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Alternative Sources of Potato Virus Y in Western Washington

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Alternative Sources of Potato Virus Y in Western Washington ALTERNATIVE SOURCES OF POTATO VIRUS Y IN WESTERN WASHINGTON Abby Beissinger, CAP Program Coordinator, University of Connecticut, Department of Natural Resources & the Environment; Chris Benedict, Agriculture Agent, Whatcom County Extension, Bellingham, WA, Washington State University; and Debra Ann Inglis, Professor and Extension Plant Pathologist, Northwestern Washington Research & Extension Center, Mount Vernon, WA, Washington State University TB49E WSU EXTENSION | ALTERNATIVE SOURCES OF POTATO VIRUS Y IN WESTERN WASHINGTON Abstract While many potato growers in western Washington (WWA) are diligent about managing Potato virus Y (PVY) from commonly known inoculum sources, there are various means that are not always recognized by which PVY is able to evade detection and persist in a potato production region. This study investigated potential alternative sources of PVY in WWA by examining: (i) commonly grown specialty potato cultivars which might not express obvious symptoms when infected; (ii) weedy plants that frequently surround potato fields; and, (iii) certified and non-certified seed potato sources locally available for purchase by home gardeners and small farmers. Because all three of these sources have the potential to contribute to the occurrence of PVY in WWA, management recommendations are provided accordingly. Introduction Potato virus Y (PVY) is one of the oldest known plant viruses and can cause significant crop and monetary losses (Karasev and Gray 2013). PVY is tuberborne and can be transmitted via seed potatoes or non-persistently by aphids during the growing season. Many potato growers in WWA are diligent about utilizing common PVY management practices. These include purchasing or producing blue tag certified seed potatoes, utilizing insecticide spray programs or barrier crops to manage aphid vectors, scouting fields and rogueing symptomatic plants during the season, and eliminating volunteer potato plants and cull piles (Crosslin et al. 2008; Nolte et al. 2009). Nevertheless, potatoes in the region still acquire the virus and sustain tuber yield and quality losses. Hence, it is important to ascertain what additional ways PVY is introduced into fields and what supplemental management practices may be achievable. The following questions provided the basis for a research project at WSU Mount Vernon NWREC, and are the topics addressed in this technical bulletin. Do specialty potato cultivars grown in WWA have symptoms of PVY for which growers are unaccustomed? In WWA, over 177 cultivars of specialty potatoes are grown each year in Skagit and Whatcom Counties. Approximately 12,000 acres are directed for fresh market sales (McMoran 2016), while about 3,335 acres are planted as seed potatoes (Benedict, personal communication). However, the reactions of many of these specialty types to PVY have never been documented. Cultivars with unknown symptomology may escape field inspections and play a role in the spread of PVY, particularly if the cultivars respond differently to different strains of the virus. Given that there are multiple strains of PVY, the reactions of individual potato cultivar(s) infected with different strains are essential to recognize in order to manage this virus. The oldest known strain of PVY, PVYO, causes characteristic mosaic symptoms that are relatively easy to identify on leaves in the field (Karasev and Gray 2013). Other common symptoms of PVY are referred to as rugose mosaic, mild mosaic, mottle, veinal necrosis, and leaf drop (see Figure 1 A–E, below; and Figure 2 A–E , below). In recent years, recombinant strains of PVY, like PVYNTN and PVYN-WI, have been identified. These strains often elicit mild or asymptomatic responses on plant foliage and, as such, confound seed potato certification programs by making visual detection difficult (Gray et al. 2010). Although observed in North America since 1969, these recombinant strains were not reported in WWA until 2012 (Benedict et al. 2015). PVYNTN has been associated with tuber necrosis or Potato Tuber Necrotic Ringspot Disease (PTNRD) (Figure 3), and PVYN-Wi has been associated with tuber cracking, although cracking also can be the result of uneven soil moisture and TB49E | PAGE 2 | PUBS.WSU.EDU WSU EXTENSION | ALTERNATIVE SOURCES OF POTATO VIRUS Y IN WESTERN WASHINGTON temperature or herbicide injury (Figure 4) (Karasev and Gray 2013; Benedict et al. 2015). Both PTNRD and cracking symptoms are highly detrimental to potato tuber quality and marketability. Can weedy plants in WWA serve as sources of PVY? PVY has a wide host range, with more than 495 species of plants reported to be capable of becoming infected (Kerlan 2006; Edwardson and Christie 1997). Ditches and riparian buffer zones commonly surround agricultural fields throughout WWA and harbor weedy plants year-round, as well as aphid vectors. Thus, potential non-potato PVY hosts are nearly unavoidable in the region. Over-summering or over-wintering weedy hosts may serve as primary sources of PVY, potentially aiding in Figure 3. Symptoms of Potato Tuber Necrotic Ringspot Disease (PTNRD) NTN the spread of the virus to potato plants in on Yukon Gold potato caused by Potato virus Y . adjoining fields either by aphids or mechanical means (Boquel et al. 2017). Figure 4. Chieftain tubers exhibiting symptoms of cracking (left), and external (middle) and internal necrosis (right) caused by Potato virus Y. Can seed potatoes, either blue tag certified or non-certified, available at local garden stores and planted in home and market gardens, serve as sources of inoculum for PVY? The Washington State Department of Agriculture (WSDA) and the Washington State Seed Potato Commission (WSSPC) operate the state’s seed potato certification program which is designed to help ensure cultivar purity and vigor, and disease-free seed potatoes, including diseases caused by tuberborne viruses such as PVY (WSDA 2008). Seed potatoes certified in this way receive a blue tag. While commercial potato growers contract directly with certified seed potato producers to obtain quantities of seed tubers large enough for hundreds of acres, both certified and non-certified seed potatoes can be purchased in small quantities from local garden stores by home owners or other individuals (Beissinger et al. 2017). These seed potatoes often originate from areas outside of WWA and are planted in gardens and small plots which sometimes immediately adjoin commercial potato fields. As a result, these small plantings may provide a means of introducing already known or new strains of PVY into the region. TB49E | PAGE 3 | PUBS.WSU.EDU WSU EXTENSION | ALTERNATIVE SOURCES OF POTATO VIRUS Y IN WESTERN WASHINGTON Objectives and Methods Cultivar by strain trial—This study identified symptoms associated with PVYO, PVYNTN, and PVYN-Wi on ten specialty potato cultivars commonly grown in WWA. Experimental set-up. PVY inoculations were done in two experiments each consisting of five cultivars (Experiment 1 = Austrian Crescent, Cal White, Purple Majesty, Rose Finn Apple, and Russian Banana; and, Experiment 2 = All Blue, Chieftain, French Fingerling, Russet Burbank, and Yukon Gold). Three strains of PVY (PVYO, PVYNTN, and PVYN-Wi) and one non-inoculated buffer control were always included. There were four replications of three plants per each cultivar/strain combination, making for 12 inoculated plants per treatment or a total of 240 plants per experiment. Virus-free seed tubers were kindly provided as mini-tubers by Lori Ewing at the University of Idaho Tissue Culture Laboratory, except for Purple Majesty which was only available as virus-free tissue- culture plantlets. All seed tubers were shipped overnight express to WSU Mount Vernon NWREC and immediately planted in early March 2016 into 1-gal pots with Sunshine potting mix (SunGro Horticulture, Agawam, MA). Pots were arranged on greenhouse benches using a split-plot design, where replicate served as a block, PVY strain/buffer control was a whole plot factor, and potato cultivar was a subplot factor. The greenhouse was maintained at 68°F, and lighting with incandescent lamps allowed exposure to 16-hour days and 8-hour nights. Plants were watered daily with a fertigation ratio of 1:100 using 20-20-20 fertilizer. Fine nylon mesh fabric was hung on all doors leading into the greenhouse bay to allay insect entry, and insecticide sprays were regularly applied weekly or biweekly for further protection against potential aphid vectors. White burley tobacco leaves infected either with PVYO, PVYNTN, or PVYN-Wi (kindly provided by Dr. Alex Karasev, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID; Table 1) were used for virus inoculations three to four weeks after planting (late March or early April) following standard techniques. Plants were rated for symptom development at least twice per month between March and May. The ratings recorded the presence or absence of viral symptoms (see Figure 1, below; and see Figure 2, below, for more information). At the end of May, vines were killed by clipping stems at soil line using a sanitized metal shears dipped into a diluted bleach (1:10) solution. Selected leaf samples also were submitted to the Karasev Lab for testing by RT-PCR and ELISA to confirm that the integrity of each PVY strain had been maintained. Table 1. Isolates of Potato virus Y (PVY) used for inoculating the 2016 cultivar by strain inoculation trials, courtesy of Dr. Alex Karasev, University of Idaho. Strain Isolate Serotype GenBank genome sequence PVYO Oz O EF026074 PVYNTN HR1 N FJ204166 PVYN-Wi N1 O HQ912863 Prior to harvest, pots were kept in the greenhouse at 66 to 68°F for two more weeks to allow the skins of the new tubers to mature. During this period, any stem regrowth was cut with sanitized metal sheers. Near the end of June, each pot was emptied, and tubers were gently rinsed with tap water and dried, visually inspected and sliced, and rated as either asymptomatic, or cracked and necrotic if greater than 50% of the tuber exhibited symptoms (Figures 3 and 4). The total number of tubers in each category were counted and weighed.
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