FABAD J. Pharm. Sd., 27, 205-210, 2002

RESEARCH ARTICLES Studies on the Anatomical Structure of the Leaf and Stem of pontica L. ()

0 Alev TOSUN* , Nazire ÖZKAL*

Stuılieson the Aıwinmical Structure of the Leaf and Stem of Daphne ponüca L. (Thymelaeaceae) Yaprak ve Dallannın Daphııepontica L (Thymelaeaceae) Anatomik YapısıÜzerinde Çalışmalar Summary : This study was carried aut on the anatomical Özet : Bu çalışmaD. pontica L. 'nin yaprak ve dallarının structure of the leaf and stenıof Daphne pontica L. Daphne anatomik yapılarıüzerinde gerçekleştirildi.Bir Thyme­ pontica L., a of the Thymelaeaceae fanıily,was col­ lected fronıthe Bolu-Gölcük region of Turkey. Anatomical laeaceae familyasıbitkisi olan Daphne pontica L. Tür• clıaractersof the leaf and stem of this planıwere examined kiye'nin Bolu-Gölcük yöresinden toplandı.Bitkinin yaprak far the first time in this study. ve dallarınınanatomik karakterleri ilk defa bu çalışmada Key Words: Thymelaeaceae, Daphne pontica L., Anato­ incelendi. mical structure Anahtar kelimeler: Thymelaeaceae, Daphne pontica L.,

Received 4.11.2002 anatomik yapı Revised 17.2.2003 Accepted 21.3.2003

INTRODUCTION especially in children who had eaten them. lt is known that 10-12 fruits of these are deadly poi­ Daphne (Thymelaeaceae) is represented by 70 world­ sonous, so these must not be used internally8. wide speciesl-5 including 7 species in Turkey, name­ Besides, there are several rumors concerning D. pon­ ly D. glomerata, D. gnidioides, D. mezereum, D. mu­ tica L., which is a poisonous plan! of our country, lor cronata/ D. oleoides/ D. pontica and D. sericea6-9. use in the treatment of psoriasis in some regions of Turkey. Also, the ethanolic extract of seeds of D. pon­

Among these species, Daphne pontica L. is called sı­ tica L. had been lound to be effective lor KB and IM9 rımağu,sırımbağı, kurtbağı, locally. TI1ese evergreen cellsB erect , sparingly branched, 40-100 cm, with slightly fragrant flowers in pairs on a common pe­ There have been some phytochemical studies on D. duncule and black ovoid or subglobose fruits, grow pontica L. in Turkey14-16, but, !here is na research ei­ naturally as an underlorest planı,especially in the ther lor D. pontica L. or lor other species regarding northem Anatolian Region and partially in the Mar­ the anatomical structure. mara and Inner Anatolian Region of Turkey6-ID. In this respect, first of ali, we started to study D. pon­ Daphne species contain an irritable resin, so these tica L. anatomically. The stem and leaf anatomies of species are known as very toxic-plants lor both hu­ D. pontica L. were studied and described with orig­ mans and animalsB, 11, 12. Toxicity had been observed inal drawings and photographs far the first time, in

* Ankara University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Phannacognosy, 06100, Tandoğan,Ankara-TURKEY. ° Correspondence

205 Tosun/ Özkal

order to support the identification of these species . and to have an approach regarding the phytoche­ mical studies.

MATERIAL AND METHOD

MATERIAL

Daphne potıticaL. was collected (in flowering times) from the Bolu-Gölcük region of Turkey at an altitute of 950-1200 m, in May 1994. The voucher specimen ••• was deposited in AEF (Ankara Üniversitesi Eczacılık Fakültesi Herbaryumu, AEF 17721).

METHOD

The materials used for the anatomical studies were preserved in 70 % ethanol. Cross sections of the leaf and stem were prepared by hand from preserved

material and boiled in a solution of ClıloralHydrate and Sartur Reagent. Sartur Reagent contains KI-1, aniline, sudan-III, lactic acid, alcohol and water17. ln­ dian ink and distilled water were used for marking mucilage. However ali studies were performed in Sartur Reagent. Illustrations were made using a Fig. 1. Daplme pontica L.: Cross section of midri~ a: cuticle, b: upper epiderrnis, c: palısadepa­ Leitz-Wetzlar (45°) drawing prism. The cross sections renchyma,. d: spongy parenchyma, e: c?llenchym~,

were photographed with an automatic camera at­ f: xylem, g: phloem, h: schlerenchyma, ı:lower epı­ tached to a Cari Zeiss Jena microscope. dermis, j: starch grains

(Fig. 1, 2). The cells of the lower epidennis are sirnilar RESULTS to those of the upper epidermis except !hat the lower epidermis cells are smaller !han the upper ones. Both Leaf Anatomy lower and upper epidermis are composed of rec­ tangular cells which are pitted and rather thickened. There is an evident projecting par! on the lower sur­ Especially !here is a thick cuticle below the midrib face of the ]eaf indicating the midrib vein in cross sec­ vein (Fig. 2). Generally the upper epidermal cells con­ tion (Fig. 1). There is collenchyma asa supporting tis­ tain mucilage. So, these epidermal cells are usually sue both under the upper epidermis and over the enlarged due to the swelling of the mucilage present. lower epidermis in cross section of the midrib vein of There is no hair on the lower or upper epidermis. leaf. The vascular bundles, phloem, which is made of Stomata with 3-5 neighbour cells are present only at thin-walled, small cells, are surrounded by xylem in the lower epidermis with kidney shaped stomata a semicircle. There are schlerenchyma fibers with cells. The upper epidermis is devoid of stomata (Fig. thick, lignified walls that partly encircle the plıloem 3, 5). Crystalloid structures are found in both lower between phloem and collenchyma in the lower par!. and upper epidermis (Fig. 4, 5). Additionally, !here There are few sclereids with a wide lumen among are starch grains in collenchyma, spongy pa­ those. There are thin-walled xylem parenchyma cells renchyma and stomata. The single layer of thin- in the xylem tissue at the center of the midrib vein

206

i: i:

f: f:

207 207

cor-

por­

con­

cork cork

frorn frorn

stoma, stoma,

The The

celt celt

h: h:

lamina lamina

6). 6).

parenchyma, parenchyma,

Periderm, Periderm,

Periderrn Periderrn

leaf leaf

outermost outermost

of of

(Fig. (Fig.

mucilage mucilage

the the

cells. cells.

c: c:

reddish-brown reddish-brown

epidermis, epidermis,

spongy spongy

layers. layers.

at at

of of

e: e:

section section

is is

of of

section section

lower lower

Cross Cross

g: g:

epiderrnis, epiderrnis,

cross cross

rectangular rectangular

L.: L.:

fragments fragments

nurnbers nurnbers

Periderm Periderm

in in

upper upper

parenchyma, parenchyma,

b: b:

bundle, bundle,

pontica pontica

bark bark

grains grains

circular circular

different different

palisade palisade

occasional occasional

cuticle, cuticle,

multi-layered multi-layered

are are

Daphne Daphne

vascular vascular

d: d:

starch starch

a: a:

as as

Anatomy Anatomy

of of

with with

adherent adherent

3. 3.

Fig. Fig.

tion tion

the the

sists sists

exists exists

Stems Stems

Stern Stern

pa­

bi­

epi­

large large

this this

located located

lower lower

in in

with with

epidermis. epidermis.

i: i:

are are

collenchyma, collenchyma,

palisade palisade

e: e:

midrib midrib

c c

tissue tissue

cells cells

of of

upper upper

2002 2002

loose loose

the the

parenchyma parenchyma

section section

a a

schlerenchyma, schlerenchyma,

epidemıis, epidemıis,

palisade palisade

parenchyma, parenchyma,

h: h:

205-210, 205-210,

Cross Cross

under under

27, 27,

spongy spongy

L.: L.:

grains grains

upper upper

compose compose

spongy spongy

of of

phloem, phloem,

b: b:

Sci., Sci.,

d: d:

starch starch

packed packed

cylindrical cylindrical

g: g:

3-5). 3-5).

pontica pontica

cells cells

j: j:

spaces spaces

(Fig. (Fig.

Pharm. Pharm.

cuticle, cuticle,

xylem, xylem,

short, short,

J. J.

closely closely

Daphne Daphne

f: f:

renchyma, renchyma,

derm.is, derm.is,

a: a:

leaf leaf

irregular irregular

2. 2.

rather rather

walled, walled,

The The

FABAD FABAD

Fig. Fig.

intercellu_lar intercellu_lar facial facial

a a

to to

are are the the

the the

lig­

rec­

and and

cells cells

(Fig. (Fig.

cam­

some some schle­

!hem. !hem.

of of

schle­

Many Many

xylem xylem

g: g:

d. d.

In In

cells cells

the the

covering covering

thin-walled thin-walled

narrow narrow

broken broken

shaped shaped

cambium cambium

center center

of of

among among

surround surround

cellulosic cellulosic

fibers. fibers.

of of

These These

stem stem

layers. layers.

phloem, phloem,

tracheid, tracheid,

and and

the the

seen seen

thick-walled, thick-walled,

of of

f: f:

from from

at at

pits. pits.

parenchyma, parenchyma,

four four

9). 9).

are are

small, small,

ray, ray,

spherical spherical

tracheas tracheas

bundles bundles

diameter diameter

or or

consists consists

section section

pith pith

trachea, trachea,

crushed crushed

thin-walled, thin-walled,

(Fig. (Fig.

larger larger

cortex cortex

are are

pith pith

of of

The The

large large

of of

these these

c: c:

three three

moderately moderately

Cross Cross

large large

been been pith pith

numerous numerous

of of

tracheids tracheids

in in

are are

a a

cells cells

schlerenchyma schlerenchyma

i: i:

L.: L.:

center center Phloem Phloem

are are

wide. wide.

dilated dilated

is is

has has

becomes becomes

the the

and and

e: e:

cells cells

consists consists

fairly fairly

walls walls

periderm, periderm,

cells cells

and and

There There

composed composed

Schlerenchyma Schlerenchyma

in in

xylem, xylem,

pontica pontica

b: b:

There There h: h:

is is

have have

The The

fibers fibers

ring ring

shaped shaped

cambium cambium

a a

trachea trachea

cork, cork,

parenchyma parenchyma

sometimes sometimes

angled. angled.

parenchyma. parenchyma.

Daphne Daphne

renchyma, renchyma,

a: a:

and and

bium, bium,

Cellulosic Cellulosic

Cambium Cambium

Wood Wood

area. area.

or or

like like

thickened. thickened.

6. 6.

9). 9).

8, 8,

are are

thin-walled. thin-walled.

Xylem Xylem

alması alması

tangular tangular

nified nified pith pith

sections, sections,

cells. cells.

large large parenchyma, parenchyma,

cortex cortex layered layered

stem. stem.

renchyma renchyma

row row

Fig. Fig.

as as

ray ray

epi­

and and

nar-

cells cells

occa­

occur occur

fibers fibers

dilata­

(upper (upper

center, center,

located located

radiant radiant

steı11 steı11

pith pith

elements elements

L. L.

grains, grains,

(lower (lower

row, row,

xylem xylem

of of

are are

are are

the the

moderately moderately

fibres fibres

L. L.

the the

parenchyma parenchyma

generally generally

one one

of of

other other

starch starch

of of

that that

walls walls

pontica pontica

in in

walls walls c: c:

with with

are are

parenchyma parenchyma

the the

pontica pontica

phloem, phloem,

D. D.

cortex cortex

characteristic characteristic

rays rays

schlerenchyma schlerenchyma

D. D.

Towards Towards

of of

Pitted Pitted

stoma, stoma,

of of

with with

the the

sections sections

numbers numbers

8). 8).

very very

b: b:

Pith Pith

and and

lumens lumens

leaf leaf

9). 9).

generally generally

lignified lignified

Cortex Cortex

cellulosic cellulosic

leaf leaf

7, 7,

7). 7).

8, 8,

of of

of of

cross cross

are are

with with

rays rays

are are

6, 6,

their their

reached reached

in in

(Fig. (Fig.

structure, structure,

associated associated

(Fig. (Fig.

Abundant Abundant

cell cell

schlerenchyma, schlerenchyma,

rays rays

pith pith

section section

and and

section section

(Fig. (Fig.

They They

thickened thickened

elements. elements.

have have

rows rows

cambium cambium

Pith Pith

walls walls

to to

observed observed

dilated dilated

evident. evident.

mucilage mucilage

two two

crystalloid crystalloid

xylem. xylem.

periderm periderm

d: d: deımis) deımis)

a: a:

Superficial Superficial

epideımis) epideımis)

Superficial Superficial

Ôzkal Ôzkal

pith pith

reticulate reticulate

expansion expansion

pattern pattern

are are

are are

located. located.

5. 5.

parenchyma, parenchyma,

4. 4.

the the

groups groups usually

from from

characteristic characteristic

thickened thickened

tion tion

tex tex

of of

are are

in in

with with

cells cells 208 208

with with

sionally sionally

pith pith

phloem, phloem,

under under

Fig. Fig.

Tasım, Tasım, Fig. Fig.

i: i:

is is

to to

the the

209 209

epi­

cam­

have have

char­

easily easily

struc­

at at

upper upper

grow­

e: e:

there there

similar­

them them

familyıs. familyıs.

L. L.

region region

the the

especially especially

as as

upper upper

plant plant

orily orily

compressed compressed

but, but,

in in

anatomically. anatomically.

parenchyn1a, parenchyn1a,

xylem xylem

the the

!his !his

it it

causing causing

sep~rated sep~rated

and and

leaves leaves

pontica pontica

of of

anatomical anatomical

anatomiCal anatomiCal

in in

of of

found found

fruits, fruits,

found found

be be leaf. leaf.

parenchyma, parenchyma,

its its

xylem xylem

Anatolia, Anatolia,

the the

the the

h: h:

in in

was was

in in

inside inside

can can

section section

identify identify

stem stem

were were

black black

Daphne Daphne

mostly mostly

L. L.

ofThymelaeaceae ofThymelaeaceae

to to

bifacial bifacial

phloem phloem

of of

xylem, xylem,

and and

and and

parenchyma parenchyma

L. L.

Cross Cross

d: d:

the the

idenlify idenlify

g: g:

toward toward

L.: L.:

mucilage mucilage

at at

growing growing

stomata stomata

genus genus

found found

leaf leaf

stem stem

to to

pontica pontica

pairs pairs

investigated investigated

ray, ray,

As As

be be

io io

the the

pontica pontica

and and

palisade palisade

D. D.

we we

pith pith

pontica pontica

swelled swelled

whilst whilst

mucilage mucilage contains

D. D.

f: f:

species species

broaden broaden

inmany inmany

the the

it it

leaf leaf

L. L.

could could

on on

of of

schlerenchyma, schlerenchyma,

flowers flowers

and and

cells, cells,

respect, respect,

study, study,

the the

epidermis. epidermis.

Turkey. Turkey.

Daplıne Daplıne

pith pith

bium, bium,

c: c:

other other

invesligated invesligated

its its

of of

in in

cells cells

9. 9.

study study

this this

this this

pontica pontica

observed observed

D. D.

the the in in

ture ture

acters. acters. deımis deımis

no no

Mucilage Mucilage

with with DISCUSSION DISCUSSION

ly ly

epideımis, epideımis,

shorten shorten from from

ing ing been been

lower lower

in in

Fig. Fig.

f: f:

c: c:

schle­

d. d.

cambium, cambium,

e: e:

parenchyma, parenchyma,

ray ray

stem stem

stem stem

of of

of of

ray, ray,

pith pith

2002 2002

parenchyma, parenchyma,

phloem phloem

pith pith

section section

section section

b: b:

dilated dilated

cortex cortex

f: f:

c c

205-210, 205-210,

Cross Cross

dilated dilated

27, 27,

L.:.Cross L.:.Cross

d: d:

L.: L.:

phloem, phloem,

Sci., Sci.,

e: e:

periderm, periderm,

parenchyma, parenchyma,

pontica pontica

pontica pontica

b: b:

Pharnı. Pharnı.

cortex cortex

cork, cork,

J. J.

Daplme Daplme

a: a:

Daphne Daphne

renchyma, renchyma,

schlerenchyma, schlerenchyma,

a: a:

xylem xylem

7. 7.

8. 8.

Fig. Fig.

Fig. Fig. FABAD FABAD of

92

Fi­

Ya­

and

Ak­

The

İçin No:

Vol.

Val­

179- Ltd.,

157-

copy­

İkinci

Srnith

Oxford

1987.

Britain

Sac.,

pontica

Human 27,

GL.

Fak.

ini.

2(2),

DM,

KJ,

1999.

Poisonous

in

University

D.

in

Turkey

1980.

Tetkik

1968.

İlaveli

Ecz. Fitokimyasal

Üzerinde

69-70,

of

Crown

of

Yayınları,

Chem. Dicoyledones.

Der.,

World,

Europaea,

Ü.

Encyclopedia

L.

Plant

Moore

Bnzyme,

Kramer

3(1),

Ankara,

the

Hickemell

The

Bez.

A.

Man,

Activity

Flora

Lofthouse

1968.

Flora

Baghdat,

D,

Tozların

1979.

Tedavi,

of

Değerlendirelim, NA,

of

Edinburgh

M,

Şii.,

Üzerinde

Der.,

Enstitüsü

and Cambridge,

7,

Da.

1974.

ile

pontiea

American

1965.

Ürıiv.

and

(ed),

Daphnetine

L.

72-76,

Ltd.

Poisonous

Cavendish

Bez.

Cyclase

Daphnetoxin,The

Plants

4,

Bitkileri.,

Reform,

Vaughn Poling

Burges

Cilt,

Vol.

Bitkisel

159-161,

P.H.

Mar.

Press,

and

Webb

1.

of

1949.

Anatomy

1982.

C, Lymphoeytes,

T.

Bitkiler

AW.

Oxford,

Garrod

Daphne

Animals

Ürıiv.

VH,

WG,

pontica

32,

L.

Mee.,

Bitkilerimizi Species,].

SM,

301,

4,

S.

Davis

on

1982.

Türkiye

Islands.

Oxford, Marshall

Kitabevlerl

Agracian

Farmakognozi

Sayı

Mar.

L.

19,

Press,

Fak.

Flowering

Guanylate

Daphnin

Normal

1984.

K.

Baytop

1970.

İstanbul,

Dunford

Structure

Tıbbi

University

Chalk

Vol.

Johnson

Tıp

il.,

The

Apak

and

Daphne

Daphne

Walters

S,

Bez.

Press,

Araşhnnalar,

VH.

RG. Türkiye'de

Effects

Heywood The

Balkenhol

N.

DJ,

and

P.

S,

S.

and of

Aegean

CR, 1969.

MR, Reaktif,

T.

Ankara,

Daphne

N.

DH,

Nobel

Edinburgh,

Claredon

TG,

London,

GH,

Bir

K.

Their

Yaymevi,

East 1982.

1986.

1070-1071,

Powell

istanbul

Cambrldge

the

Heywood University

Hamlyn

Gardenings, Landon,

Agrlculture Karamanoğlu

Tan Press,

yınlan,

Baytop Baskı,

Stoyanov gün

entine 2,

Stout Principle

(4), Tutin right,

Isolation Leukernic

Cooper and Takemoto A, 188,

Ergenç L., Doğanca Araşhrmalar Doğanca

tokirnyasal 160,

Çelebioğlu

Metcalfe

Yeni 10,Farrnakolog,

Vol.Il,

·

4.

5.

7.

6.

8. 9.

11.

10.

13.

12.

15. 14.

16.

17.

18.

a

in

to

in

of

no

lor

un­

Ins­

cha­

ana­

crys­ crys­

mor­

of

Feroz­

aimed

Daph­

There­

Edition,

been

planı fibers

the

establish

contains

exarnined

characters

Ministry

These

was

(ARFO)

has

cluster

other

L.

lor

No.12,

1,

!his

important

will

support

It groups

was

Second

the

the

University,

1956.

to

for

L.

Par!

there

Fund

leaves.

very

Life.'

morphological

study

pontica

L.,

identification.

subject.

York,

Pakistan.

used

the

D.

Vol.4,

among

observed

characters

also

schlerenchyma

Planı

Ankara

This

characters. in

the

pontica

be

probably

morphological

New

of

West

Research planı

!hat

D.

Iraq,

detailed

on

time

pontica

1971.

have

its

of

can

investigated

in

of

many

thesis.

D.

thank most

that

we

first

World

studies.

to

lor

are

Flora

and

characters

structures

studies

Flora

Company,

the

Sciences,

that

The

oxalate.

support

Si.

master

Although

distinguishing

for

wish

CC.

par!

morphological

Cj.

characters

w

species.

to

characters

characters

Ali

known

!his

important

further

the

E,

view.

Health

of

!his

is

LTD.,Rawalpindi,

structures

are

calcium

Macmillan

Özkal

crystalloid

lor

of it

xylem

of

anatomical

of

interesting

authors

phytochemical

of

stems.

species,

determine

Hylander,

sons Town.send

addition, Nasır The

is

base

Tosun,

talloid tals

usual

it

in Anatomical

large the

phological anatomical

support tomy point lore, racters

to and

Thus, anatomically ne titute

a

support Acknowledgement

The

1. REFERENCES

2.

3.

210