Fayum in 1969. They had studied the depo- difficulties. Petrie’s change of focus of the sition sequence and came to the conclusion British School of Archaeology to Palestine that the development of the lake had been deprived Gertrude from an institutional base much more complicated. The Fayum B was in Egypt, as well as financial backing. In the actually considerably older than the Fayum end the Royal Anthropological Society pro- A. The correspondence between Wendorf vided institutional sponsorship, while the and Caton Thompson is referential and po- 1927-28 season was financially supported lite from his side, quite prickly from Caton by eight institutions, including several mu-

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Fig. 6 Preparing to haul the Ford up the escarpment at Qasr el-Sagha. Courtesy of UCL library, Caton Thompson archive. Not published earlier. seums, and by many private friends. The naries’), and explored the Old Kingdom troubles in organizing the expedition merely gypsum quarries at Umm el-Sawan. For the foreshadowed even greater problems ahead. first time that season fortune was with them: Breasted, of the Oriental Institute of the Uni- after heavy rains the desert sprouted myri- versity of Chicago appeared to have been ads of green plants, which were growing in a granted a large concession, which included puzzling pattern: green pathways with clear the areas that Caton Thompson and Gard- main and side branches. It appeared that the ner had studied in 1926. Breasted had asked water concentrated in an ancient canal sys- Sandford to excavate a cave, which had been tem of Ptolemaic date, now completely filled discovered by an American, Count Byron de in, and under normal circumstances invis- Prorok (the title was bought with property in ible from the surface (Caton-Thompson & the Balkans). The count had been wander- Gardner 1934: I, 140-145; II, pl. 87-92). ing through the area after Caton- Thompson Because of the concession problems Caton and Gardner left, and he claimed that the Thompson planned to move operations to the cave contained important late palaeolithic Kharga Oasis for the following year. Out of the remains. Lacau, director of the Antiquities blue, she received an invitation by the British Organization, thought that Caton- Thomp- Association for the Advancement of Science son had the moral right to continue her work to undertake a politically extremely sensitive in the area. When she called upon Sandford assignment: “To undertake the examination in Cambridge, he refused to get involved in of the ruins of Zimbabwe or any other monu- matters of concession rights. Thus Gertrude ment or monuments of the same kind in Rho- and Elinor were left with a small concession desia which seem likely to reveal the character, along the north shore. As it turned out, the dates, and source of culture of the builders. You “late palaeolithic cave” and a “Neolithic cem- are asked to go to South Africa as soon as you etery”, both appeared to be non-existent, and can; to spend such time as you may think nec- Sandford’s time was wasted. essary, or the season may require, in prelimi- Gertrude, Elinor and her brother Guy Gard- nary travel and study, to conduct excavations ner, on the other hand, excavated 109 more as soon as the season allows, in a sit selected storage pits (published as the ‘lower K gra- after conference with local archaeologists, and

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approved by the Government of Rhodesia; to having already archaeological experience in make as full a report as is possible to the Brit- the eastern Mediterranean and Egypt, she ish Association at Cape Town or Johannesburg would have had the right background - or at the meeting in July-August 1929; (…) and so it may have seemed then - to test (as a to prepare for publication, as soon as possible, follow-up to Randall-MacIver some twenty a full account of your researches and conclu- years before) the various outlandish hy- sions.” Rhodesia, named after Cecil Rhodes is potheses about . Although called Zimbabwe since 1979, after the region other archaeologists were working in parts where the impressive stone monuments of of Africa then, there was little sense of Afri- ‘Greater Zimbabwe’ are found. canist Archaeology as a subject as such, or as She was to weigh in on the debate by re- a developing body of knowledge and refer- examining the sites published by Randall ence” (personal communication). MacIver in 1906. Why was she asked for Caton Thompson was well aware that this this endeavor? In her memoirs she does offer “needed careful consideration” (p. 111). not consider that question. John Sutton, Her archive (fig. 7, 8 & 9), at the special col- Africanist archaeologist of the next genera- lections library of University College London, tion, supposes the following: “Why was she contains three thick books of newspaper arti- approached to work at Great Zimbabwe? cles that relate to the work in Zimbabwe. Pre- My guess would be that (…) the British As- dictably she landed into fierce debates when sociation for the Advancement of Science she concluded that Randall-MacIver’s con- which was to meet in South Africa in 1929, clusions published in 1906 were basically cor- wanted a British (rather than a colonial) ar- rect: the impressive stone buildings of greater chaeologist to investigate a running contro- Zimbabwe were not built by Arabic travelers, versy authoritatively. Her not being bound a Red Sea culture, or the Queen of Sheba, but by university or museum commitments may were a local architecture, expression of an Af- have been a factor in finding someone avail- rican culture dated to the 13th to 15th century able for a long and distant expedition. Also, CE. Her main opponent, supported with

Fig. 8 Content of the news cuttings collection book with Caton Thompson’s handwriting. Fig. 7 Archive in London: the news cuttings collection books.

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grants from the Rhodesian government, was is simply too large. And secondly: the gold the German professor Frobenius, who main- mines in the region are from an older date, tained that the Zimbabwe monuments were a and were an attraction to the overseas rulers late phase of a wide spread culture spreading (Trigger 2006: 197-202). from Sumeria or Babylonia. (Caton-Thomp- Caton Thompson’s 1931 publication on the son 1931d; Frobenius 1931). Of course there Zimbabwe Culture outlines the enormous are clear racist overtones in the criticism on amount of work that she and her team did Caton Thompson’s work. “Proof” that her from March to September 1929. From a large conclusions could not be correct were based number of interested scholars, she selected on two main arguments. The first one was two young female archaeologists to join her. based on a type of historical-continuity ar- D. Norie was an architect, and Kathleen Ken- gument: the present day kaffirs are inept, and yon’s task was general assistance and photog- the contrast with the builders of Zimbabwe raphy. The latter, daughter of the director of

Fig. 9 Newspaper clipping on the Kharga Oasis expedition. To the left of the photograph Caton Thompson. Courtesy of UCL library, Caton Thompson archive.

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the , would become a famous and Hall, Caton Thompson, Kenyon and archaeologist in her own right, but at this Norie concentrated on the valley ruins and time she was at the very beginning of her ca- started at the Maund Ruins, stripping the reer and had just graduated from Oxford. In entire complex of approximately 2000 m2 seven months the team undertook the ardu- to bedrock. The Zimbabwe buildings are ous trip to Rhodesia: by boat from Port Said characterized by hard cement floors, con- to Beira, in Portugese Mozambique. Because temporary with the walls, under which the ship arrived late, causing her to miss the well stratified earlier material was found, bi-weekly train to Rhodesia , and stayed in comprising iron tools and weapons, slag the local hotel. A few days later a cyclone and coiled bronze wire and pottery, which hit Beira, and the railroads were destroyed. Caton Thompson dubbed “Class A,” which Sailing further south, to Lourenço Marques, was earlier than her classes B and C. she could take a train to Johannesburg, and Excavations then moved to the Acropolis from there travel on by railway to Bulawayo, summit, where three test trenches were ex- Rhodesia, arriving almost a month later than cavated. Beads, probably from Indian origin, expected. Because the roads were flooded by were found at different strata and provided a late Monsoon rain, she could not travel on approximate dates that were all thoroughly to Zimbabwe and she used her time to do CE. With permission of the Colonial Secre- research in the neighborhood, concentrating tary, the team then decided to explore the on the ruind of Dhlo-Dhlo, where MacIver ground under the dry wall conical tower. had excavated a trial trench to confirm the This was a risky endeavor, and Caton medieval date of the type of buildings also Thompson employed a mining engineer to found in Zimbabwe. ensure stability for the safety of the work- She finally managed to get to Zimbabwe and ers, and protection of the most important stayed a week to make preparations for the monument in Rhodesia. The excavation was excavations which would start as soon as the disappointing: the careful excavation and late rains would abate. She then traveled to wet sieving of a thin bed of hill-wash soil Salisbury, the capital of Rhodesia. Between overlying sterile decomposed granite did the lines of her memoirs the racial tensions not result in any dateable material. It was, and the tense courtesy she met during her however, the only exploration left open, be- work are clear: “At a dinner party at Govern- cause the other parts of the Elliptical Build- ment House (sir Cecil Rodwell, the Gover- ing had been excavated multiple times by nor) expressed the opinion that the ruins archaeologists and looters. were of great antiquity, to which I replied After the presentation for the British Asso- that I had no idea one way or the other, and ciation in Johannesburg, a sub-committee only hoped I might get an answer. Lady came to Zimbabwe to inspect the trenches. Rodwell remarked that her two young chil- That was the end of the official explora- dren would be glad to help me dig in their tion, but while Norie was in charge of holidays. But when I replied that the dig- backfilling at Zimbabwe, Caton Thompson ging would be done by natives the matter and Kenyon spent their time excavating in dropped as I intended.” (p. 117). Hubvumi and Dhlo Dhlo. Great Zimbabwe consists of the Elliptical While in Rhodesia, the news had reached Building, with a conical tower and great Gertrude that her brother’s mental stabil- encircling stone wall, and the Valley Ruins. ity had collapsed. Without any of the fam- In the vicinity are other similar buildings at ily being aware, he had been under seri- Chiwona Kopje (hill-top buildings), Maten- ous and prolonged stress of ‘homosexual dere Ruins (girdle walls built directly on a blackmail’, as Caton Thompson formulates smooth granite surface), and the Mshosho it (p. 115). Upon her return home she was Ruins (a stronghold of terraced villages). involved in decisions on how to care for Because the Elliptical Building had been her brother. On the doctor’s advice he was excavated by MacIver, and before him Bent infected with Malaria, a draconic measure

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which at that time was thought to improve any photographs of Gertrude herself, from his mental condition, but in fact only made any period of her professional life. This is it worse. He ended up in a small, private partly due to the fact that on most expedi- nursing home in the country side until his tions she was the photographer, but never- death in 1940, and was kept unaware of the theless, it is remarkable how little photo- death of their mother in 1934. graphed she was herself. Gertrude was occupied writing articles for On the flight back to Cairo, Gertrude asked Nature, Antiquity and Man on the results of Lady Bailey to fly over the Fayum, but to her the work in Zimbabwe (Caton-Thompson disappointment nothing could be seen of 1929; 1931c; 1938). She was elected a mem- the canal system discovered so fortuitously ber of the Royal Anthropological Institute, in 1928. Immediately upon landing in Cairo and was guaranteed financial support for the two ladies were arrested, because they her work in Kharga. In the midst of the De- had left Kharga without permission and pression a sum of £ 2000 was raised. had flown over Fayum, which was strictly Before heading out to Kharga in late 1930, forbidden for civil planes. In two days this Gertrude decided that Elinor should see problem was solved through the many con- something more of the country than Cairo, tacts they had in the government. Fayum and Kharga, so the pair set out for a The second Kharga season, in 1931-32, once week long stay in Luxor. Howard Carter was, more concentrated on the prehistoric use seven years after the discovery of the tomb, of the fossil springs, each of which seemed still working on recording and conserving to have been active for limited time, giving the objects and Caton Thompson remarked either evidence of Acheulian, Mousterian or in her memoirs: “He showed us the multi- Aterian assemblages. It was also established tude of things still awaiting attention and I that the Kharga Neolithic was not related to pitied him cooped up for years in the elec- the Badarian. Halfway the season the team trified darkness of the tomb” (p. 148). changed focus to the Kharga escarpment, In contrast to the Fayum, where the cars along which they had noted very rich deposits had proven less than ideal, it was decided of flint tools. Revisited from 1987 onwards by to use camels for the work in Kharga. With the Kharga Oasis Prehistoric Project (KOPP) seven camels they set out from Abydos for much work still remains to be done in this the five and a half day walk to the Kharga area. As in the Fayum, the present day more depression. On the first trek to the north the detailed work is still firmly based on Caton expedition was hit by a violent sandstorm Thompson’s pioneering forays (Kleindienst and needed to return to Kharga Village to et al. 2004; McDonald et al. 2005). recuperate. They started their work with the Back in London most of her time was dedi- excavation of a 9-meter-deep trench of dry cated at Bedford College to the publications fossil springs, around which they found an of Zimbabwe and Fayum. She obtained help Aterian assemblage. from a young prehistorian, who made the Gertrude had met Lady Bailey, a daring pub- drawings of the flint implements for both the lic figure, about 38 years old, who owned an Fayum and Kharga publications. Her name airplane, a double seater Puss-Moth, and was Mary Nicol, later to become Mary Leaky had agreed to come out for two weeks to F.B.A., who became Gertrude’s dear friend, enable aerial exploration and photography. and the archive in London has a great deal Her arrival was announced shortly after of correspondence between the two. She had the work had started and the crew had to regular contact with her ‘working friends’, rush to prepare a landing spot. Many of the Louis Leaky, Gordon Childe, Crawford, Abbé newspaper clippings in Caton Thompson’s Henri Breuil and (fig. 8). archive refer to this archaeologically useful, Elinor Gardner worked in Kharga from No- and suitably glamorous episode, illustrated vember 1932 until March 1933, but Gertrude with photographs of Lady Bailey and her did not return to the oasis until 1934. In the airplane (fig. 9). In contrast there are hardly time between the second and third Kharga

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seasons, her mother’s health deteriorated, and logical Survey of Egypt, in an article by it appeared she had cancer. Gertrude wrote: Little (1935-36). They worked together “From then onwards until she died it was a with Dr. S. Huzzayin. To their surprise and ghastly and heart-breaking nightmare of pain delight the work was supported logistically unrelieved by the narcotics which made her and financially by the Egyptian Minister sick.” She died of liver cancer at 75 years of of Public Works, which allowed them to age. After her mother’s death she lived alone hire 90 workmen. The discussion focused with a house staff of three persons. on the beach ridges corresponding to dif- Professionally, she received several distinc- ferent lake levels (Caton-Thompson et al. tions for the contributions she made to sci- 1936; 1937). They wrote the article partly ence, and especially the quality of her field during a trip to Israel in the spring of 1937. work was recognized. She was elected to the Just before returning to England, Gertrude Council of the Royal Geographical Soci- heard of the find, by an amateur, of a burial ety, the first woman to be honored for field near Kom W. Since one of the most puz- work. She also received the Rivers Medal of zling features is the absence of cemeteries the Royal Anthropological Institute and in in the region, she immediately took off preparation for the Rivers Lecture, on April to check the spot, which consisted of two 9, 1935, she traveled to study museum col- skeletons, without grave goods, matting, lections in Oran, Algiers, Constantine, Tunis coffin or other dateable material. and Carthage (Caton-Thompson 1935). During the summer of 1937, Gertrude, She was offered a three-year Research Fel- who had a self-confessed lack of talent for lowship, which consisted of free residence languages, tried to learn better Arabic in at Newnham College in Cambridge, and it preparation for fieldwork in Yemen. This gave her the opportunity to work on the would be undertaken together with Elinor Kharga publication. The publication of Gardner and the adventurous anthropolo- Zimbabwe in 1931 and the Desert Fayum gist . Tribal unrest was rampant, in 1934 were admirably timely, but the and the expedition was not without dan- Kharga publication was held up because of ger. They traveled from Mukalla to Terim a conflict with the Antiquities Organization and Seiyun, Shibam, Hureidha, concen- about the number of illustrations, following trating on the Moon Temple and several by the disruption of the Second World War. cave tombs in the Hadhramaut. Therefore, the Kharga material did not ap- From both Freya Stark’s diaries and Caton pear until 1952, when Gertrude was 64. Thompson’s memoirs, it is clear that the two In 1935 she also tried to volunteer for the women did not get along. They both were Red Cross in Abyssinia, where the Italian in- opinionated and used to being in charge. vasion caused much suffering. She writes in In Winter in Arabia Freya refers to Caton her memoirs “I felt very strongly about the Thompson consistently as “The Archaeolo- invasion for I had been in Kharga in 1932 gist” (Stark 1940). Her criticism of Caton when the Italian invasion of Siwa Oasis had Thompson was so harsh that her publisher caused hundreds of refugees – mainly old urged her to tone it down, or else to take any men, women and children, mad to escape the reference to Caton Thompson out of the bombings of their homes – to set out on the book (Stark 1953: 266-267). Even in the mel- waterless 300 mile journey for the safety of lower publication The Coast of Incense (Stark Kharga and Dakhla (…) very few survived”. 1953: 164, 182-186, 207 & 214) she ridicules To her surprise she was told that her heart the enormous amounts of equipment and was not in sufficient condition to work at supplies that Gertrude and Elinor brought high altitudes. This would not stop her from along on the expedition. She was equally venturing out to Yemen a year later. exasperated by the long hours that she had In 1937 Elinor and Gertrude once more to wait around, while the two archaeologists returned to the Fayum, to augment their ventured out into the desert to look for flints. research, which was contested by the Geo- She harshly criticized Gertrude’s lack of Ara-

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bic, the fact that she and Elinor were wear- few years younger, and both were looking for ing trousers, and their disinterest in interac- a more settled life style. In late 1939 she had tion with the local population In turn, Caton to renew her lease on the flat in London, but Thompson thought Stark willful, unorga- with the threat of war looming over Europe, nized, disinterested and uncooperative and she decided to give it up, and she was offered she was well aware of the discussions around to come and live with Elinor and her sister the publication of Stark’s memoirs (Caton- Emily who had been given a small cottage for Thompson 1983: 195). In January 1938 they life time use. They lived there safely, but in received news from the murder of J.L. Star- 1940 a bomb hit the storage room in which key, with whom Gertrude had worked in all Gertrude’s possessions were stored, and Badari. She writes: “It was a personal loss and she lost everything she had, with exception of shock to Elinor and to me, and a great loss the furnishings of her room in Cambridge. to archaeology. He was beloved by his large She often stayed with friends from Cam- staff of Europeans and natives. When told bridge, Dorothy Hoare and Toty de Navarro, of it, Freya Stark, always willing to support senior lecturer of archaeology, who had in- an Arab act however outrageous, remarked herited a large, beautiful house at Court “How they must have hated him,” a cruel and Farm, Broadway. Music came back into her unjustified comment. The murderers were life, and she took up the violin again, after caught and hanged, but it emerged at the in- a pause of twenty years. In 1945 she de- quest that they had shot Starkey in error for cided to buy a house in Cambridge, renam- someone else.” (p. 189). ing it from the original ominous sounding One of the issues Gertrude was faced with “Grithowe Fields” to “Conduit Rise”, after upon returning to the UK, were questions the underground spring over which it had about ancient relations between Yemen and been built. In 1956 she sold this house and Zimbabwe. She compared building meth- moved in with Dorothy and Toty (p. 291). ods, and finds and came to the conclusion: In her later life she received several impor- “that cultural contact across the narrow seas tant academic honors. In 1932 she received between the two continents had not been the Cuthbert Peek Award, in 1934 the Rivers established at the earlier period involved, Medal and in 1946 the Huxley Medal from though the slave-trade from Africa and the the Royal Anthropological Institute. The presence of Arabs on the African coast prob- Burton Medal was granted her by the Royal ably had an unknown age-old history before Asiatic Society in 1954. From 1940-1946 the Roman period”. she was the first female president of the In 1939 Dorothy Garrod was appointed the Prehistoric Society, and Vice-President of first female professor at Cambridge, and held the Royal Anthropological Institute in 1944 the prestigious Disney Chair of Archaeology (Weedman 2001: 13). In that same year she until1952, when she retired and was suc- was nominated for the British Academy, the ceeded by Grahame Clark. Former Disney second woman after Beatrice Webb 21 year Professor Glyn Daniel wrote in his memoirs earlier. She found the Academy a dreary that “the Electors first offered the Chair to place, until the regular participation of “a Caton Thompson, who had not applied, and human dynamo” Mortimer (Rik) Wheeler (…) when she declined, appointed Dorothy (p. 220). In 1945 she was asked to be one of Garrod” (Daniel 1986: 98). It has been sug- the five members of the Governing Body of gested that she was not interested in a teach- the School of Oriental and African Studies, ing position (Champion 1998). This may University of London, an honor given for a well have been the case. Dorothy Garrod was five year period at a time, and an office she a close friend and also a Newnham College held in total for twenty years. In December fellow. Gertrude Caton Thompson was inde- 1953 she was awarded the Burton Medal by pendently wealthy: she had to raise the funds the Royal Asiatic Society, “for eminent ser- for her expeditions, but she did not require an vices in oriental exploration and research”, income. By now she was 50 years old, Elinor a celebrated with a lecture in March 1954. On

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June 10 1953 she received an honorary de- East Africa. Much of her correspondence in gree from Cambridge, together with Ruth the archive in the special collections library Draper the second and third woman to be of the University College London deals with honored in this way (the first woman ever the lengthy procedure and the many heated was the Queen). She was much taken with debates to establish the Institute (see also p. the speech of the Public Orator: “Wherever 260-264). Louis Leaky corresponded with she goes, whether on the plain of Egypt or her extensively about the problems he had roaming the Libyan desert, as in that Oasis with the location, financing and personnel, which the ancients called The Great, but the as well as the direction from England, rather moderns Kharga, or again to Southern Ara- than from Africa. The Institute was estab- bia, she is the same lover of deserts, and a lished in 1959 and Caton Thompson was a lynx-eyed explorer of any traces of ancient member of the board until 1971 when she civilization which may lie under their sands. was 83, at which time she was granted an For she has that great and singular gift of Honorary Membership of the Institute in taking the tenuous material remains of a recognition of her contributions. vanished age and bringing it again before Archaeology did not loose its grip on her, our eyes. Witness the long series of books however. In 1973 she engaged in a heated and articles she has produced. Also the debate with Fred Wendorf about his work in opinion of her fellow archaeologists, who the Fayum, which is reflected both in her cor- have elected her not only among the mem- respondence and her memoirs (p. 337-340). bers but also to the governing Councils of In 1974, at the age of 86, she showed keen their societies and loaded her with honours. interest in the thermoluminescence dating Of these I mention only the Huxley medal, results on material from Gerza and Badari never before bestowed upon a woman. Let (Caton-Thompson & Whittle 1975). She us not be behind but receive her forthwith ends her memoirs in 1980 with the demise of into the ranks of Doctors.” her house-mate and friend, Toty de Navarro. In 1955 she participated in the Third Pan- Caton Thompson started relatively late in African Congress at Livingstone, in what life dedicating her time and attention to ar- then was still called Belgian Congo, and chaeology, but when she did she was remark- from her description it is clear that at 67 she ably ahead of her time in rigor of method was still full of energy and interest. The fa- and publication. Her deliberate choice to mous Africanist archaeologist Merrick Pos- work with women, such as Elinor Gardner, nansky met her several times at conferences Kathleen Kenyon and Mary Leaky, and her in 1959, 1962 and 1964. He commented that determined refusal to give in to social or Sir Mortimer Wheeler was very deferential gender constraints made her an important to her and that “She was very much the role model for female archaeologists of her grande dame and had a slightly mesmeriz- time and ours. An astute personality, with ing presence (…) due to age and her unfor- very firm opinions, courageous and highly gettable voice” (personal communication). intelligent, with a dry sense of humor, she Afterwards she visited Louis Leaky in Nai- nevertheless was hampered by her surround- robi, while Mary was in England recovering ings. Although her work was recognized of- from Bilharzia. It gave her a chance to see, ficially, the acknowledgements do not reflect firsthand, the work her former assistant was sufficiently the ground-breaking work she so much engaged in (p. 255). has done in the relatively short time that she Her last Faculty Board meeting at Cambridge worked in the field. Perhaps her importance was on December 2, 1957, and after that she is mostly appreciated by the people who walk mainly busied herself with the establishment in her footsteps and realize on a daily basis of the British Institute of Archaeology in what an incredible person she was.

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A selection of publications by Gertrude Caton Thompson

BRUNTON, G. & CATON-THOMPSON, G., 1928. CATON-THOMPSON, G., 1947. The Aterian The Badarian civilisation and prehistoric remains Industry: Its Place and Significance in the near Badari. British School of Archaeology in Palaeolithic World. Egypt & Egypt Research Account 46. London. CATON-THOMPSON, G., 1952. Kharga Oasis in CATON-THOMPSON, G., 1926a. The Neolithic In- prehistory. London. dustry of the Northern Fayum Desert. Journal of CATON-THOMPSON, G., 1953. Some Palaeo- the Royal Anthropological Institute 56: 309-323. liths from South Arabia. Proceedings of the CATON-THOMPSON, G., 1926b. The Recent Prehistoric Society 19: 189-218. Geology and Neolithic Industry of the CATON-THOMPSON, G., 1955. The Evidence of Southern Fayum Desert. Journal of the Royal South Arabian Palaeoliths in the Question of Anthropological Institute 56: 301-308. Pleistocene Land Connections with Africa. CATON-THOMPSON, G., 1927. Explorations in the Proceedings of the Third Pan-Africa Congress Northern Fayum. Antiquity 1: 326-340. on Prehistory: 380-384. CATON-THOMPSON, G., 1929. Zimbabwe, Based CATON-THOMPSON, G., 1964. Zimbabwe, All on the British Association Reports. Antiquity 3: Things Considered. Antiquity 38: 99-102. 20-28, 424-433. CATON-THOMPSON, G., 1970. The Zimbabwe CATON-THOMPSON, G., 1931a. The Prehistoric culture; ruins and reactions. New York. Geography of Kharga Oasis. Geographical CATON-THOMPSON, G., 1971. The Zimbabwe Journal 5: 221-226. Culture: Ruins and Reactions, 2nd éd. CATON-THOMPSON, G., 1931b. The Royal London. Anthropological Institute’s Prehistoric Research CATON-THOMPSON, G., 1983. Mixed Memoirs. Expedition to ‘Kharga Oasis, Egypt,’ Preliminary Gateshead. Outline of the Season’s Work. Man 31: 91. CATON-THOMPSON, G. & GARDNER, E.W., CATON-THOMPSON, G., 1931c. Zimbabwe 1929. Recent work on the Problem of Lake Culture: Guesses and Facts. Man 31: 77-84. Moeris. Geographical Journal 73: 20-58. CATON-THOMPSON, G., 1931d. The Zimbabwe CATON-THOMPSON, G. & GARDNER, E.W., Culture: Ruins and Reactions. Oxford. 1934. The Desert Fayum. London. CATON-THOMPSON, G., 1932a. The Prehistoric CATON-THOMPSON, G. & GARDNER, E.W., Geography of the Kharga Oasis. Geographical 1939. Climate, Irrigation, and Early Man Journal 80: 369-406. in the Hdhramaut. Geographical Journal 93: CATON-THOMPSON, G., 1932b. The Royal 18-38. Anthropological Institute’s Prehistoric Research CATON-THOMPSON, G., GARDNER, E.W. & Expedition to Kharga Oasis, Egypt: The Second HUZZAYIN, S., 1936. Lake Moeris: Reinvesti- Season’s Discoveries. Man 32: 129-135. gations and Some Comments. Journal of the CATON-THOMPSON, G., 1933. Some Palaeoliths Royal Anthropological Institute 61: 301-308. from South Arabia. Proceedings of the Historic CATON-THOMPSON, G., GARDNER, E.W. & Society 19: 189-218. HUZZAYIN, S., 1937. Lake Moeris: Reinves- CATON-THOMPSON, G., 1935. A Revision of tigations and Some Comments. Bulletin de Recent Research upon some Stone Age l’Institut d’Égypte 19: 243-303. Problems in Northern Africa. Rivers Lecture. GARDNER, E.W., GUICHARD, G., MARKS, A.E., CATON-THOMPSON, G., 1936. A Commentary on SCHILD, R., CLOSE, A.E., CATON-THOMPSON, G., Dr. Laidler’s Article on Beads in Africa South of CHMIELEWSKI, W., GUICHARD, J. & WENDORF, the Zambesi. Proceedings and Transactions of the F., 2004. The Middle Paleolithic in Egypt and Rhodesia Scientific Association (1936): 10-18. the northern Sudan. EHRAF collection of CATON-THOMPSON, G., 1938. Geology and archaeology. Africa. New Haven, Conn. Archaeology of the Hadhramaut, South- CATON-THOMPSON, G. & RYCKMANS, G., 1944. west Arabia: Preliminary Notes on Lord The Tombs and Moon temple of Hureidha Wakefield’s Expedition. Nature 142: 139. (Hadhramaut). London. CATON-THOMPSON, G., 1946. The Levalloisian CATON-THOMPSON, G. & WHITTLE, E., 1975. Industries of Egypt. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Thermoluminsescence of the Badarian. Society 12: 56-120. Antiquity 49: 89-97.

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References

CHAMPION, S., 1998. Women in Britisch LITTLE, O.H. 1935-36. Recent Geological Archaeology. [in:] DIAZ-ANDREU, M. & Work in the Fayum. Bulletin de l’Institut SØRENSEN, M.L.S. (eds.), Excavating Women: d’Egypte 18: 201-240. A History of Women in European Archaeology. MCDONALD, M.M.A., SMITH, J.R., WARFE, London: 175-198. A.R., KIENIEWICZ, J.M. & ADELSBERGER, K.A., DANIEL, G.E., 1986. Some small harvest : the 2005. Report on the 2005 field activities of memoirs of Glyn Daniel. London. the Kharga Oasis Prehistoric Project (KOPP). Nyame Akuma 64(December 2005): 2-9. DROWER, M.S., 2004. Gertrude Caton- Thompson. [in:] COHEN, G.M. & JOUKOWSKY RANDALL MACIVER, D., 1906. Mediaeval M.S. (eds.), Breaking Ground. Pioneering Rhodesia. London, New York. Women Archaeologists. Ann Arbor: Univer- STARK, F., 1940. A Winter in Arabia. London. sity of Michigan Press: 351-379. STARK, F., 1953. The Coast of Incense. Auto- FROBENIUS, L., 1931. Erythräa: Länder und biography 1933-1939. London.

Zeiten des Heiligen Königsmordes. Berlin. TRIGGER, B.G., 2006. A History of Archaeo- nd HOFFMAN, M.A., 1991. Egypt Before the logical Thought, 2 ed. Cambridge. Pharaohs. Austin. WEEDMAN, K., 2001. Who’s “That Girl”: KLEINDIENST, M.R., MCDONALD, M.M.A., British, South African and American WISEMAN, M.F., HAWKINS, A.L., SMITH, J.R., Women as Africanist Archaeologists in KIENIEWICZ, J.M. & ADELSBERGER, K.A. 2004. Colonial Africa (1860s-1960s). African Walking in the Footsteps of Gertrude Caton- Archaeological Review 18(1): 1-47. Thompson and Elinor W. Gardner: Surveys WENDRICH, W. & CAPPERS, R., 2005. Egypt’s by the Kharga Oasis Prehistory Project earliest granaries: evidence from the Fayum. (KOPP). Lecture: 1-5. Egyptian Archaeology 27: 12-15.

Obituaries and Reviews

ANONYM, 1985. Gertrude Caton-Thompson, FBA, D. Litt., 1888-1985. The Geographical Journal 151(3): 437-438.

CLARK, G., 1985. Gertrude Caton-Thompson 1888-1985. Proceedings of the British Academy 71: 523-531.

SUTTON, J.E.G., 1983. Review of: Mixed Memoirs, by Gertrude Caton-Thompson. Azania 18: 204-205.

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