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Y OUR MONUMENT OUR SHRINE the Preservation of Great Zimbabwe

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Y OUR MONUMENT OUR SHRINE the Preservation of Great Zimbabwe Studies in African Archaeology 19 YOUR MONUMENT OUR SHRINE The preservation of Great Zimbabwe Webber Ndoro Doctoral thesis in Archaeology at Uppsala University 2001 WEBBER NDORO YOUR MONUMENT OUR SHRlNE The preservation of Great Zimbabwe Dissertation in A:frican archaeology to be publicy examined in Auditorium Minus, Gustavianum, on May 30, 2001, at 10 am for the Degree ofDoctor ofPhilosophy. The examination will be conducted in English. ABSRACT Ndoro, Webber. 2001. Your Monument our Shrine: The preservation of Great Zimbabwe. Studies inAfrican Archaeology 19. Uppsala 130 pp., 43 figs, 15 plates, 9 tables. ISSN 0284-5040, ISBN 91-506-1466-5. Cultural heritage management in African and in other non-westem societies, has mainly been concemed with the pres­ ervation and presentation of archaeological monuments primarily from a technical point of view. In Zimbabwe the emphasis has been on the preservation of spectacular monumental architectural places like Great Zimbabwe. Most efforts to preserve and present the archaeological heritage in Southem Africa suffer from a failure to fully uuderstand the sig-nificance ofthe cultural heritage and its value to loca! commuuities. Following independence, many Southem African nations realised the value of the past in nation building and the need to restore cultural pride, which had seriously been eroded by colonialism. However, local commuuily interests are often ignored at the expense ofintema­ tional guidelines and frarnes of operation. Despite the attainment of independence heritage management in Southem Africa assume that loca! commuuities are irrelevant toa 'scientific' approach ofmanaging their own heritage. This thesis explores traditional ways ofheritage management. They are discussed in relations ofthe various experi­ ences at the Great Zimbabwe National Monument. The architectural conservation programmes implemented at Great Zimbabwe are outlined and reviewed in the context ofarchaeological heritage managers in Southem Africa. The thesis emphases the need for integrative planning and management structures !hat promotes a rapprochement between scien­ tific and local knowledge structures. This provides the best chance of avoiding irreversible cultural degradation result­ ing from arbitrary decisions ofmanagement and policy makers. Key words: Archaeological- and cultural heritage management; preservation and presentation; cultural landscape; Great Zimbabwe; national shrines; cultural significances; local and indigenous knowledge; cultural values. Webber Ndoro, Department ojArchaeology and Ancient History, Uppsala University, S:t Eriks Torg, SE- 753 10 Uppsala, Sweden and History Department, University afZimbabwe, P 0. Box MP167 Mt Pleasant, Zimbabwe ;l YOUR MONUMENT OUR SHRINE The Preservation of Great Zimbabwe Il' i) ~· ! 1:: ItJ I l l ' Studies in African Archaeology 19 Webber Ndoro YOUR MONUMENTOUR SHRINE The Preservation of Great Zimbabwe Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, Uppsala University Uppsala 2001 •.tc c ------------------------------------------ Doctoral thesis at Uppsala University 2001 Printed with the aid of grants from Uppsala University and the Swedish International Development Coop­ eration Agency (Sida)/Department for Research Cooperation (SAREC) within the project Human Responses and Contributions to Environmental Change in Africa and Sri Lanka. ABSRACT Ndoro, W. 2001. Your Monument our Shrine: The preservation of Great Zimbabwe. Studies in African Archaeology 19. Uppsala 130 pp., 43 figs, 15 plates, 9 tables. ISSN 0284-5040, ISBN 91-506-1466-5. Cultural heritage management in African and in other non-western societies, has mainly been concerned with the pres­ ervation and presentation of archaeological monuments primarily from a technical point of view. In Zimbabwe the emphasis has been on tbe preservation of spectacular monumental architectural places like Great Zimbabwe. Most efforts to preserve and present tbe archaeological heritage in SoutbernAfrica suffer from a failure lo fully understand the sig-nificance ofthe cultural heritage and its value to local communities. Following independence, many Southem African nations realised the value of the past in nation building and the need to restore cultural pride, which had seriously been eroded by cölqllialism. However, local community interests are often ignored atthe expense ofintema­ tional guidelines and frarnes of operation. Despite the attaiurnent of independence heritage management in Southem Africa assume that local communities are itrelevant to a 'scientific' approach of managing their own heritage. This thesis explores traditional ways ofheritage management. They are discussed in relations oftbe various experi­ ences at the Great Zimbabwe National Monument. The architectural conservation prograrnmes implemented at Great Zimbabwe are outlined and reviewed in the context ofarchaeological heritage managers in Southem Africa. The thesis emphases the need for integrative planning and management structures that prornotes a rapprochernent between scien­ tific and local knowledge structures. This provides the best chance of avoiding irreversible cultural degradation result­ ing from arbitrary decisions ofmanagement and policy makers. Key words: Archaeological- and cultural heritage management; preservation and presentation; cultural landscape; Great Zimbabwe; national shrines; cultural significances; local and indigenous knowledge; cultural values; access to the heritage. Webber Ndoro, Department afArchaeology and Ancient History, Uppsala University, S: t Eriks Torg, SE- 753 I 0 Uppsala, Sweden and History Department, University afZimbabwe, P 0. Box MP 167 Ml Pleasant, Zimbabwe ISSN 0284-5040 ISBN 91-506-1466-5 © Webber Ndoro Studies in African Archaeology 19 Series editor: Paul J. J. Sinclair Editor: Christina Bendegard Cover: Ritualceremony tö re-open the fountain at Great Zimbabwe in 2000. The cover also shows the wall ofthe Great Enclosure and on the backa picture from the interior ofthe Great Enclosure. Published and distributed by the Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, Uppsala University, S:t Eriks Torg 5, S-753 10, Uppsala, Sweden Printed in Sweden by Uppsala University, Tryck & Medier, Uppsala 200 I CONTENTS LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ..................................................... :......................................... vn ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................ IX 1. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 1 I. 1 Conceptual framework . ...................... .......... ..... .... ..... ........... ...... ........................... 1 1. 2 Preservation ···'········································································································ 3 1. 3 Presentation ............................................................................................................ 5 2. HERITAGE MANAGEMENT IN SOUTHERN AFRICA AND DEVELOPMENTS IN ZIMBABWE ................................. :.......................................... 7 2. 1 Introduction .... ... ..... ....... ..... ................... ........ ........................ .......... ...................... 7 2. 2 Developments in Southem Africa .......... ;.............................................................. 2. 3 Protective legislation .............................................................................................. 9 2. 4 International conventions ........................................................................................ 11 2. 5 Risk management ................................................................................................... 12 2. 6 Developments in Zimbabwe ................................ :................................ : ................. 14 2. 7 Discussion ........................ :...................................................................................... 17 3. GREAT ZIMBABWE: NATURE OF THE MONUMENT .......................................... 21 3. 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 21 3. 2 Archaeological background .................................................................................... 22 3. 3 Architectural details .. .. ....... .... .. ........ .. ... ...... ... ......... .. ..... .... ........... ... ................ .... 23 3. 4 Dry-stone structures ................................................................................................ 28 3. 5 Dhaka (earthen) structures ...................................................................................... 33 3. 6 Material culture ... ... .. ..... ...... .. .. .. .. .. ..... .. ..................... ........... .. ............ ..... .... ..... .. .... 34 3. 7 Discussion ............................................................................................................... 35 4. THE DEVELOPMENT OF HERITAGE MANAGEMENT AT GREAT ZIMBABWE .............................................................................................. 37 4. I Introduction ...... ... .. ........ .. .. ..... .. .. .. .. ... ........ ... ... .... .. ..... .... .. .... ..... .. ...... ........ ... ... 3 7 4. 2 The first Europeans ................................................................................................. 37 4. 3 Men of science and politics ...................................................................................
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