FABAD J. Pharm. Sd., 27, 205-210, 2002
RESEARCH ARTICLES Studies on the Anatomical Structure of the Leaf and Stem of Daphne pontica L. (Thymelaeaceae)
0 Alev TOSUN* , Nazire ÖZKAL*
Stuılieson the Aıwinmical Structure of the Leaf and Stem of Daphne ponüca L. (Thymelaeaceae) Yaprak ve Dallannın Daphııepontica L (Thymelaeaceae) Anatomik YapısıÜzerinde Çalışmalar Summary : This study was carried aut on the anatomical Özet : Bu çalışmaD. pontica L. 'nin yaprak ve dallarının structure of the leaf and stenıof Daphne pontica L. Daphne anatomik yapılarıüzerinde gerçekleştirildi.Bir Thyme pontica L., a plant of the Thymelaeaceae fanıily,was col lected fronıthe Bolu-Gölcük region of Turkey. Anatomical laeaceae familyasıbitkisi olan Daphne pontica L. Tür• clıaractersof the leaf and stem of this planıwere examined kiye'nin Bolu-Gölcük yöresinden toplandı.Bitkinin yaprak far the first time in this study. ve dallarınınanatomik karakterleri ilk defa bu çalışmada Key Words: Thymelaeaceae, Daphne pontica L., Anato incelendi. mical structure Anahtar kelimeler: Thymelaeaceae, Daphne pontica L.,
Received 4.11.2002 anatomik yapı Revised 17.2.2003 Accepted 21.3.2003
INTRODUCTION especially in children who had eaten them. lt is known that 10-12 fruits of these plants are deadly poi Daphne (Thymelaeaceae) is represented by 70 world sonous, so these species must not be used internally8. wide speciesl-5 including 7 species in Turkey, name Besides, there are several rumors concerning D. pon ly D. glomerata, D. gnidioides, D. mezereum, D. mu tica L., which is a poisonous plan! of our country, lor cronata/ D. oleoides/ D. pontica and D. sericea6-9. use in the treatment of psoriasis in some regions of Turkey. Also, the ethanolic extract of seeds of D. pon
Among these species, Daphne pontica L. is called sı tica L. had been lound to be effective lor KB and IM9 rımağu,sırımbağı, kurtbağı, locally. TI1ese evergreen cellsB erect shrubs, sparingly branched, 40-100 cm, with slightly fragrant flowers in pairs on a common pe There have been some phytochemical studies on D. duncule and black ovoid or subglobose fruits, grow pontica L. in Turkey14-16, but, !here is na research ei naturally as an underlorest planı,especially in the ther lor D. pontica L. or lor other species regarding northem Anatolian Region and partially in the Mar the anatomical structure. mara and Inner Anatolian Region of Turkey6-ID. In this respect, first of ali, we started to study D. pon Daphne species contain an irritable resin, so these tica L. anatomically. The stem and leaf anatomies of species are known as very toxic-plants lor both hu D. pontica L. were studied and described with orig mans and animalsB, 11, 12. Toxicity had been observed inal drawings and photographs far the first time, in
* Ankara University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Phannacognosy, 06100, Tandoğan,Ankara-TURKEY. ° Correspondence
205 Tosun/ Özkal
order to support the identification of these species . and to have an approach regarding the phytoche mical studies.
MATERIAL AND METHOD
MATERIAL
Daphne potıticaL. was collected (in flowering times) from the Bolu-Gölcük region of Turkey at an altitute of 950-1200 m, in May 1994. The voucher specimen ••• was deposited in AEF (Ankara Üniversitesi Eczacılık Fakültesi Herbaryumu, AEF 17721).
METHOD
The materials used for the anatomical studies were preserved in 70 % ethanol. Cross sections of the leaf and stem were prepared by hand from preserved
material and boiled in a solution of ClıloralHydrate and Sartur Reagent. Sartur Reagent contains KI-1, aniline, sudan-III, lactic acid, alcohol and water17. ln dian ink and distilled water were used for marking mucilage. However ali studies were performed in Sartur Reagent. Illustrations were made using a Fig. 1. Daplme pontica L.: Cross section of midri~ a: cuticle, b: upper epiderrnis, c: palısadepa Leitz-Wetzlar (45°) drawing prism. The cross sections renchyma,. d: spongy parenchyma, e: c?llenchym~,
were photographed with an automatic camera at f: xylem, g: phloem, h: schlerenchyma, ı:lower epı tached to a Cari Zeiss Jena microscope. dermis, j: starch grains
(Fig. 1, 2). The cells of the lower epidennis are sirnilar RESULTS to those of the upper epidermis except !hat the lower epidermis cells are smaller !han the upper ones. Both Leaf Anatomy lower and upper epidermis are composed of rec tangular cells which are pitted and rather thickened. There is an evident projecting par! on the lower sur Especially !here is a thick cuticle below the midrib face of the ]eaf indicating the midrib vein in cross sec vein (Fig. 2). Generally the upper epidermal cells con tion (Fig. 1). There is collenchyma asa supporting tis tain mucilage. So, these epidermal cells are usually sue both under the upper epidermis and over the enlarged due to the swelling of the mucilage present. lower epidermis in cross section of the midrib vein of There is no hair on the lower or upper epidermis. leaf. The vascular bundles, phloem, which is made of Stomata with 3-5 neighbour cells are present only at thin-walled, small cells, are surrounded by xylem in the lower epidermis with kidney shaped stomata a semicircle. There are schlerenchyma fibers with cells. The upper epidermis is devoid of stomata (Fig. thick, lignified walls that partly encircle the plıloem 3, 5). Crystalloid structures are found in both lower between phloem and collenchyma in the lower par!. and upper epidermis (Fig. 4, 5). Additionally, !here There are few sclereids with a wide lumen among are starch grains in collenchyma, spongy pa those. There are thin-walled xylem parenchyma cells renchyma and stomata. The single layer of thin- in the xylem tissue at the center of the midrib vein
206
i: i:
f: f:
207 207
cor-
por
con
cork cork
frorn frorn
stoma, stoma,
The The
celt celt
h: h:
lamina lamina
6). 6).
parenchyma, parenchyma,
Periderm, Periderm,
Periderrn Periderrn
leaf leaf
outermost outermost
of of
(Fig. (Fig.
mucilage mucilage
the the
cells. cells.
c: c:
reddish-brown reddish-brown
epidermis, epidermis,
spongy spongy
layers. layers.
at at
of of
e: e:
section section
is is
of of
section section
lower lower
Cross Cross
g: g:
epiderrnis, epiderrnis,
cross cross
rectangular rectangular
L.: L.:
fragments fragments
nurnbers nurnbers
Periderm Periderm
in in
upper upper
parenchyma, parenchyma,
b: b:
bundle, bundle,
pontica pontica
bark bark
grains grains
circular circular
different different
palisade palisade
occasional occasional
cuticle, cuticle,
multi-layered multi-layered
are are
Daphne Daphne
vascular vascular
d: d:
starch starch
a: a:
as as
Anatomy Anatomy
of of
with with
adherent adherent
3. 3.
Fig. Fig.
tion tion
the the
sists sists
exists exists
Stems Stems
Stern Stern
pa
bi
epi
large large
this this
located located
lower lower
in in
with with
epidermis. epidermis.
i: i:
are are
collenchyma, collenchyma,
palisade palisade
e: e:
midrib midrib
c c
tissue tissue
cells cells
of of
upper upper
2002 2002
loose loose
the the
parenchyma parenchyma
section section
a a
schlerenchyma, schlerenchyma,
epidemıis, epidemıis,
palisade palisade
parenchyma, parenchyma,
h: h:
205-210, 205-210,
Cross Cross
under under
27, 27,
spongy spongy
L.: L.:
grains grains
upper upper
compose compose
spongy spongy
of of
phloem, phloem,
b: b:
Sci., Sci.,
d: d:
starch starch
packed packed
cylindrical cylindrical
g: g:
3-5). 3-5).
pontica pontica
cells cells
j: j:
spaces spaces
(Fig. (Fig.
Pharm. Pharm.
cuticle, cuticle,
xylem, xylem,
short, short,
J. J.
closely closely
Daphne Daphne
f: f:
renchyma, renchyma,
derm.is, derm.is,
a: a:
leaf leaf
irregular irregular
2. 2.
rather rather
walled, walled,
The The
FABAD FABAD
Fig. Fig.
intercellu_lar intercellu_lar facial facial
a a
to to
are are the the
the the
lig
rec
and and
cells cells
(Fig. (Fig.
cam
some some schle
!hem. !hem.
of of
schle
Many Many
xylem xylem
g: g:
d. d.
In In
cells cells
the the
covering covering
thin-walled thin-walled
narrow narrow
broken broken
shaped shaped
cambium cambium
center center
of of
among among
surround surround
cellulosic cellulosic
fibers. fibers.
of of
These These
stem stem
layers. layers.
phloem, phloem,
tracheid, tracheid,
and and
the the
seen seen
thick-walled, thick-walled,
of of
f: f:
from from
at at
pits. pits.
parenchyma, parenchyma,
four four
9). 9).
are are
small, small,
ray, ray,
spherical spherical
tracheas tracheas
bundles bundles
diameter diameter
or or
consists consists
section section
pith pith
trachea, trachea,
crushed crushed
thin-walled, thin-walled,
(Fig. (Fig.
larger larger
cortex cortex
are are
pith pith
of of
The The
large large
of of
these these
c: c:
three three
moderately moderately
Cross Cross
large large
been been pith pith
numerous numerous
of of
tracheids tracheids
in in
are are
a a
cells cells
schlerenchyma schlerenchyma
i: i:
L.: L.:
center center Phloem Phloem
are are
wide. wide.
dilated dilated
is is
has has
becomes becomes
the the
and and
e: e:
cells cells
consists consists
fairly fairly
walls walls
periderm, periderm,
cells cells
and and
There There
composed composed
Schlerenchyma Schlerenchyma
in in
xylem, xylem,
pontica pontica
b: b:
There There h: h:
is is
have have
The The
fibers fibers
ring ring
shaped shaped
cambium cambium
a a
trachea trachea
cork, cork,
parenchyma parenchyma
sometimes sometimes
angled. angled.
parenchyma. parenchyma.
Daphne Daphne
renchyma, renchyma,
a: a:
and and
bium, bium,
Cellulosic Cellulosic
Cambium Cambium
Wood Wood
area. area.
or or
like like
thickened. thickened.
6. 6.
9). 9).
8, 8,
are are
thin-walled. thin-walled.
Xylem Xylem
alması alması
tangular tangular
nified nified pith pith
sections, sections,
cells. cells.
large large parenchyma, parenchyma,
cortex cortex layered layered
stem. stem.
renchyma renchyma
row row
Fig. Fig.
as as
ray ray
epi
and and
nar-
cells cells
occa
occur occur
fibers fibers
dilata
(upper (upper
center, center,
located located
radiant radiant
steı11 steı11
pith pith
elements elements
L. L.
grains, grains,
(lower (lower
row, row,
xylem xylem
of of
are are
are are
the the
moderately moderately
fibres fibres
L. L.
the the
parenchyma parenchyma
generally generally
one one
of of
other other
starch starch
of of
that that
walls walls
pontica pontica
in in
walls walls c: c:
with with
are are
parenchyma parenchyma
the the
pontica pontica
phloem, phloem,
D. D.
cortex cortex
characteristic characteristic
rays rays
schlerenchyma schlerenchyma
D. D.
Towards Towards
of of
Pitted Pitted
stoma, stoma,
of of
with with
the the
sections sections
numbers numbers
8). 8).
very very
b: b:
Pith Pith
and and
lumens lumens
leaf leaf
9). 9).
generally generally
lignified lignified
Cortex Cortex
cellulosic cellulosic
leaf leaf
7, 7,
7). 7).
8, 8,
of of
of of
cross cross
are are
with with
rays rays
are are
6, 6,
their their
reached reached
in in
(Fig. (Fig.
structure, structure,
associated associated
(Fig. (Fig.
Abundant Abundant
cell cell
schlerenchyma, schlerenchyma,
rays rays
pith pith
section section
and and
section section
(Fig. (Fig.
They They
thickened thickened
elements. elements.
have have
rows rows
cambium cambium
Pith Pith
walls walls
to to
observed observed
dilated dilated
evident. evident.
mucilage mucilage
two two
crystalloid crystalloid
xylem. xylem.
periderm periderm
d: d: deımis) deımis)
a: a:
Superficial Superficial
epideımis) epideımis)
Superficial Superficial
Ôzkal Ôzkal
pith pith
reticulate reticulate
expansion expansion
pattern pattern
are are
are are
located. located.
5. 5.
parenchyma, parenchyma,
4. 4.
the the
groups groups usually
from from
characteristic characteristic
thickened thickened
tion tion
tex tex
of of
are are
in in
with with
cells cells 208 208
with with
sionally sionally
pith pith
phloem, phloem,
under under
Fig. Fig.
Tasım, Tasım, Fig. Fig.
i: i:
is is
to to
the the
209 209
epi
cam
have have
char
easily easily
struc
at at
upper upper
grow
e: e:
there there
similar
them them
familyıs. familyıs.
L. L.
region region
the the
especially especially
as as
upper upper
plant plant
orily orily
compressed compressed
but, but,
in in
anatomically. anatomically.
parenchyn1a, parenchyn1a,
xylem xylem
the the
!his !his
it it
causing causing
sep~rated sep~rated
and and
leaves leaves
pontica pontica
of of
anatomical anatomical
anatomiCal anatomiCal
in in
of of
found found
fruits, fruits,
found found
be be leaf. leaf.
parenchyma, parenchyma,
its its
xylem xylem
Anatolia, Anatolia,
the the
the the
h: h:
in in
was was
in in
inside inside
can can
section section
identify identify
stem stem
were were
black black
Daphne Daphne
mostly mostly
L. L.
ofThymelaeaceae ofThymelaeaceae
to to
bifacial bifacial
phloem phloem
of of
xylem, xylem,
and and
and and
parenchyma parenchyma
L. L.
Cross Cross
d: d:
the the
idenlify idenlify
g: g:
toward toward
L.: L.:
mucilage mucilage
at at
growing growing
stomata stomata
genus genus
found found
leaf leaf
stem stem
to to
pontica pontica
pairs pairs
investigated investigated
ray, ray,
As As
be be
io io
the the
pontica pontica
and and
palisade palisade
D. D.
we we
pith pith
pontica pontica
swelled swelled
whilst whilst
mucilage mucilage contains
D. D.
f: f:
species species
broaden broaden
inmany inmany
the the
it it
leaf leaf
L. L.
could could
on on
of of
schlerenchyma, schlerenchyma,
flowers flowers
and and
cells, cells,
respect, respect,
study, study,
the the
epidermis. epidermis.
Turkey. Turkey.
Daplıne Daplıne
pith pith
bium, bium,
c: c:
other other
invesligated invesligated
its its
of of
in in
cells cells
9. 9.
study study
this this
this this
pontica pontica
observed observed
D. D.
the the in in
ture ture
acters. acters. deımis deımis
no no
Mucilage Mucilage
with with DISCUSSION DISCUSSION
ly ly
epideımis, epideımis,
shorten shorten from from
ing ing been been
lower lower
in in
Fig. Fig.
f: f:
c: c:
schle
d. d.
cambium, cambium,
e: e:
parenchyma, parenchyma,
ray ray
stem stem
stem stem
of of
of of
ray, ray,
pith pith
2002 2002
parenchyma, parenchyma,
phloem phloem
pith pith
section section
section section
b: b:
dilated dilated
cortex cortex
f: f:
c c
205-210, 205-210,
Cross Cross
dilated dilated
27, 27,
L.:.Cross L.:.Cross
d: d:
L.: L.:
phloem, phloem,
Sci., Sci.,
e: e:
periderm, periderm,
parenchyma, parenchyma,
pontica pontica
pontica pontica
b: b:
Pharnı. Pharnı.
cortex cortex
cork, cork,
J. J.
Daplme Daplme
a: a:
Daphne Daphne
renchyma, renchyma,
schlerenchyma, schlerenchyma,
a: a:
xylem xylem
7. 7.
8. 8.
Fig. Fig.
Fig. Fig. FABAD FABAD of
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a
in
to
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of
no
lor
un
Ins
cha
ana
crys crys
mor
of
Feroz
aimed
Daph
There
Edition,
been
planı fibers
the
establish
contains
exarnined
characters
Ministry
These
was
(ARFO)
has
cluster
other
L.
lor
No.12,
1,
!his
important
will
support
It groups
was
Second
the
the
University,
1956.
to
for
L.
Par!
there
Fund
leaves.
very
Life.'
morphological
study
pontica
L.,
identification.
subject.
York,
Pakistan.
used
the
D.
Vol.4,
among
observed
characters
also
schlerenchyma
Planı
Ankara
This
characters. in
the
pontica
be
probably
morphological
New
of
West
Research planı
!hat
D.
Iraq,
detailed
on
time
pontica
1971.
have
its
of
can
investigated
in
of
many
thesis.
D.
thank most
that
we
first
World
studies.
to
lor
are
Flora
and
characters
structures
studies
Flora
Company,
the
Sciences,
that
The
oxalate.
support
Si.
master
Although
distinguishing
for
wish
CC.
par!
morphological
Cj.
characters
w species. to characters characters Ali known !his important further the E, view. Health of !his is LTD.,Rawalpindi, structures are calcium Macmillan Özkal crystalloid lor of it xylem of anatomical of interesting authors phytochemical of stems. species, determine Hylander, sons Town.send addition, Nasır The is base Tosun, talloid tals usual it in Anatomical large the phological anatomical support tomy point lore, racters to and Thus, anatomically ne titute a support Acknowledgement The 1. REFERENCES 2. 3. 210