Blackwell Companions to Literature and Culture This series offers comprehensive, newly written surveys of key periods and movements and certain major authors, in English literary culture and history. Extensive volumes provide new perspectives and positions on contexts and on canonical and post- canonical texts, orientating the beginning student in new fields of study and provid- ing the experienced undergraduate and new graduate with current and new directions, as pioneered and developed by leading scholars in the field. Published 1 A Companion to Romanticism Edited by Duncan Wu 2 A Companion to Victorian Literature and Culture Edited by Herbert E Tucker 3 A Companion to Shakespeare Edited by David Scott Kastan 4 A Companion to the Gothic Edited by David Punter 5 A Feminist Companion to Shakespeare Edited by Dympna Callaghan 6 A Companion to Chaucer Edited by Peter Brown 7 A Companion to Literature from Milton to Blake Edited by David Womersley 8 A Companion to English Renaissance Literature and Culture Edited by Michael Hattaway 9 A Companion to Milton Edited by Thomas N. Corns 10 A Companion to Twentieth-Century Poetry Edited by Neil Roberts 11 A Companion to Anglo-Saxon Literature and Culture Edited by Phillip Pulsiano and Elaine Treharne 12 A Companion to Restoration Drama Edited by Susan J. Owen 13 A Companion to Early Modern Women's Writing Edited by Anita Pacheco 14 A Companion to Renaissance Drama Edited by Arthur E Kinney 15 A Companion to Victorian Poetry Edited by Richard Cronin, Antony H. Harrison, and Alison Chapman 16 A Companion to the Victorian Novel Edited by Patrick Brantlinger and William B. Thesing 17-20 A Companion to Shakespeare's Works, Volumes I—IV Edited by Richard Dutton and Jean E. Howard 21 A Companion to the Regional Literatures of America Edited by Charles L. Crow 22 A Companion to Rhetoric and Rhetorical Criticism Edited by Walter Jost and Wendy Olmsted 23 A Companion to the Literature and Culture of the Edited by Richard Gray and American South Owen Robinson 24 A Companion to American Fiction 1780-1865 Edited by Shirley Samuels 25 A Companion to American Fiction 1865-1914 Edited by G. R. Thompson and Robert Paul Lamb 26 A Companion to Digital Humanities Edited by Susan Schreibman, Ray Siemens, and John Unsworth 27 A Companion to Romance Edited by Corinne J Saunders A COMPANION TO bIGITAL IIUMA\ITIES EDITED BY SUSAN SCHREIBMAN, RAY SIEMENS AND JOHN UNSWORTH Blackwell (1) Publishing © 2004 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd except for editorial material and organization © 2004 by Susan Schreibman, Ray Siemens, and John Unsworth, and chapter 3 © 2004 Michael Greenhalgh BLACKWELL -PUBLISHING 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148-5020, USA 108 Cowley Road, Oxford OX4 1JF, UK 550 Swanston Street, Carlton, Victoria 3053, Australia The right of Susan Schreibman, Ray Siemens, and John Unsworth to be identified as the Authors of the Editorial Material in this Work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs, and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs, and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. First published 2004 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A companion to digital humanities/edited by Susan Schreibman, Ray Siemens, and John Unsworth. p. cm. — (Blackwell companions to literature and culture; 26) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-4051-0321-3 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Humanities—Data processing. 2. Humanities—Research—Data processing. 3. Information storage and retrieval systems—Humanities. I. Schreibman, Susan. II. Siemens, Raymond George, 1966- III. Unsworth, John (John M. ) IV. Series. AZ105.C588 2004 001.3'0285—dc22 2004004337 A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library. Set in 10.5/12.5pt Garamond 3 by Kolam Information Services Pvt. Ltd, Pondicherry, India Printed and bound in the United Kingdom by TJ International, Padstow, Cornwall The publisher's policy is to use permanent paper from mills that operate a sustainable forestry policy, and which has been manufactured from pulp processed using acid-free and elementary chlorine-free practices. Furthermore, the publisher ensures that the text paper and cover board used have met acceptable environmental accreditation standards. For further information on Blackwell Publishing, visit our website: http://www. blackwellpublishi ng. com Contents Notes on Contributors Foreword: Perspectives on the Digital Humanities Roberto A. Busa The Digital Humanities and Humanities Computing: An Introduction Susan Schreibman, Ray Siemens, and John Unsworth PART I History 1 The History of Humanities Computing 3 Susan Hockey 2 Computing for Archaeologists 20 Harrison Eiteljorg, II 3 Art History 31 Michael Greenhalgh 4 Classics and the Computer: An End of the History 46 Greg Crane 5 Computing and the Historical Imagination 56 William G. Thomas, III 6 Lexicography 69 Russon Wooldridge 7 Linguistics Meets Exact Sciences 79 Jan Hajic 8 Literary Studies 88 Thomas Rommel vi Contents 9 Music 97 Ichiro Fujinaga and Susan Forscher Weiss 10 Multimedia 108 Geoffrey Rockwell and Andrew Mactavish 11 Performing Arts 121 David Z. Saltz 12 "Revolution? What Revolution?" Successes and Limits of Computing Technologies in Philosophy and Religion 132 Charles Ess PART II Principles 13 How the Computer Works 145 Andrea Laue 14 Classification and its Structures 161 C. M. Sperberg-McQueen 15 Databases 177 Stephen Ramsay 16 Marking Texts of Many Dimensions 198 Jerome McGann 17 Text Encoding 218 Allen H. Renear 18 Electronic Texts: Audiences and Purposes 240 Perry Willett 19 Modeling: A Study in Words and Meanings 254 Willard McCarty PART III Applications 20 Stylistic Analysis and Authorship Studies 273 Hugh Craig 21 Preparation and Analysis of Linguistic Corpora 289 Nancy Ide 22 Electronic Scholarly Editing 306 Martha Nell Smith 23 Textual Analysis 323 John Burrows 24 Thematic Research Collections 348 Carole L. Palmer Contents vii 25 Print Scholarship and Digital Resources 366 Claire Warwick 26 Digital Media and the Analysis of Film 383 Robert Kolker 27 Cognitive Stylistics and the Literary Imagination 397 Ian Lancashire 28 Multivariant Narratives 415 Marie-Laure Ryan 29 Speculative Computing: Aesthetic Provocations in Humanities Computing 431 Johanna Drucker (and Bethany Nowviskie) 30 Robotic Poetics 448 William Winder PART IV Production, Dissemination, Archiving 31 Designing Sustainable Projects and Publications 471 Daniel V Pitti 32 Conversion of Primary Sources 488 Marilyn Deegan and Simon Tanner 33 Text Tools 505 John Bradley 34 "So the Colors Cover the Wires": Interface, Aesthetics, and Usability 523 Matthew G. Kirschenbaum 35 Intermediation and its Malcontents: Validating Professionalism in the Age of Raw Dissemination 543 Michael Jensen 36 The Past, Present, and Future of Digital Libraries 557 Howard Besser 37 Preservation 576 Abby Smith Index 592 Notes on Contributors Howard Besser is Director of the Moving Image Archive and Preservation Program at New York University's Tisch School of the Arts. He has been extensively involved in the movement to construct digital libraries and museums, and has taught, researched, and published extensively in the areas of technological change, and the social and cultural impact of new information environments. John Bradley was the original author and designer of TACT from 1985 until 1992. He now works within the Centre for Computing in the Humanities at King's College London, where he is involved in both teaching and research. His research interests focus on alternative approaches to computer-assisted textual analysis, and on issues that arise from the modeling of historical data in computing systems. He has played an important role in the design and implementation of systems behind the Prosopographies of the Byzantine Empire/World and of Anglo-Saxon England, of the Clergy of the Church of England, of the Corpus Vitrearum Medii Aevi and the Corpus of Romanesque Sculpture in Britain and Ireland, of the Stellenbibliographie zum "Parzival" Wolframs von Eschen- bach, of the Modern Poetry in Translation website, and a number of other research projects. John Burrows is Emeritus Professor of English at the University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia, and was the Foundation Director of the Centre for Literary and Linguistic Computing in that university. His many publications in the field of computational stylistics include Computation into Criticism (1987). In 2001 he became the second recipi- ent of the Roberto Busa Award for Humanities Computing. The lecture he gave on that occasion appeared in Computers and the Humanities (February 2003). Roberto A. Busa entered the Jesuit order in 1933, and was ordained priest on May 20, 1940. He is Professor of Philosophy at Aloisianum's Department of Philosophy in Notes on Contributors ix Gallarate, at Gregorian Pontifical University in Rome, and at the Catholic University in Milan. He is internationally recognized' as the pioneer of computational linguistics. Hugh Craig is Director of the Centre for Literary and Linguistic Computing at the University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia. He also teaches English in the School of Language and Media where he is currently Head of School. His research in recent years has been in computational stylistics, applying evidence