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The Case of Hospitaller Rhodes (Ca Staging Holiness: The Case of Hospitaller Rhodes (ca. 1309–1522) Mediterranean Art Histories studies in visual cultures and artistic transfers from late antiquity to the modern period Series Editors Hannah Baader (Kunsthistorisches Institut, Florence) Michele Bacci (University of Fribourg) Gerhard Wolf (Kunsthistorisches Institut, Florence) volume 3 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/mah Staging Holiness: The Case of Hospitaller Rhodes (ca. 1309–1522) By Sofia Zoitou LEIDEN | BOSTON This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided no alterations are made and the original author(s) and source are credited. Further information and the complete license text can be found at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ The terms of the CC license apply only to the original material. The use of material from other sources (indicated by a reference) such as diagrams, illustrations, photos and text samples may require further permission from the respective copyright holder. The publication was financially supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF). Cover illustration: A Rhodian Judas coin, silver and silver gilt, Metropolitan Cathedral Museum, Mdina. Photo by Mario Gauci, courtesy of the Metropolitan Cathedral, Mdina, Malta. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Zoitou, Sofia, author. Title: Staging holiness : the case of Hospitaller Rhodes (ca. 1309–1522) / by Sofia Zoitou. Description: Leiden ; Boston : Brill, [2021] | Series: Mediterranean art histories - studies in visual cultures and artistic transfers from late antiquity to the modern period, 2213–3399 ; volume 3 | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2020046625 (print) | LCCN 2020046626 (ebook) | ISBN 9789004436855 (hardback) | ISBN 9789004444225 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Hospitalers—Greece—Rhodes (Island—History—To 1500. | Religious articles—Greece—Rhodes (Island)—History—To 1500. | Travelers’ writings, European—History and criticism. | Christian pilgrims and pilgrimages—Israel—History. | Knights of Malta—Greece—Rhodes (Island)—History—To 1500. | Rhodes (Greece : Island)—Church history. Classification: LCC CR4731.G82 R489 2021 (print) | LCC CR4731.G82 (ebook) | DDC 949.5/87—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020046625 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020046626 Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: “Brill”. See and download: brill.com/brill-typeface. issn 2213-3399 isbn 978-90-04-43685-5 (hardback) isbn 978-90-04-44422-5 (e-book) Copyright 2021 by Sofia Zoitou. Published by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Hes & De Graaf, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Rodopi, Brill Sense, Hotei Publishing, mentis Verlag, Verlag Ferdinand Schöningh and Wilhelm Fink Verlag. Koninklijke Brill NV reserves the right to protect this publication against unauthorized use. This book is printed on acid-free paper and produced in a sustainable manner. Contents Acknowledgments vii List of Figures ix Introduction 1 1 Aims and Context of This Study 1 2 Historical Context 5 1 The Hospitallers’ Institutions 13 1 St. John of the Collachium 13 1.1 Historical and Archaeological Investigation 13 1.2 Cultic Phenomena 31 1.2.1 The Hand of St. John the Baptist 36 1.2.2 Relics of the True Cross 62 1.2.3 A Cross Made from the Basin of the Washing of the Feet 71 1.2.4 One of the Thirty Pieces of Silver 77 1.2.5 A Bowl Used by Christ 90 1.2.6 The Head and Body of St. Euphemia 90 1.2.7 Other Relics of the Collection 96 2 The Chapel of the Grand Master 103 2.1 Historical and Archaeological Investigation 103 2.2 Cultic Phenomena 112 2.2.1 The Miraculous Thorn from the Holy Crown 112 2.2.2 The Arm of St. Catherine 120 3 The Hospital 123 3.1 Archaeological and Historical Investigation 123 3.2 Cultic Phenomena 136 2 The Borgo and the Area outside the Walls 140 1 The Chapel of St. Catherine’s Hospice 140 1.1 Historical and Archaeological Investigation 140 1.2 Cultic Phenomena 150 2 St. Anthony 164 2.1 Historical and Archaeological Investigation 164 2.2 Cultic Phenomena 169 3 St. John the Baptist de Fonte 177 vi Contents 4 Our Lady of Victory and St. Pantaleon 184 4.1 Historical and Archaeological Investigation 184 4.2 Cultic Phenomena 189 3 Our Lady of Phileremos 193 1 Historical and Archaeological Investigation 193 2 Cultic Phenomena 209 Conclusions 234 Bibliography 241 Index 277 Acknowledgments First and foremost, I would like to thank my Ph.D. advisor, Michele Bacci, for entrusting me with the research that produced the present book, a revised ver- sion of my Ph.D. thesis of the same title defended in 2019 at the University of Fribourg. From 2014 on, he has supported all aspects of my work and has been a constant source of invaluable and knowledgeable input. I am equally thankful to Maria Vassilaki for her uninterrupted, generous help. From the time of completing my MA thesis at the University of Thessaly and ever since, she has encouraged and provided me with ample resources and inspiration on Byzantine and Post-Byzantine art; I also thank her for agreeing to be my external Ph.D. examiner. The harmonious collaboration among the team members of our research project at the University of Fribourg ensured the sound structure of our ef- fort, for which I wish to thank Argyri Dermitzaki, Vesna Scepanovic, Gianvito Campobasso, and Angela Schiffhauer. Argyri and Vesna, both preparing their theses along with mine, offered companionship on what is by nature a solitary path. My deepest thanks go to Anthony Luttrell, whom I was fortunate to meet during my first trip to Malta in 2016, at the National Library in Valletta. Not only did he provide me with plentiful information and references concerning the Hospitallers at Rhodes, but he also generously dedicated much valuable time to reading the largest part of my manuscript. The Ephorate of Antiquities of the Dodecanese always welcomed my various requests at Rhodes, during my visits to its library and archives, and from afar; I would especially like to thank Konstantia Kefala, Katerina Manoussou-Ntella, and Giorgos Ntellas for their generous assistance. My trip to Malta in 2016 was a vital part of my research. I wish to thank Mario Buhagiar for his indispensable guidance and for sharing his deep knowl- edge of the Knights’ art and traditions during the short time we were able to converse. Likewise, Maroma Camilleri at the National Library of Malta and Charlene Vella, Emanuel Buttigieg, and Keith Sciberras at the University of Malta were obliging. I wish to acknowledge in particular Fr. John Azzopardi at the Archives of the Metropolitan Cathedral, Mdina, for guiding me through the archives and for permission to take photographs, as well as Mario Gauci; for photo permission, I am also thankful to Fr. Edgar Vella, curator of the Metropolitan Cathedral Museum, Mdina. viii Acknowledgments In Athens, the Gennadius Library and the libraries of the Benaki Museum and the British School at Athens provided an ideal environment for research. I also profited greatly from a short stay at the Hellenic Institute for Byzantine and Post-Byzantine Studies in Venice. During my MA course at the University of Thessaly, Dimitris J. Kyrtatas fos- tered my interest in studies on Christianity and Late Antique history, as well as on the themes of travels, peregrinations, and pilgrimage. His seminars and his exceptional supervision of my MA thesis were vital for the development of my skills in historical research. For dedicating time to the discussion of ideas, comments, and specif- ic questions and translations, I thank Nikos Livanos, Grigoris Apostolidis, Ioanna Christoforaki, Thomas Kaffenberger, Alexandre Varela, Stefan Matter, Alessandro Diana, and Simon Phillips. The publication of this book was made possible through the sponsorship of the Swiss National Science Foundation. I would like to thank the Mediterranean Art Histories [MAH] editors, Hannah Baader, Michele Bacci, and Gerhard Wolf, for including this volume in the series, as well as Teddi Dols, the Brill Editor/ Editor Middle East and Islamic Studies in charge of the series, and Dirk Bakker, Production Editor. I appreciate the help of Alexandra Pel with editing the man- uscript and preparing it for publication. I also wish to thank most sincerely Béatrice and Michel Bavarel and Florian de Lehner for their generosity and kind hospitality in Fribourg. Last but not least, I am thankful to my parents for encouraging my wishes to pursue my studies from an early age. And most of all, to my husband, Panagiotis, for his support and patience throughout the years. Figures 1 Map of the town of Rhodes in 1465, with the contemporary divisions of the langues. Gabriel 1921, 23 8 2 Map of the town of Rhodes in 1522, with the contemporary divisions of the langues. Gabriel 1921, 27 9 3 The town of Rhodes. Schematic drawing. After Manoussou-Ntella 2012a, 320; Luttrell 2003b, fig. 13 10 4 Remains of the church of St. John of the Collachium, Rhodes: 4a. View from northeast; 4b. View from the north. Photos S. Zoitou 14 5 St. John of the Collachium, plan. Lojacono 1936b, pl. 2a 17 6 St. John of the Collachium: 6a. Section. Lojacono 1936b, pl. 3; 6b. Graphic representation. Lojacono 1936b, pl. 4a 18–19 7 St. John of the Collachium, graphic representation: section, apse, and transept. Lojacono 1936b, pl. 5a 20 8 St. John of the Collachium, interior view from the west, 1828, lithograph after P. J. Witdoeck. Rottiers 1828, pl. 42 21 9 The niche of Aubusson’s tomb, 1828, lithograph after P. J. Witdoeck. Rottiers 1828, pl.
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