Evaluation and Improvement of Freezing Tolerance in Cold Sensitive Grape Genotypes
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Evaluation and Improvement of Freezing Tolerance in Cold Sensitive Grape Genotypes THESIS Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Shouxin Li Graduate Program in Horticulture and Crop Science The Ohio State University 2014 Master's Examination Committee: Dr. Imed Dami, Advisor Dr. Michelle Jones Dr. Joshua Blakeslee Copyrighted by Shouxin Li 2014 Abstract Grape and wine industries in colder regions such as Ohio have been expanding rapidly and demand for premium wine grapes has also increased. However, several popular cultivars are sensitive to freezing temperatures below -20°C. The objectives of this research were to: 1) evaluate the freezing tolerance (FT) of field-grown winegrape cultivars new to Ohio, 2) evaluate the response of field-grown winegrape cultivars to exogenous ABA, and 3) characterize the changes of FT and water content in bud tissues of greenhouse-grown grapevines in response to exogenous ABA. Initially, FT (or LT50) of 23 cultivars were evaluated between September and April in two locations for three seasons. The purpose of this study was to characterize FT as influenced by genotype. Specifically, the objective of this three-year study was to determine the FT of 23 winegrape cultivars. Three different methods including date-mode method, piecewise regression and mean LT50s were used to estimate FT. We were able to classify the 23 cultivars into three groups of FT: most cold sensitive including Gamay noir, Pinotage, Rotberger, Regent, Chardonnay, and Cabernet franc; least cold sensitive including Syrah, Lagrein, Tempranilllo, Barbera, and Durif and the intermediate group which included Malvasia, Dolcetto, Siegerrebe, Carménère, Cabernet Sauvignon, Sauvignon blanc, Malbec, Arneis, Teroldego, Sangiovese, Merlot, and Kerner. In the ABA study, we evaluated the effect of exogenous ABA on FT of two cold sensitive cultivars, Vitis vinifera ‘Chardonnay’ and ‘Pinot gris’. Grapevines were sprayed with foliar ABA at a ii concentration of 0 mg·L-1 (control), or 400 to 500 mg·L-1 at vine phenological stages corresponding to véraison, post-véraison, and post-harvest. Exogenous ABA application at the concentrations of 400 mg·L-1 and 500 mg·L-1 effectively improved the bud FT of ‘Chardonnay’ and ‘Pinot gris’ without affecting vine size, yield or fruit composition. The best time to spray ABA on ‘Pinot gris’ was between véraison and 20 days post-véraison or leaf age between 105 d and 120 d which led to the lowest LT50 and deepest dormancy. Differences among ABA application timing of ‘Chardonnay’ were not obvious. Finally, the relationship between FT and ABA-induced desiccation was investigated in three temporal experiments. The purpose of this study was to confirm findings from previous greenhouse experiments. ‘Cabernet franc’ potted grapevines were used in three experiments conducted in the greenhouse in 2012 and 2013. The effects of ABA on FT and water content in bud and leaf tissues were determined. The results demonstrated that application of exogenous ABA increased the bud FT of greenhouse-grown ‘Cabernet franc’ grapevines and the effect was shown 1w after ABA application. ABA caused bud desiccation, which may have led to increased FT. Our study showed that bud dehydration may occur as early as 48h after ABA application which led to increased FT (decreased LT50) one week later. Ultimately, the findings of this project are valuable to grape producers to provide another tool for freeze protection and to the scientific community to further our understanding of the mechanisms of FT. iii Dedicated to my dear parents, Meihua Wang and Maozhong Li iv Acknowledgments First of all, I wish to thank my advisor, Dr. Imed Dami, for sharing his viticultural knowledge and providing great research opportunity. I am especially thankful to his guidance and patience. I definitely could not finish my graduate study without his support and help. I would like to thank Dr. Michelle Jones and Dr. Joshua Blakeslee. Dr. Jones gave me a lot of instructions on scientific writing. Dr. Blakeslee taught me a lot in biochemistry area. Both of my committee members gave me invaluable suggestions for my project. I am very thankful for the support from all my previous and current lab mates, Dr. Yi Zhang, Ms. Diane Kinney, Ms. Abigail Gerdes, Mr. Thomas Todaro, and Dr. Trudi Grant. Thank you to Dr. Ann Chanon for sparing a lot of time to help me on sugar analysis. I am also very thankful for the help from Mr. Greg Jones, Ms. Yvonne Woodworth, Ms. Lisa Robbins, and Mr. Bruce Williams on my field study. Thanks to Mr. Mike Davault and Ms. Kesia Hartzler with environmental control of the greenhouses and growth chambers. Thank you to Mr. David Scurlock, Mr. Todd Steiner, and Mr. Patrick Pierquet for always sharing their viticulture and enology knowledge and expertise. I am thankful to the hard work of all my undergraduate interns, Natalie Fry, Steven Parker, Bailey Miller and Robert Tichinel. v My research is funded by the Dept. of Horticulture and Crop Science, USDA-NIFA, and Ohio Grape Industry Program. vi Vita 2007................................................................Laiwu No.17 High School 2012................................................................B.S. Landscape Gardening, South China Agricultural University 2012 to present ...............................................Graduate Research Associate, Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State University Fields of Study Major Field: Horticulture and Crop Science Specialization: Viticulture vii Table of Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgments............................................................................................................... v Vita .................................................................................................................................... vii List of Tables ...................................................................................................................... x List of Figures ................................................................................................................... xii Chapter 1: Literature Review ............................................................................................. 1 Chapter 2: Evaluation of the Freezing Tolerance of Twenty three Winegrape Cultivars New to Ohio ...................................................................................................................... 22 Chapter 3: Improving Freezing Tolerance of Cold-Sensitive Grape Cultivars Using Exogenous Abscisic Acid ................................................................................................. 53 Chapter 4: Effects of Exogenous Abscisic Acid on Bud Freezing Tolerance and Water content of Greenhouse-grown Vitis vinifera ‘Cabernet franc’ Grapevines ...................... 92 Bibliography ................................................................................................................... 110 Appendix A: Freezing tolerance (LT50) profiles of 19 winegrape cultivars grown in the Wooster research vineyard. The 3-year LT50s were fitted to parabolic trendlines, and an equation with R2 were computed for each cultivar (listed alphabetically). .................... 122 viii Appendix B: Environmental Conditions (Temperature, Relative Humidity, and PAR) during the Greenhouse Experiments ............................................................................... 128 Appendix C: Report of Phytoxicity of Greenhouse-grown Grapevines ......................... 140 ix List of Tables Table 2.1. Description of winegrape clutivars planted at the Wooster and Kingsville research vineyards ............................................................................................................. 41 Table 2.2. Growing degree days (GDD), frost-free days (FFD), and precipitation relative to the phenology of Vitis Vinifera grapevines grown in the research vineyard in Wooster, OH ..................................................................................................................................... 42 Table 2.3. Estimated minimum LT50s using mode-date-method, mean of observations in piecewise regression, and annual mean LT50s by cultivar ............................................... 43 Table 2.4. Correlations coefficients between annual mean freezing tolerance, date-mode, and piecewise regression method for two seasons (2011, and 2012) ............................... 44 Table 2.5. Bud and cane phloem mortality of 23 winegrape cultivars planted in Wooster research field after a freeze event (-24.1°C) on 7 Jan. 2014 ............................................ 45 Table 3.1. Abscisic acid (ABA) application dates and corresponding growing degree days (GDD) and days after budburst (DAB) relative to the phenology of ‘Pinot gris’ and ‘Chardonnay’ .................................................................................................................... 76 Table 3.2. Effect of abscisic acid (ABA) on yield components, fruit composition, and vine size in ‘Pinot gris’ grapevines grown in Kingsville, Ohio ........................................ 77 x Table 3.3. Effect of abscisic acid (ABA) on yield components, fruit composition, and vine size in ‘Chardonnay’ grapevines grown in Geneva, Ohio (Harvest date: 30 Sept. 2013) ................................................................................................................................