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Revista Española De Investigaciones Sociológicas N Revista española de investigaciones sociológicas n. 162 (2018) Artículos Presencia del neofascismo en las democracias europeas contemporáneas.......................p. 3-20 OMAR GARCÍA OLASCOAGA Los modelos basados en agentes y la ciencia de las consecuencias inintencionadas de la acción ..................................................................................................................................... p. 21-38 FRANCISCO LINARES Cambio y continuidad en tres generaciones de mujeres: un análisis longitudinal cualitativo de las formas de trabajo................................................................................................... p. 39-54 CONSTANZA TOBÍO SOLER M. TERESA MARTÍN-PALOMO Población solo-móvil y estimación electoral en España. El caso de las elecciones andaluzas de 2012............................................................................................................................. p. 55-72 SARA PASADAS-DEL-AMO La digitalización del campo cultural y los intermediarios culturales: una crítica social del utopismo digital............................................................................................................ p. 73-90 JOAQUIM RIUS-ULLDEMOLINS JUAN PECOURT GRACIA Estrategias y razones del impacto de WikiLeaks en la opinión pública mundial…..........p. 91-110 CARLOS ELÍAS ALBERTO QUIAN Tensiones y confluencias en las obras de Jacques Rancière y Ernesto Laclau..............p. 111-128 PEDRO M. REY-ARAUJO Notas de investigación Del estilo a la dirección:la representación política en el Congreso de los Diputados y en los Parlamentos autonómicos………….............................................................................. p. 129-140 BEATRIZ CAMACHO-ÁVILA Crítica de libros Teoría sociológica aplicada........................................................................................ p. 141-145 FÉLIX REQUENA SANTOS LUIS AYUSO SÁNCHEZ El azar de las fronteras. Políticas migratorias, ciudadanía y justicia…........................ p. 146-148 JUAN CARLOS VELASCO Inmigración y empleo en España: de la expansión a la crisis económica.................... p. 148-152 JACOBO MUÑOZ COMET Discourse Analysis as Social Critique......................................................................... p. 152-155 BENNO HERZOG doi:10.5477/cis/reis.162.3 Presencia del neofascismo en las democracias europeas contemporáneas Presence of Neo-fascism in Contemporary European Democracies Omar García Olascoaga Palabras clave Resumen Democracia Este artículo se propone constatar la presencia del neofascismo en las • Europa del Este democracias europeas. El neofascismo no es un fenómeno estático y se • Europa Occidental manifiesta en diversas etapas: como escuelas de pensamiento, • Neofascismo movimientos sociales, partidos políticos y regímenes políticos. Sin una • Neonazismo ideología propia, el fascismo del periodo de entreguerras fue un fenómeno pragmático que evolucionó según sus circunstancias, por tal motivo, el neofascismo debe abordarse bajo esta misma dinámica, es decir, desde sus orígenes como movimiento hasta su última manifestación como régimen. En la actualidad, el neofascismo está presente como una opción política en el mercado electoral y su presencia en los recintos parlamentarios ha crecido en los últimos años, como lo atestigua el caso griego de Amanecer Dorado. Key words Abstract Democracy This article aims to expose the presence of neo-fascism in European • Eastern Europe democracies. Neo-fascism is not a static phenomenon and it has • Western Europe manifested itself in several stages: schools of thought, social • Neo-Fascism movements, political parties and political regimes. Without an ideology, • Neo-Nazism fascism in the inter-war period was a pragmatic phenomenon that evolved according to the environment, thus neo-fascism should be approached according to this same dynamic, namely, from its origin as a movement until its final manifestation as a political regime. Today, neo-fascism exists as a profitable option in the electoral market and its presence has grown over the recent years in parliaments, as evidenced by the Greek case of Golden Dawn. Cómo citar García Olascoaga, Omar (2018). «Presencia del neofascismo en las democracias europeas contemporáneas». Revista Española de Investigaciones Sociológicas, 162: 3-20. (http://dx.doi.org/10.5477/cis/reis.162.3) La versión en inglés de este artículo puede consultarse en http://reis.cis.es Omar García Olascoaga: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México | [email protected] Reis. Rev.Esp.Investig.Sociol. ISSN-L: 0210-5233. Nº 162, Abril - Junio 2018, pp. 3-20 4 Presencia del neofascismo en las democracias europeas contemporáneas INTRODUCCIÓN entusiasmo, con un activismo apasionado y un sentido de participación, con mitos y ¿El fascismo continúa vigente en Europa? ritos, comprometido con la violencia, la Esta ha sido una de las principales interro- guerra y la destrucción de sus enemigos, gantes entre los académicos cuya respuesta está muerto» (1976: 104). En este sentido, todavía no es unívoca; sin embargo, la pre- Renzo De Felice se pronunció: «Si se con- gunta más pertinente para los propósitos de sidera el fascismo como uno de los episo- este artículo sería: ¿hasta dónde ha evolu- dios históricos más importantes de nuestro cionado el fascismo en Europa? Aunque, en tiempo, el uso de la palabra no puede ex- el ocaso de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, Be- tenderse a ningún país externo a Europa, ni nito Mussolini vaticinó: «En el corto plazo, el a ningún periodo distinto del que existió fascismo brillará una vez más en el horizon- entre las guerras. Sus raíces son típica- te»; lo cierto es que los expertos general- mente europeas» (1977: 10). Posteriormen- mente concuerdan en que las experiencias te, Walter Laqueur minimizó su reaparición: fascistas por excelencia (Italia y Alemania)1 y «Los hipnotizados por una segunda ola del sus respectivas réplicas en el periodo de en- nazismo y el fascismo en Europa Occiden- treguerras (Austria, Hungría, Rumanía, Espa- tal están extraviados. Las modas, los sím- ña y Grecia)2 fueron un acontecimiento pro- bolos y la retórica de los noventa nada tie- pio de su contexto histórico y por tanto no nen que ver con las de los años treinta, y retornarán como régimen político a la Europa los países más propensos a sucumbir a las contemporánea. ideologías antidemocráticas no son preci- La comunidad académica se ha dividido samente Alemania ni Italia» (1996: 235). en dos grupos. El primero ha advertido que Finalmente, Michael Mann sentenció: «El el fascismo fue un «fenómeno de época», fascismo europeo está derrotado, muerto y el cual se manifestó únicamente en Europa enterrado [...]. Por ahora los fascistas están como producto de las condiciones preva- muertos y su resurrección no parece inmi- lecientes entre las dos guerras mundiales, nente» (2004: 370 y 375). por lo que su resurgimiento fuera de ese No obstante, los estudios sobre el fascis- contexto histórico se torna improbable en mo no deben reducirse a su pragmatismo, es la actualidad. Hace décadas, Ernst Nolte, decir, a través del surgimiento de movimien- pionero en los estudios comparativos so- tos y regímenes, sino también debe recupe- bre el fascismo, apuntó: «Aunque el fascis- rarse su perspectiva ideológica y cultural. En mo ha existido después de 1945, […] no se el pasado, los primeros trabajos se centraron le puede atribuir un significado tan impor- solo en los hechos, las acciones y los resul- tante como en su época, a menos que el tados, soslayando completamente las ideas, término sea desarraigado por completo de los programas y los proyectos. Sin embargo, su tradicional connotación» (1966: 4). Por autores como Renzo De Felice, George L. su parte, Juan J. Linz señaló: «El auténtico Mosse, Zeev Sternhell y Emilio Gentile han fascismo que movilizó a los jóvenes con advertido que el fascismo, antes que ser un régimen, fue una ideología política enraizada culturalmente en Europa con cierta indepen- 1 Aunque Renzo De Felice y Karl D. Bracher han adver- dencia intelectual. A pesar de que regular- tido que el fascismo italiano y el nacionalsocialismo mente se ubica como un fenómeno donde alemán no pertenecen a la misma categoría, el presen- predomina la acción sobre las ideas, esta te artículo considera que estos dos contienen caracte- rísticas en común que los distinguen de los demás fas- nueva corriente lo concibió como un movi- cismos. Véanse De Felice (1976) y Bracher (1976). miento cultural, ya que el fascismo fue una 2 Véase Costa Pinto y Kallis (eds.) (2014). revolución, una ideología, una visión del Reis. Rev.Esp.Investig.Sociol. ISSN-L: 0210-5233. Nº 162, Abril - Junio 2018, pp. 3-20 Omar García Olascoaga 5 mundo y una cultura. Una revolución puesto nació en el seno de un nuevo consenso aca- que anheló crear una nueva sociedad. Una démico cuyo objetivo radicó en ubicar sus ideología inspirada en el nacionalismo contra características básicas para definir un «míni- el liberalismo y el marxismo, buscando una mo fascista», centrándose en las similitudes tercera vía. Una visión del mundo promotora en lugar de en las diferencias. El propio Griffin de un hombre nuevo cuyo destino providen- expuso: «A pesar de que el fascismo fue inci- cial fuese la nación. Y una cultura inscrita en nerado como fuerza revolucionaria hace mu- las prácticas sociales para transformar el cho tiempo, no existe ninguna posibilidad de imaginario colectivo, modificar los estilos de que las ideologías basadas en el mito del fénix vida y suprimir toda
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