This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from Explore Bristol Research, http://research-information.bristol.ac.uk Author: Aiden, Hardeep Title: Understanding integration policy-making in Japan using a field analytical approach case studies of Osaka and Yokohama General rights Access to the thesis is subject to the Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International Public License. A copy of this may be found at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode This license sets out your rights and the restrictions that apply to your access to the thesis so it is important you read this before proceeding. Take down policy Some pages of this thesis may have been removed for copyright restrictions prior to having it been deposited in Explore Bristol Research. However, if you have discovered material within the thesis that you consider to be unlawful e.g. breaches of copyright (either yours or that of a third party) or any other law, including but not limited to those relating to patent, trademark, confidentiality, data protection, obscenity, defamation, libel, then please contact [email protected] and include the following information in your message: •Your contact details •Bibliographic details for the item, including a URL •An outline nature of the complaint Your claim will be investigated and, where appropriate, the item in question will be removed from public view as soon as possible. Understanding integration policy- making in Japan using a field analytical approach Case studies of Osaka and Yokohama Hardeep Singh Aiden A dissertation submitted to the University of Bristol in accordance with the requirements for award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Social Policy in the Faculty of Social Sciences and Law. School for Policy Studies November 2018 Word count: 73,800 Abstract Looking towards Japan, there is a growing number of studies concerned with migration and migrant integration, especially in urban contexts. However, within the Japanese context, and indeed more widely, more investigation is needed into the actors and institutions involved in the integration policy-making process. In particular, the roles played by government and non-government actors and their relative influence on integration policies have been underexplored. Hence, this study has sought to investigate how the configuration of actors and institutions in Japan has helped shape the policies affecting migrants in Japanese cities. In order to do so, it presents findings from qualitative research carried out in the two Japanese cities with the highest numbers of foreign residents, namely Osaka and Yokohama. The research has sought to investigate the key actors involved in the development of integration policies, the institutional structures that have developed to take formal responsibility for these policies, and the competing narratives and discourses bound up with integration policy-making processes. Rather than viewing the relationships between institutions and actors as ‘multilevel’, with its emphasis on vertical hierarchy, this study argues that it may be more fruitful to view these interconnections as multi-spatial and multi-scalar. This project has also been carried out with the aim of examining integration-related issues from a relational perspective, by using a Bourdieu-inspired field analytical framework that draws on concepts from governance and citizenship-based research on integration. Using a relational approach, this study contributes to our understanding of how the balance of control over integration policy-making has changed since the 1990s, highlighting the practices and processes at work within and across the institutions that are shaping integration-related policies and policy-making processes in Japan. Although integration policies are now appearing at the national scale as a result of the reconfiguration of actors involved in the production of these policies, this study also considers how actors are negotiating structure and agency in the development of integration policies at the local scale. ii Dedication and acknowledgments I would like to extend my gratitude to the many people, in many countries, who so generously contributed to the work presented in this thesis. First and foremost, I wish to thank all the participants who gave up their time to support this project. Without their participation, this thesis could not have been written. Special mention goes to my enthusiastic supervisors, Patricia Kennett and Ann Singleton, for guiding me through the obstacle course that is the doctoral research process. Their expertise and wisdom was a constant source of inspiration to me. I would also like to thank the Great Britain Sasakawa Foundation for their generous studentship and the Japan Foundation Endowment Committee for their financial support. Without these two sources of funding, I would not have been able to embark on fieldwork. Carrying out fieldwork in another country is not an easy endeavour. I am particularly grateful to Prof. Mizuuchi Toshio and his colleagues at Osaka City University for their support while I was in Japan. I also wish to acknowledge Marcelo Cargano, Flavia Fulco and Jocelyn Celero for going far beyond the call of duty in their research, interpreting and translation assistance for this project, and Kei Namba for her unfailing transcription support. I am indebted to my family—my mum, dad, brother and sister—for their unswerving support over the last eight years, which has meant the world to me. I dedicate this thesis to them. iv Author’s declaration I declare that the work in this dissertation was carried out in accordance with the requirements of the University's Regulations and Code of Practice for Research Degree Programmes and that it has not been submitted for any other academic award. Except where indicated by specific reference in the text, the work is the candidate's own work. Work done in collaboration with, or with the assistance of, others, is indicated as such. Any views expressed in the dissertation are those of the author. Signed: Date: 9 November 2018 vi Table of contents Abstract ........................................................................................................................ ii Dedication and acknowledgments............................................................................... iv Author’s declaration .................................................................................................... vi List of tables .............................................................................................................. xiv List of figures ............................................................................................................ xiv Glossary .................................................................................................................... xvi List of abbreviations ................................................................................................... xx Notes on spelling and translation ............................................................................. xxii 1 Introduction: integration policies and policy-making in Japan ............................ 2 1.1 Background ................................................................................................... 2 1.2 Japanese migration research: key developments .......................................... 5 1.2.1 The human rights approach: activism and global norms ....................... 5 1.2.2 The citizenship approach........................................................................ 7 1.2.3 The governance approach ...................................................................... 9 1.3 Research approach ....................................................................................... 10 1.3.1 Introducing a relational approach to investigate integration policies and policy-making .................................................................................................... 11 1.3.2 Research questions ............................................................................... 12 1.3.3 The study sites: Osaka and Yokohama ................................................ 13 1.4 Chapter outline ............................................................................................ 16 2 Migration policies and policy research in Japan ................................................ 18 2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................. 18 2.2 The problem of/with integration .................................................................. 18 2.3 Migration policies and policy-making in Japan .......................................... 20 2.3.1 Immigration to Japan: an overview ...................................................... 20 2.3.2 Integration policy-making processes at the national scale ................... 27 2.3.3 Migration-related challenges at the local scale .................................... 31 2.4 Integration policy paradigms and policy frames ......................................... 34 2.4.1 Changing policy paradigms, changing constructions of migrants ....... 34 2.4.2 Migrants’ rights as non-citizens, denizens or local citizens ................. 38 2.5 Summary ..................................................................................................... 42 3 Understanding integration policy-making in Japan: a relational approach ........ 44 viii 3.1 Introduction