Federal Republic of Nigeria

Public Disclosure Authorized

THE NIGERIA EROSION AND WATERSHED MANAGEMENT

Public Disclosure Authorized PROJECT (NEWMAP)

Final Report of the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for Ogane-Aji Gully Erosion Intervention Project, Kogi State

Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized

Kogi State Project Management Unit (Kogi-SPMU) Plot 247, Tunde Ogbeha Street, GRA, Lokoja

November, 2020 Kogi State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (Kogi-NEWMAP)

Table of Contents Pages Title page i Table of contents ii List of Tables v List of Figures vii List of Plates viii List of Acronyms and Abbreviations ix Executive Summary xii

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1 1.0 Background 1 1.1 Detail Description of the Proposed Intervention 2 1.2 Rationale for the NEWMAP Intervention 4 1.3 Rationale for the ESMP 4 1.4 Objective of the Consultancy Services 5 1.5 Approach and Methodology 6

CHAPTER TWO: INSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK 7 2.0 Introduction 7 2.1 Federal Policy, Legal, Regulatory and Administrative Frameworks 7 2.2 World Bank Safeguard Policies Triggered by NEWMAP Projects 10 2.2.1 International Conventions and Agreements 11 2.3 Institutional Framework 13

CHAPTER THREE: BIOPHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT 15 3.0 Introduction 15 3.1 Location 15 3.1.1 Kogi State 15 3.1.2 Proposed Ogane-Aji Gully Intervention Site 16 3.2 Relief and Drainage 18 3.2.1 Relief 18 3.3 Climate 19 3.3.1 Rainfall 19 3.3.2 Temperature 19 3.3.3 Relative Humidity 20 3.3.4 Wind Speed and Direction 20 3.4 Geology 21 3.5 Air Quality of the Environment 22 3.5.1 Concentration of Basic Atmospheric Gases 22 3.5.2 Particulate Matter Concentration 26 3.5.3 Ambient Noise Level 27 3.6. Soil Quality 28 3.7. Hydrology of the Area 31

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3.7.1 Drainage 31 3.8. Biological Environment 34 3.8.1. Vegetation Component 34 3.8.2. Wildlife and Biodiversity 35

CHAPTER FOUR: SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS AND CONSULTATION WITH STAKEHOLDERS 37 4.0 Introduction 37 4.1 Data Collection Methodology 37 4.1.1 Overview of Data Collection Methodology 37 4.2 Socio-Economic Characteristics and Assessment 38 4.2.1 Population Characteristics of the Project Area 38 4.2.2 Socioeconomic Characteristics of Sampled Population 38 4.3 Gender-Based Violence/Sexual Exploitation and Abuse 50 4.3.1 Provisions Restricting Women Access to Health and Other Social Services 51 4.3.2 Sexual Exploitation and Abuse 51 4.3.3 Respondents Views on Purpose of Criminalizing Gender-Based Violence 52 4.3.4 Measures and Programs for Women 52 4.4 Community Environmental Concerns (CEC) 53 4.4.1 Environmental, Resources and Cultural Heritage/Property 53 4.4.2 Proposed Intervention Project and Community Understanding 54 4.4.3 Community Expectation from NEWMAP 55 4.5 Analysis of Existing Formal and Informal Grievance Redress Mechanisms in and around the Intervention Area 55 4.5.1 Evaluation of the Strengths and Weaknesses of the Existing Grievance Redress Mechanisms in the Project Area 57 4.6 Public Consultation 59 4.6.1 Identification of Stakeholders 59 4.6.2 Identified Stakeholders Group 59 4.6.3 Stakeholders Awareness/Perception on the NEWMAP Intervention 59 4.6.4 The Stakeholder Consulted and their Concern 60 4.6.5 Summary of Meetings with Stakeholders 61 4.7 Analysis of the Status of GBV/SEA in the Project Community and related Issues 63 4.8 COVID 19 Awareness and Prevention During ESMP Field Work 64

CHAPTER FIVE: ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS AND ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES 65 5.0 Introduction 65 5.1 Impact Assessment Methodology 65 5.1.1 Impact Identification 65 5.1.2 Impact Prediction 65 5.1.3 Impact Evaluation 66

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5.2 Potential Impacts of the Proposed Project Activities 67 5.2.1 Potential Positive Environmental Impacts of the Proposed Project Activities 67 5.2.2 Potential Positive Social Impacts of the Proposed Project Activities 67 5.2.3 Potential Negative Impacts of the Proposed Project Activities 68 5.3 Analysis of Alternatives 80 5.3.1 No-Action Alternative 80 5.3.2 Delayed-Action and Right-Away Action Alternatives 80 5.3.3 Use of Civil Works, Bioengineering and Technological Options 80

CHAPTER SIX: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (ESMP) 83 6.0 Introduction 6.1 Description of the Proposed Mitigation Measures 83 6.1.1 Pre-Construction Phase Mitigation Measures 83 6.1.2 Construction Phase Mitigation Measures 84 6.1.3 Operation Phase Mitigation Measures 84 6.1.4 Monitoring of Mitigation Measures during Project Implementation 84 6.1.5 Environmental, Ecological, Socio-Economic, Public Health and Covid-19 Impacts Mitigation and Monitoring Plan during the Pre-Construction Phase 85 6.1.6 Environmental, Ecological, Socio-Economic, Public Health and Covid-19 Impacts Mitigation and Monitoring Plan during the Construction Phase 91 6.1.7 Environmental, Ecological, Socio-Economic, Public Health and Covid-19 Impacts Mitigation and Monitoring Plan during the Post – Construction / Operation Phase 103 6.2 Occupational Health and Safety/Community Health and Safety Management Plan 106 6.2.1 Occupational Health and Safety 106 6.2.2 Community Health and Safety Management Plan 107 6.3 Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) 107 6.3.1 Workers Training and Precautions 107 6.3.2 Minimize Chance of Exposure 108 6.3.3 Managing Access and Spread 108 6.3.4 Daily Routine Management for Workers 108 6.3.5 Personal Care 109 6.4 Institutional Arrangements, Responsibilities and Accountabilities 109 6.4.1 Pre-Construction Phase 109 6.4.2 Construction Phase 110 6.4.3 Operational and Maintenance Phase 111 6.5 Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) 112 6.6 Labour Influx, Child Labour and Gender Based Violence (GBV) 115 6.6.1 Labour Influx 115 6.6.2 Child Labour 116

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6.6.3 Gender Based Violence 117 6.6.4 GBV Risk Management Mechanisms 117 6.6.5 Stakeholder/Citizen Engagement 117 6.7 Fundamentals of Stakeholder Engagement Approach 118 6.8 Training Programmes 119 6.9 Implementation Schedule 120 6.10 ESMP Costing and Cost Analysis 121 6.11 ESMP Disclosures 122

CHAPTER SEVEN: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 123 7.1 Summary of Findings 123 7.2 Conclusion 124 7.3 Recommendation 124

ANNEXURE 125

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List of Tables Pages

Table 2.1: Relevant Federal/State Policies, Legislation, Regulations and Guidelines 7 Table 2.2: World Bank Environmental and Social Standards Applicable to Kogi- NEWMAP Ogane -Aji Gully Intervention 10 Table 2.3: International Conventions, Agreements and Protocols to which Nigeria is Signatory and Applicable to the Kogi State NEWMAP in the Ogane -Aji gully Site 12 Table 2.4: Gap between National Legislations, Policies and Regulations and the World Bank Policies 13

Table 3.1: Concentration of Basic Atmospheric Gases 24 Table 3.2: Particulate Matter Constituents within Proposed Project Area 26 Table 3.3: Noise Level Pattern of Proposed Project Area 28 Table 3.4: Physio-chemical and Microbial Characteristics of Soil Samples from the Study Area 30 Table 3.5: Characteristics of in situ parameters analysed in Surface and Groundwater Samples from the Study Area 33 Table 3.6: Chemical Analysis of the Surface and Groundwater Samples 34 Table 3.7: Flora species in the Project Area 35 Table 3.8: Fauna species in the Project Area 35

Table 4.1: Kogi state and Dekina LGA Population Size (Estimation) and Projection 38 Table 4.2: Respondent‟s Socio-economic Characteristics 38 Table 4.3: Provisions Restricting Women Access to Health and other Social Services 51 Table 4.4: Sexual Exploitation Criminalization 51 Table 4.5: Purpose of criminalizing items in Table 4.4 52 Table 4.6: Environmental problems envisaged at phases of the intervention project 53 Table 4.7: Strengths and Weaknesses of existing Grievance Redress Mechanisms in project Area 57 Table 4.8: Summary of Issues Raised at FGD with Elders 61 Table 4.9: Summary of Issues Raised at FGD with Youth 62 Table 4.10: Summary of Issues Raised at FGDs with Women 63

Table 5.1: Probability of Occurrence, Consequence Severity, Likelihood Ranking and Risk Matrix 66 Table 5.2: Potential Impacts of Disruption to Public Utility 72 Table 5.3: Characterization and Evaluation of Potential Impacts Pre-Construction Phase 75 Table 5.4: Characterization and Evaluation of Potential Impacts Environmental Impacts in the Construction Phase 75 Table 5.5: Characterization and Evaluation of Potential Impacts for the Biological Impacts in the Construction Phase 76 Table 5.6: Characterization and Evaluation of Potential Impacts for the Socio- Economic Impacts during Construction Phase 77 Table 5.7: Characterization and Evaluation of Potential Impacts for the Public Health Impacts during the Construction Phase 77

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Table 5.8: Characterization and Evaluation of Potential Impacts for Operation Phase 78 Table 5.9: Appraisal of the „No Action‟ Alternative and Use of Civil Works 81

Table 6.1: Environmental and Social Mitigation and Monitoring Plan during the Pre- Construction Phase 85 Table 6.2: Environmental and Social Mitigation and Monitoring Plan during the Construction Phase 91 Table 6.3: Environmental and Social Mitigation and Monitoring Plan during the Post – Construction/Operation Phase 103 Table 6.4: Institutional Capacity Strengthening Plan 120 Table 6.5: ESMP Implementation Schedule 121 Table 6.6: Cost Analysis of the Proposed Project ESMP Implementation 122

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List of Figures Pages

Fig. 1.1: Engineering Design 3

Fig. 3.1: Map of Kogi State Highlighting the Local Government Area (LGA) of the Proposed Project Area and the Neighbouring States 16 Fig. 3.2: Map of the Ogane-Aji Gully Erosion Site 17 Fig. 3.3: Elevation of the Proposed Project Area 18 Fig. 3.4: Monthly Climate Nature of Lokoja City Depicting Average Rainfall and Mean Temperature 19 Fig. 3.5: Mean Relative Humidity Pattern of Lokoja 20 Fig. 3.6: Average Monthly Wind Speed of the Project Area 20 Fig. 3.7: Wind Rose of the Study Area 21 Fig. 3.8: Geology of the Project Area 22 Fig. 3.9: Sampling Locations of Air Quality and Noise Measurement 24 Fig. 3.10: Soil Sampling Locations Map 29 Fig. 3.11: Surface and Groundwater Sampling Locations Map 32

Figure 4.1: Respondents‟ Educational Attainment 39 Figure 4.2: Impact of the Gully Erosion on the Locals (Respondents) 41 Figure 4.3: Respondents Land and House Tenure 42 Figure 4.4: Solid Waste Management at Ogane -Aji 43 Figure 4.5: Respondents‟ Livelihood Characteristics 44 Figure 4.6: Respondents‟ Means of Health Management 46 Figure 4.7: Respondents‟ Frequency Visit to Health Facility 47 Figure 4.8: Respondents‟ Health concern during proposed Intervention Project 48 Figure 4.9: Respondents Sources of Water for Household Uses 49 Figure 4.10: Respondents Views on their Present Standard of Living 50 Figure 4.11: Measures of Gender Equity at the Proposed Project Community 52 Figure 4.12: Respondents views of other environmental problems linked to the Ogane- Aji Gully Erosion 53

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List of Plates Pages Plate 3.1: Air Quality Field Survey of Ogane-Aji Gully Site 23 Plate 3.2: Surface Water Sampling and in Situ Measurement of Water Quality at River Ojofu 33

Plate 4.1: Nature of Buildings Characteristics at the Study Community 41 Plate 4.2: Situation of Solid waste management at Ogane-Aji 43 Plate 4.3: Some Livelihood Activities within the Community 44 Plate 4.4: Observed Artisanal Livelihood Activities at Ogane -Aji 45 Plate 4.5: Private primary Health Centres at Ogane -Aji Community 46 Plate 4.6: Source of Energy for Cooking and Lighting within the Project Area 48 Plate 4.7: Sources of Water at Ogane -Aji Community 50 Plate 4.8: Some Cultural Resources that will be affected by the Proposed Project 54 Plate 4.9: Police Station located along Dekina-Ogane -Aji-Anyigba Road 59

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LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS AIDS - Acquired Immuno-Deficiency Syndrome ARAR - Applicable or Relevant and Appropriate Requirements BAT - Best Available Technology BOD - Biochemical Oxygen Demand CBO - Community Based Organizations CITES - Convention on the Prevention of the international trade in Endangered Species COD - Chemical Oxygen Demand CSOs - Chief Security Officers DO - Dissolved Oxygen EA - Environmental Assessment KSME - Kogi State Ministry of Environment ESS - Environmental Safeguards Specialists EHS - Environmental, Health and Safety EIA - Environmental Impact Assessment EO - Environmental Officer ESIA - Environmental and Social Impact Assessment EMS - Environmental Management System ESMF - Environmental and Social Management Framework ESMP - Environmental and Social Management Plan FEPA - Federal Environmental Protection Agency FGD - Focus Group Discussion FGN - Federal Government of Nigeria FI - Financial Intermediary FMEnv - Federal Ministry of Environment FPMU - Federal Project Management Unit FRN - Federal Republic of Nigeria FRSC - Federal Road Safety Commission GBV - Gender Based Violence GHGs - Greenhouse Gases GPS - Global Positioning System

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GRA - Government Reserved Area

H2S - Hydrogen Sulphide HIV - Human Immuno-Deficiency Virus HND - Higher National Diploma HSE - Health, Safety and Environment IDI - In-Depth Interviews ITCZ - Inter Tropical Continental Zone IUCN - International Union for Conservation of Nature KII - Key Informant Interviews ISO - International Standard Organization LGA - Local Government Area MDAs - Ministries, Departments and Agencies M & E - Monitoring and Evaluation MoU - Memorandum of Understanding MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet NAP - National Agricultural Policy ND - Not Detected NEWMAP - Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project NEP - National Policy of the Environment NESREA - National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency NIWA - Nigeria Inland Waterways Authority NPC - National Population Commission NS - Not Specified NTU - Nephelometric Turbidity Unit OND - Ordinary National Diploma OP - Operational Policies PAP - Project Affected Persons PEM - Project Environmental Management PMU - Project Management Unit POI - Point of Interest PPE - Personal Protective Equipment

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PVC - Poly vinyl chloride RAP - Resettlement Action Plan SEA - Sexual Exploitation and Abuse SLM - Sustainable Land Management SSO - Social Safeguards Officer SOP - Standard Operation Procedures SPM - Suspended Particulate Matter SPMU - State Project Management Unit STD - Sexually Transmitted Diseases TC - Tropical Continental TDS - Total Dissolved Solids TM - Tropical Maritime ToR - Terms of Reference TSS - Total Suspended Solids VOC - Volatile Organic Compounds WHO - World Health Organization

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

ES 1 Project Background The Government of Nigeria is implementing the multi-sectoral Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP), which is financed by the World Bank, Global Environment Facility, the Special Climate Change Fund, and the Government of Nigeria. The project currently includes 23 states, has the development objective to rehabilitate degraded lands and reduce longer term erosion vulnerability in targeted areas of gullies and flooding. The activities of the NEWMAP will involve medium- sized civil works such as construction of infrastructure and/or stabilization or rehabilitation in and around the gullies and floodway. The project triggers the World Bank‟s Safeguard Policies including the Environmental Assessment OP 4.01and others. The environmental and social safeguards concerns are being addressed through two national instruments already prepared under the project, Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) and a Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF). These framework instruments need to be translated into specific costed, measurable, and monitorable actions for specific intervention sites through the preparation of site-specific management and action plans, thus the need for the Ogane-Aji gully intervention Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) by the Kogi State NEWMAP.

ES 2 Detail Description of the Proposed Intervention The proposed intervention work shall involve small-sized civil works at the upstream. This will be followed by the application of flexible structures in the form of gabion mesh-filled with stones; terracing of the gully banks and subsequent vegetation of the terraced surfaces of the banks. Other remedial actions along the gullies sites would be the introduction of flexible check-dams at determined positions; and provisions of the rip-rap structures at gully outfalls to protect the flood discharge plain against erosive actions. The check-dams are made of wire mesh filled with stones. These measures would be responsible for gully stabilization, reclamation, protection and reinforcement to stop scouring action of water flow velocity due to exposed soil surface. Specifically, the project activities for the gully erosion site will consist of: i. Full reclamation of the main gully encroached portion of Agala road ii. Installation of reinforced rectangular stilling basin type and chute channel at main gully head iii. Installation of reinforced rectangular stilling basin outlet channel at main gully head iv. Installation of flexible rectangular channel in the main gully v. Construction of 12 nos. check dams (8 m width each) in the main gully vi. Installation of rip-rap structure (width of 8 m) in the main gully vii. Installation of stepped reinforced concrete at Gully II viii. Installation of rip-rap structure (width of 2 m) in the gully II ix. Reconstruction of undersized culvert along water-ways, catch pit, failed and undersized drainage channel within the confluence along Agala road.

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ES 3 Rationale for the NEWMAP Intervention The gully constitutes a significant danger to public safety and threatens to undermine the structures and infrastructures that are located in the vicinity. The environmental and socio-economic implications of the gully erosion on the communities in the project area are numerous. Ancestral lands are being destroyed and properties worth millions of naira including farmlands, building properties, economic trees and roads are often damaged. Access roads and farms are under threat. If the gully erosion problem is properly appraised and appropriate control structures are introduced, the yearly colossal losses will be mitigated. Life and property will be safeguarded and public infrastructures will be protected.

ES 4 Rationale for the ESMP The primary objective of the ESMP is to facilitate an effective decision-making process and to ensure that the implementation processes during the execution of the proposed project activities are sustainable. Some of the activities to be carried out include ensuring that civil and rehabilitation works are environmentally sound; encouraging community consultation and participation; and enhancing social wellbeing. Specifically, the ESMP seeks to provide a clear process including action plans to integrate environmental and social considerations into the project.

ES 5 Objective of the Consultancy Services The objective of the consulting services is to prepare an Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for the reclamation and remediation works at Ogane -Aji Gully Sub-project site in Dekina LGA of Kogi State. The tasks of the consultant include the following: a) To describe the biophysical and social environment including the existing status of the sub-watershed (upper/lower) and gullies; b) To identify the potential environmental and social issues/risks associated with the intervention such as Labour influx and Gender issues, Mapping of Gender Based Violence and Grievance Redress Mechanism; c) To Draw on the feasibility and engineering report and site design, the appropriate baseline indicators (for example, m3/sec of runoff collected in the sub-watershed during a heavy hour-long rainfall); d) To develop a plan for mitigating environmental and social risks associated with construction and operation in the gully intervention in consultation with the relevant public and government agencies; e) To identify the feasible and cost-effective measures that may reduce all potentially significant adverse environmental and social impacts to acceptable levels; f) To develop a time-bound plan for mitigating environmental and social risks associated with the specific intervention in the designated sub-watershed management in consultation with the relevant public and government agencies; g) To identify the monitoring objectives and specify the type of monitoring, with linkages to the impacts assessed and the mitigation measures described above; h) To provide a specific description of institutional arrangements: the agencies responsible for carrying out the mitigation and monitoring measures (e.g., for operation, supervision, enforcement, monitoring of implementation, remedial action,

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financing, reporting, and staff training) and the contractual arrangements for assuring the performance of each implementing agency; i) To define the technical assistance programs that could strengthen environmental management capability in the agencies responsible for implementation; j) To provide an implementation schedule for measures that must be carried out as part of the project, showing phasing and coordination with overall project implementation plans; k) To provide the expected capital and recurrent cost estimates and sources of funds for implementing the ESMP and inform accordingly the design consultants so that these costs are duly taken into consideration in the designs.

With all these tasks in mind, the Consultant shall: i. carry out Stakeholders identification and Consultation such as town hall meetings; ii. carry out consultations with women in safe places i.e. Focused Group Discussion on Gender Based Violence; and (i) other tasks:

ES 6 Policy, Legal, Regulatory and Administrative Frameworks National Policy & Legal Regulatory Requirements  National Policy on the Environment 1989 revised 1991  National Erosion and Flood Control Policy 2005  Environmental Impact Assessment Act No. 86, 1992 (FMEnv)  The National Guidelines and Standards for Environmental Pollution Control in Nigeria 1991  National Guidelines on Environmental Management Systems (1999)  National Air Quality Standard Decree No. 59 of 1991  National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency Act (NESREA Act) 2007  Land use act 1978 Modified 1990  Endangered Species Act 1985  FEPA/ FMEnv. EIA Procedural guidelines 1995  S.1.15 National Environmental Protection (The Management of Solid and Hazardous Wastes Regulations) 1991  Public Health Law  Workmen Component Act 1987 Revised 2010

Kogi State Policy & Regulatory Instrument  Kogi State Ministry of Environment;  Kogi State Ministry of Agriculture,  Kogi State Ministry of Works and Transport

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ES 7 World Bank Safeguards Policies Applicable to Kogi-NEWMAP Ogane- Aji Gully Intervention

Safeguard Policies Triggered by Triggered by Applicability to project due How Project Address NEWMAP Ogane-Aji to Policy Requirements Gully Site Yes No Yes No Environmental [ x ] [ ] [ x ] [ ] Civil works under the ESMF prepared for Assessment (OP/BP 4.01) project including excavation NEWMAP and site and construction of drainage specific mitigation channel to reduce the peak measures developed in flow rates and the expansion the ESMP. of the gully erosion will have adverse effect on the environment. Natural Habitats (OP/BP [ x ] [ ] [ x ] [ ] Civil works with site- ESMF prepared for 4.04) specific impacts in creating NEWMAP and site- Buffer Zone. The activities specific mitigation outlined intervention require measures developed in the significant conversion of the ESMP. areas of natural habitats Bioremediation measures especially along the gully incorporated into the rehabilitation RoW up to the design of project. Ojofu River. However, the project is not within a biodiversity reserve area. Pest Management (OP [ x ] [ ] [ ] [ X ] There is no likelihood use of NA 4.09) pesticide during the project implementation and operation. Physical Cultural [ x ] [ ] [ X [ ] Civil works, including ESMF prepared for Resources (OP/BP 4.11) ] excavations channelization NEWMAP and site- will be most unlikely to specific mitigation avoid all cultural heritage measures for Chance find sites as well as presently of cultural heritage unknown sites that can be developed in the ESMP. expected to be found in any area rich in cultural and historical values. Involuntary Resettlement [ x ] [ ] [ x ] [ ] The activities under the A resettlement policy (OP/BP 4.12) project will require the framework (RPF) has acquisition of land (some been prepared for with economic trees and NEWMAP. Due to the farms) surrounding potential impacts to intervention area. This will economic trees and lead to economic and farmland located around potentially physical the intervention sites, displacement. standalone RAP(s) will be prepared, and measures implemented before project implementation Indigenous Peoples [ ] [ x ] [ ] [ x ] The people in the area are NA (OP/BP 4.36) by the World Bank policy not considered as indigenous peoples. Forests (OP/BP 4.10) [ x ] [ ] [ x ] [ ] Civil works will extend to ESMF prepared for forest area along the NEWMAP and site- intervention / design set specific mitigation back especially at the lower measures developed in watershed where it the ESMP discharges into Ojofu River.

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Safety of Dams (OP/BP [ x ] [ ] [ ] [ x ] The proposed project does NA 4.37) not involve the design, construction or rehabilitation of any dam of whatever kind. Projects in Disputed [ ] [ x ] [ ] [ x ] The proposed project area is NA Areas (OP/BP 7.60) not known for any dispute (local, national, international) of whatever magnitude. Project on International [ x ] [ ] [ ] [ x ] Although the River Niger is NA Waterways (OP/BP 7.50) about a 100 km away from the project site, water will not be sourced from The River Niger. Also, the catchment area does not discharge directly into the Niger River.

ES 8 International Conventions, Agreements and Protocols to which Nigeria is Signatory and Applicable to the Kogi State NEWMAP in the Ogane Aji gully Site

Conventions, Agreements and Applicable to Applicable to Ogane Applicability to How Project Address Protocols NEWMAP Aji Gully Site project due to Issues Raised Yes No Yes No Both the Vienna convention [ x ] [ ] [ x ] [ ] Civil works will An ESMF has been for the protection of the extend to the forest prepared for the Ozone Layer and the Montreal area. There will be a NEWMAP and site- protocol for Control of reduction in tree specific mitigation Substances that deplete the taxonomy and measures developed ozone layer. biomass which will in the ESMP. lead to a reduction Provision of in carbon sink and vegetation measures release of ODS following gasses. construction of the engineering measures has also been made. Basel convention on the [ ] [x] [ ] [ x ] ESMF and ESMP NA prevention of trans-boundary do not identify the movement of hazardous use and or wastes and their disposal. generation of hazardous wastes in the project lifecycle. Convention on the prevention [ x ] [ ] [ ] [ X ] No endangered NA of the International Trade in species(s) of any endangered species (CITES). kind was identified in the project area. Convention on Biodiversity. [ x ] [ ] [X ] [ ] Civil works may An ESMF has been extend to the forest prepared for the area. This will affect NEWMAP and site- the biodiversity in specific mitigation the area. measures developed in the ESMP. Bioremediation measures have also been incorporated into the design of project. Convention on climate [ x ] [ ] [ x ] [ ] The proposed An ESMF has been change. activities will result prepared for the in both systemic and NEWMAP and site- cumulative specific mitigation

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environmental measures have been change thereby developed in the contributing to a ESMP. sustained increase in Bioremediation temperature. measures have also been incorporated into the design of project Convention on [x] [ ] [ x ] [ ] Proposed activities Bioremediation Desertification. may result in measures have been deforestation. incorporated into the design of project. Convention on Persistent [ ] [X] [ ] [X] No organic pollutant NA Organic Pollutants. will be used for activities design for the proposed project during it lifecycle. World Health Organization [x] [ ] [ x ] [ ] Proposed activities An ESMF has been (WHO) Health and Safety may be injurious to prepared for the Component of EIA, 1987. man and the NEWMAP and site- environment specific mitigation measures have been developed in the ESMP.

ES 9 Institutional Framework The Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv) is the lead implementing agency for the NEWMAP. The Federal Project Management Unit (FPMU) headed by a National Project Coordinator and hosted by the FMEnv is responsible for the overall coordination. The Kogi State Project Management Unit (Kogi-State NEWMAP SPMU) headed by the State Project Coordinator and hosted by the Kogi State Ministry of Environment is responsible for the coordination in Kogi State, thus, he is directly responsible for coordinating the activities of the Ogane -Aji gully site intervention, including the implementation of the ESMP. Both the federal and state levels coordinating units have Environmental and Social safeguard Officers who are responsible for mainstreaming of environmental issues into the NEWMAP sub- projects. The Kogi State NEWMAP Environmental Officer is directly responsible for coordinating the implementation of the Ogane -Aji gully Site ESMP on behalf of the State Project Coordinator. At the community level, the Ogane-Aji Gully Site Monitoring Committee will effectively participate in ensuring full compliance during the project implementation, including civil work activities.

ES 10 Biophysical Environment The Ogane-Aji gully erosion site is located in Dekina LGA. Ogane-Aji is a suburb of Anyigba town which is the commercial centre of the Dekina LGA. It is located within latitudes 07o 31.113‟ and 7o 31.693‟ and longitudes 07o 10.370‟ and 07o 10.480‟. The gully erosion site in Ogane-Aji is currently about 1.35 km in length with width varying from 20m to 25 m and has a depth ranging from 8 m to 15 m. Ogane-aji gully has existed for about twenty-two years and it was caused majorly by unchecked poor drainage control which leads to improper diversion of storm water. The gully has developed fingers which are now a threat to surrounding buildings and nearly cut a major road connecting Ogane-Aji and neighbouring communities.

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The climate of Kogi State is generally described as monsoonal in character and expressed as reflecting contract between a dry season and a wet season. These two regimes of the climate are dependent on the two prevailing air masses blowing over the country at different times of the year: the dry north-easterly air mass of Saharan origin, and the humid maritime air mass blowing from over the Atlantic. The average temperature of the area ranges from 350 C during the dry season to as low as to 280 C in the wet season. Due to its proximity of the River Niger, the area enjoys ample of average humidity ranges between 55% and 85% through the year but the month of May to November has higher relative humidity which ranges from 71.8% to 83.3% The predominant soil types in this area are coarse textured, ranging from loamy to sandy loam in the surface horizons and from sandy loam to coarse clay in the subsurface horizon. The pH values range between 4.2 and 6.84 during the time of study. This implies that the soil is slightly acidic in nature which is good for plant growth and micro-organism. Both the surface water and groundwater need to undergo purification process before it can be used for domestic use as they are out of WHO and FMEnv permissive Limits of 6.5 to 8.5 of natural waters. Heavy metal concentrations were generally low in both the groundwater and surface water samples. None of the plant species recorded is in the vulnerable category of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).

ES 11 Socio-Economic Characteristics The occupation of the respondents includes; daily labourer (28.3%), farming (20.8%), trading and shop keeping (15.1%). The agricultural (farming) activities include those that engage in food crop production, animal rearing, oil palm processing, and nuts (palm kernel and cashew nuts) harvesters. In addition, there are road side petty traders including road side food vendor. Other occupations are artisans and employed (salary earners) who account for 5.7% each of the total surveyed population. Civil servant and those that indicated other means of livelihood (including commercial motorcycle operators) also account for 3.8% each. Meanwhile, unemployed respondents (who are mostly youths) represents 13.2% of the surveyed population. 3.6% of the respondents were indifferent.

The most common household size has 11-15 persons (31.9%). This is followed by HH size with 4-6 persons 30.2% and 7-10 persons (29.4%). HH with 1-3 persons have the lowest proportion (8.5%). 22.6% of the respondents earn between 35,000-50,000 Naira, 11.3% earn less than 10,000 naira, 22.6% respondents earn between 35,000- 50,000 Naira, 11.3% earn less than 10,000 naira. Other income characteristics include: 20,000 - 35,000 naira (9.4%), 50,000 - 60,000 naira (5.7%), 60,000 -70,000 naira (5.7%), while those earning between 70,000 to 100,000 are 1.9%. A great number of respondents (43.4%) didn‟t indicate their monthly income perhaps, they could not come-up with accurate figures or they have not been keeping records. Impact of the gully development within the community includes prevention of school children from going to school especially during raining season, promoting Malaria fever and affecting small scale retail business. The most common ailment in the project area is malaria. There are no major cultural issues in the community which may affect the implementation of the project as the area is rapidly urbanizing. However, there are shrines very close to the gully head. The concern of the people

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includes; Abandonment of the proposed project, Compensation for Resettlement, Sexual relations with underage and married women by contractors‟ staff and respect for Shrines and cultural rites. There expectations include, payment of compensation to PAPs, provision of basic amenities and employment opportunities for their youth. Their awareness of the proposed NEWMAP intervention according to them came mainly through community meetings.

ES 12 Public Consultations and Expressed Concerns  It was consensually agreed that the gully was caused by the increased floodwater which were not properly channelled to the Ojofu river. The gully started about 22 years ago.  Buildings have collapsed into the gully. In addition, several farmlands have been degraded by the gully.  One major self-help intervention has been carried out to reduce the expansion of the gully. This intervention was geared towards reducing/redirecting the floodwater from the gully.  The members of the community are scared that they may lose their properties owing to the proposed intervention.  The communities are aware of the proposed NEWMAP‟s intervention. This they learnt mainly through community meetings.  There are no major cultural issues in the community which may affect the implementation of the project as the area is rapidly urbanizing. However, there are shrines very close to the gully head.

The respondents expressed concerns which have to do with;  Abandonment of the proposed project;  Shrines and cultural rites;  Sexual relations with underage and married women; and  Compensation for Resettlement.

Community Expectations During the Construction and Operation Phases These include:  Prompt project implementation before the next rainy season;  Payment of adequate compensation to people whose properties will be affected by the proposed intervention;  Prioritization of the employment of the local people during construction and operation phases of the project;  Upgrade/rehabilitation of the Primary Health Centre to better cater for the residents and construction workers;  Rehabilitation of the community water board to serve the community and the adjoining Communities;  Project alternatives that totally avoids relocation/resettlement of PAPs; and  Provision of water and power for the Primary School.

Willingness of the Community to Provide Support for the Project The community expressed their readiness to give their best advice, skills and other assistance to the contractor. Specifically:  The landlords indicated their readiness to accommodate workers in their buildings at a reasonable rent rate;

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 The youths expressed their willingness to render services;  The women are ready to provide cutlery services to workers.

ES 13 Summary of Impacts of the Project Positive Social Impacts of the Proposed Project Activities  Public Safety (Safety of lives and properties);  Employment Opportunities;  Securing public infrastructures;  Increase accessibility to people‟s home;  Increased Value for Structural and Landed Properties.

Positive Environmental Impacts of the Proposed Project Activities  Minimization of Gully Activities;  Rehabilitation of degraded lands and their conversion into productive land;  Reducing disaster risks in the project area;  Improved environment and aesthetics of the area;

Negative social Impacts  Displacement of land properties and source of livelihoods;  Excessive expectations of improvement in livelihood;  Proposed project induced adverse developments;  Immigration of New Comers (Labour Influx);  Impact on shrines and cultural activities;  Potential increase in crime and insecurity issues;  Traffic and Transportation.

Negative Environmental Impacts  Loss of flora and fauna;  Potential noise impact during construction phase;  Impacts on Water and Water Resources;  Impacts Land Excavation and Camp Sites Construction on Soil;  Occupational health and safety issues.

ES 14 Analysis of Alternatives Analysis of alternatives was based on three criteria: General Safeguard of Environment and Human Health (General protection mechanisms); Short-Term Usefulness; and Long-Term Effectiveness and Permanence. These criteria were used to arrive at: No Action, Delayed Action and Right Away Action. Analysis was based on three activities {Biological works only, Civil works only; and The Civil works / Biological & the construction of Hard Structures (Technological Option)}. It was concluded that, a combination of Civil and Biological works (Technological Option) will provide a long-term effectiveness that will bring a permanent solution to the problem of gully erosion in Ogane- Aji gully watershed.

ES 15 Environmental and Social Mitigation Measures Environmental and Social Mitigation Measures were prepared for all the identified potential impacts. Pre-Construction: Proper awareness/sensitization of the host community on the project and involvement of the community during preparation and implementation. Construction: The proposed mitigation measures include: The use of heavy duty machinery and filling material which should be about 30m away from the channel;

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use of vibration induced machines should be avoided; the overhand should be lowered before using excavator with a boom of at least 25 meters, civil work should be limited to during the dry season where applicable. Also, tree planting, proper handling of waste, spraying of water to prevent dust, use of PPE (where possible), limiting of construction activities to during the day time, ensuring that all regulations on wild animals and their related habitats should be ensured and strictly adhered to. In addition, GBV/SEA, HIV/AIDS and STD awareness programme should be prioritized and Speed limits signboards should be placed at strategic locations. Also, the Contractor and Consultants must hire, to the maximum extent, skilled and unskilled workers from affected communities in the project area. Operation: Maintenance operations should be designed according to environmental safety guidelines, periodic checks on ambient environmental quality particularly air and provision of speed limits signboards. Social Integration and Participation The proposed social integration and participation approaches include: consultations, collaboration, collecting, recording, and reporting on inputs from stakeholders.

ES 16 Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) The Kogi State NEWMAP has put in place a Grievance Redress Framework (Annex 7) following the World Bank approach to GRM and FPMU guidelines. The framework has five levels of addressing grievances (Level 1; Community Level of Grievance Redress, Level 2; Local Government/ Community Grievance Redress Committee (LGRC), Level 3; State Grievance Redress Committee (SGRC), Level 4; National Grievance Redress Committee (NGRC) and Level 5; is the Courts). However, all grievances must first of all be addressed at the First Level. It might however be escalated to the second Level if the first level agreement was not acceptable to the party/parties involved and then to the third then to the fourth level under similar situation. If a party is not satisfied with the outcomes of Levels I, 2, 3, & 4 then He/She can take the case to the Law Courts (the 5th Level).

ES 17 Labour Influx and Child Labour The project may face the challenge of an influx of non-local labour and working conditions issues as some required skilled and technical labourers/worker might not be available in the local community of the project sites. The project will therefore take concrete measures to mitigate potential labour influx-related risks such as workers‟ sexual relations with minors and any possible resulting pregnancies, presence of sex workers in the community, the spread of HIV/AID, sexual harassment of female employees, child labour and abuse, increased dropout rates from school, inadequate resettlement practices, and fear of retaliation, failure to ensure community participation, poor labour practice, and lack of road safety. These risks require a careful consideration to improve social and environmental sustainability, resilience and social cohesion. Therefore, the project will include mitigation measures such as: (a) assessing the living conditions of workers‟ camps and ensuring appropriate living conditions; (b) establishing and enforcing a mandatory Code of Conduct for the company, managers and workers, and an Action Plan for implementation; (c) ensuring appropriate location for camps; (d) taking countermeasures - indicated in the Social Management Plan - to reduce the impact of the labour influx on the public services; and, (e) devising and implementing a strategy for maximizing employment opportunities for the local population, including women.

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ES 18 Gender Based Violence / Sexual Exploitation and Abuse An analysis of the status of GBV/SEA in the project community through literature review and FGD discussed under socio-economics reveals a high potential of GBV/SEA in Dekina LGA. GBV risks in the project target areas might include Intimate Partner Violence (IPV), public harassment including, verbal insults, physical abuse, rape, harmful widowhood practices and women and child trafficking. Targeted support to women under the program could likely exacerbate these risks. The development and implementation of specific GBV risk prevention and mitigation strategies, tailored to local contexts, will be critical. Guidelines for situation analysis of GBV and safe reporting guidelines in line with international best practices will be implemented. Furthermore, all risks related to labour influx will have to be mitigated by participation of project beneficiaries/communities, and involvement of project contractors and contractors‟ workers and consultant employees, in identifying mitigation and implementing measures, including developing mitigation instruments such as “Labour Influx Management Plan” and “Workers Camp Site Management Plan”.

A GBV workshop to be conducted to sensitize the Management and staff of Contractors on the key principle and specific requirements to address GBV/SEA have been included in the bidding documents („pre-qualification‟ and „employers‟ requirements‟). As such there are specific measures to reduce and mitigate the risk of GBV/SEA in the project. Such measures will include: i) GBV/SEA assessment of project; ii) mandatory contractors‟ code of conduct on sexual harassment; iii) appointment of NGO to monitor GBV/SEA; iv) community and workers‟ sensitization on GBV/SEA; v) provision of referral units for survivors of GBV/SEA; vi) provisions in contracts for dedicated payments to contractors for GBV/SEA prevention activities against evidence of completion; vii) contractor and SPMU requirement to ensure a minimum target of female employment with incremental rewards of the obtainment of this target.

The following actions are recommended for immediate implementation:  Inclusion in the focal NGO‟s ToR services for managing social risks associated with GBV/SEA in the project,  Building and improving SPMUs, local communities and other relevant stakeholders‟ capacities to address the risks of GBV/SEA by developing and providing guidance, training, awareness, and dissemination of relevant GBV/SEA materials to communities,  Identifying development partners and cultivating pragmatic partnership on GBV/SEA prevention measures and referral services,  Developing Codes of Conduct for civil works contractors with prohibitions against GBV/SEA,  Strengthening consultations and operationalizing GBV/SEA specific grievance redress mechanisms,  Providing financial support implementation of the GBV/SEA actions described herein, including training and awareness building for various stakeholders,  Establishing inter-ministerial committee to advance the GBV/SEA actions described above.

ES 19 Stakeholder / Citizen’s Engagement

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Kogi State NEWMAP has been implementing its Citizen/Stakeholders Engagement Plan since the inception of the Project. Major milestones in the Ogane= Aji Gully intervention include: • identification of Project stakeholders for Ogane -Aji Gully intervention site; • summary of past consultation efforts from baseline study; and • establishment of site committee for Ogane Aji Gully intervention site. • stakeholder engagement during ESMP consultancy services;

Other planned consultation efforts to be prepared for construction activities include; • stakeholder engagement during construction; • stakeholder engagement during operations; • resources for stakeholder engagement; • monitoring and reporting on stakeholder engagement; and • formation of the site monitoring committees for Ogane -Aji Gully Erosion Site.

ES 20 Training Programmes: S/N Capacity Needs Participants Subject Resource Duration Cost Person (USS $)

1 Personnel require SPMU Training In-depth Environmental 4 days 6,000 appreciation of World consideration and social seminar Bank, Federal/State PC, Environment and of the safeguards environmental safeguards specialist, mitigation specialist, Geo- policies/standards, as Project engineer and measures Information well as, an application Social safeguards proffered by Specialist, of these specialist. Relevant the ESMP. policies/standards in MDAs. The estimated implementing the number of participants Satellite Image World Bank support is Fifteen (15) persons interpretation for Ogane Aji Gully of the Ogane- control. Aji watershed imagery for Personnel require critical appreciation of the assessment of magnitude of the changes problem being solved overtime. through Geo- information analysis of the watershed

2 NEWMAP Community General Environmental 2-day 8,000 institutional Ogane- Aji Gully site environmental and social workshop. arrangement. monitoring committee awareness; safeguards members. seminars that specialist Other safeguard issues Management and Staff will include including; GBV/SEA, of Contractors, PAP, ecological and One day for contactors Labour Influx, GRM. Community members social science and other relevant principles, as it and the other stakeholders. affects the day for the community Ogane Aji Gully site. and relevant stakeholders Mitigation measures proffered in the ESMP. GBV/SEA, Labour Influx and GRM.

Total 14,000

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ES 21 ESMP Implementation Schedule Mitigation Mitigation Timeline (Monthly) S/N measures for: 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21th 22th 23th 24th 1. Pre- construction phase i. Land Acquisition ii. Community sensitivity of the project 2. Construction phase 1. Environmenta l impacts 2. Biological impacts 3. Socioeconom ic impacts 4. Public health 3. Operation and maintenance phase Air quality, noise and vibration, water quality, traffic & transportation , and health and safety

ES 22 ESMP Costing and Cost Analysis S/N ESMP Activities (Monitoring) Cost Estimate ($) 1 Pre-construction Phase 14,750

2 Construction Phase Environmental Impacts 7,700 Biological Impacts 1,950 Socioeconomic Impacts 10,250 Public Health Impacts 5,500 Sub-Total 25,400

3 Operation Phase 8,400 Total for Construction Impact Mitigation Monitoring 33,800

4 Institutional Capacity Reinforcement Programme Kogi State NEWMAP including the purchase of satellite imageries. 6,000 Community 8,000 Total for Institutional Capacity 14,000

Total for Mitigation Monitoring 62,550 10% Contingency 6,255 Grand Total 68,805 Exchange rate used: 390 Naira to 1 Dollar

ES 23 ESMP Disclosures After a review and clearance by the World Bank, the ESMP will be disclosed at the FMEnV, State Ministry of Environment (SME) and the host LGA offices as well as at the World Bank website. The purpose will be to inform stakeholders about the project activities, impacts, anticipated and proposed environmental management actions as well as to obtain the certificate of conformity from the Federal Ministry of Environment.

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CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.0 Background The Government of Nigeria is implementing the multi-sectoral Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP), which is financed by the World Bank, Global Environment Facility, the Special Climate Change Fund, and the Government of Nigeria. The project currently includes 23 states, namely Anambra, Abia, Cross River, Edo, Enugu, Ebonyi, Kogi, , Sokoto, Gombe, Plateau, Kano, Ondo, among others The lead agency at the Federal level is the Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv), Department of Erosion, Flood and Coastal Zone Management. State and local governments, local communities are or will be involved in the project, given that the project is a multisector operation involving MDAs concerned with water resources management, public works, agriculture, regional and town planning, earth and natural resources information, and disaster risk management. The development objective of NEWMAP is: to rehabilitate degraded lands and reduce longer term erosion vulnerability in targeted areas. At State level, NEWMAP activities involve medium-sized civil works such as construction of infrastructure and/or stabilization or rehabilitation in and around the gullies themselves, as well as small works in the small watershed where gullies form and expand. These works trigger the World Bank‟s Safeguard Policies including Environmental Assessment OP 4.01; Natural Habitats OP 4.04; Cultural Property OP 11.03; Involuntary Resettlement OP 4.12 Safety of Dams OP 4.37; Pest Management Safeguard Policy OP 4.09; and Projects on International Waterways OP 7.50. The environmental and social safeguards concerns are being addressed through two national instruments already prepared under the project: Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) and a Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF). These framework instruments need to be translated into specific costed, measurable, and monitorable actions for specific intervention sites through the preparation of site- specific management and action plans. ESMF. In general, the ESMF specifies the procedures to be used for preparing, approving and implementing: (i) environmental/social assessments (ESAs, or alternately both an SA or an EA) and/or (2) environmental/social management plans (ESMPs, or alternately both an EMP and SMP) for individual civil works packages developed for each project. ESMPs are essential elements for Category B projects. RPF. The RPF applies when land acquisition will lead to the temporary or permanent physical displacement of persons, and/or loss of shelter, and /or loss of livelihoods and/or loss, denial or restriction of access to economic resources due to project activities. It sets out the resettlement and compensation principles, organizational arrangements and design criteria to be applied to meet the needs of project-affected people, and specifies the contents of a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) for each package of investments.

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ESMP is site-specific and consists of a well-documented set of mitigation, monitoring, and institutional actions to be taken before and during implementation to eliminate adverse environmental and social impacts, offset them, or reduce them to acceptable levels. Each ESMP also includes the measures needed to implement these actions, addressing the adequacy of the monitoring and institutional arrangements for the upper and lower watersheds in the intervention site. The ESMP report shall carry out the following studies on Baseline inventory, Stakeholders Identification and Consultation, Labour influx and Gender issues, Citizen Engagement, Gender Based Violence issues and Grievance Redress Mechanism. GBV/SEA: This involves the mainstreaming of Gender Based Violence and Sexual Exploitation and Abuse risks under the project activities 1.1 Detailed Description of the Proposed Intervention The proposed intervention work shall involve small-sized civil works at the upstream. This will be followed by the application of flexible structures in the form of gabion mesh-filled with stones; terracing of the gully banks and subsequent vegetation of the terraced surfaces of the banks. Other remedial actions along the gullies would be the introduction of flexible check-dams at determined positions; and provisions of the rip- rap structures at gully outfalls to protect the flood discharge plain against erosive actions. The check-dams are made of wire mesh filled with stones. These measures would be responsible for gully stabilization, reclamation, protection and reinforcement to stop scouring action of water flow velocity due to exposed soil surface.

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Fig. 1.1: Engineering Design

Specifically, the project activities for the gully erosion site will consist of: i. Full reclamation of the main gully encroached portion of Agala road; ii. Installation of reinforced rectangular stilling basin type and chute channel at main gully head; iii. Installation of reinforced rectangular stilling basin outlet channel at main gully head; iv. Installation of flexible rectangular channel in the main gully; v. Construction of 12 nos. check dams (8 m width each) in the main gully; vi. Installation of rip-rap structure (width of 8 m) in the main gully; vii. Installation of stepped reinforced concrete at Gully II; viii. Installation of rip-rap structure (width of 2 m) in the gully II; and ix. Reconstruction of undersized culvert along water-ways, catch pit, failed and undersized drainage channel within the confluence along Agala road.

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1.2 Rationale for the NEWMAP Intervention The gully constitutes a significant danger to public safety and threatens to undermine the structures and infrastructures that are located in the vicinity. The environmental and socio-economic implications of the gully erosion on the communities in the project area are also numerous. Ancestral lands are being destroyed and properties worth millions of naira including farmlands, building properties, economic trees and roads are often damaged. Access roads and farms are under threat. If the gully erosion problem is properly appraised and appropriate control structures are introduced, the yearly colossal losses will be mitigated. Life and property will be safeguarded and public infrastructures will be protected.

The specific objectives of the ESMP are to:  Ensure the project is carried out in accordance with contemporary sustainable development tenets;  Provide a structure/strategy for the integration of social and environmental consideration at all stages of the project planning, design, execution and operation of various sub-projects;  Ensure an overall positive social and environmental impacts of sub-projects and avoid/minimize, and manage any potential adverse impacts;  Establish clear procedures and methodologies for incorporating environmental management requirements including stakeholder engagement in the implementation of the project and all sub projects;  Provide guidelines to roles and responsibilities, and outline the reporting procedures for managing and monitoring environmental and social concerns of the proposed projects;  Determine the training, capacity building and technical assistance needed to successfully implement the provisions of the ESMP;  Comply with regulatory and policy requirements (local and international) that are applicable to the programme and sub projects;  Assess the potential environmental and social impacts of the sub-projects (rehabilitation, extensions of or new constructions, livelihood adaptation, etc.), whether positive or negative, and propose measures and plans to reduce or mitigate adverse environmental impacts and enhance the positive impacts of the project;  Identify potential environmental policies, legal and institutional framework pertaining to the project;  Identify modalities for estimating and budgeting the costs for the implementation of the environmental Management Plan for the projects; and  Ascertain the agencies responsible for the implementation of the project‟s Environmental Management Plans.

1.3 Rationale for the ESMP The primary objective of the ESMP is to facilitate effective decision-making and to ensure that the implementation processes during the execution of the proposed project activities are sustainable. Some of the activities to be carried out during ESMP preparation include; ensuring that civil and rehabilitation works are environmentally sound, encouraging community consultation and participation and enhancing social wellbeing. Specifically, the ESMP seeks to provide a clear process including action plans to integrate environmental and social considerations into the project.

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1.4 Objective of the Consultancy Services The objective of the consulting services is to prepare an Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for the proposed intervention at Ogane-Aji Gully Erosion sub-project in Dekina LGA, Kogi State. The tasks of the consultant include the following: a) Describe the biophysical and social environment including the existing status of the sub-watershed (upper/lower) and gullies; b) Identify the potential environmental and social issues/risks associated with the intervention; like Labour influx and Gender issues, Mapping of Gender Based Violence and Grievance Redress Mechanism. c) Drawing on the feasibility and engineering report and site design, the appropriate baseline indicators (for example, m3/sec of runoff collected in the sub-watershed during a heavy hour-long rainfall); d) Develop a plan for mitigating environmental and social risks associated with construction and operation in the gully intervention in consultation with the relevant public and Government agencies; e) Identify the feasible and cost-effective measures that may reduce all potentially significant adverse environmental and social impacts to acceptable levels; f) Develop a time-bound plan for mitigating environmental and social risks associated with the specific intervention in the designated sub-watershed management in consultation with the relevant public and government agencies; g) Identify the monitoring objectives and specify the type of monitoring, with linkages to the impacts assessed and the mitigation measures described above; h) Provide a specific description of institutional arrangements: the agencies responsible for carrying out the mitigation and monitoring measures (e.g., for operation, supervision, enforcement, monitoring of implementation, remedial action, financing, reporting, and staff training) and the contractual arrangements for assuring the performance of each implementing agency; i) Define the technical assistance programs that could strengthen environmental management capability in the agencies responsible for implementation; j) Provide an implementation schedule for measures that must be carried out as part of the project, showing phasing and coordination with overall project implementation plans; and k) Provide the expected capital and recurrent cost estimates and sources of funds for implementing the ESMP and inform accordingly the design consultants so that these costs are duly taken into consideration in the designs. l) The consultant shall carry out Stakeholders identification and Consultation – like town hall meetings.

Page | 5 Ogane-Aji Gully Intervention ESMP Final Report Kogi State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (Kogi-NEWMAP) m) The Consultant carry out consultations with women in safe places i.e. Focused Group Discussion on Gender Based Violence. n) Other tasks will include o) The Consultant shall assist the SPMU to: (i) Register the ESMP with the Environmental Assessment (EA) departments at Federal and State levels; and (ii) Disclose the finalized ESMP at the National, State, LGA and Community levels. 1.5 Approach and Methodology This ESMP was prepared in accordance with World Bank safeguard policies, The World Bank Environmental and Social Framework Standards and Nigerian environmental assessment guidelines and procedures. The preparation of the ESMP was guided by NEWMAP ESMF and PAD alongside other relevant NEWMAP documents at both the federal and state levels. The methodology adopted in preparing the ESMP entails the following: Literature Review / Desktop studies, Field studies, Public consultations and Preparation of ESMP Report. However, the environmental baseline study including the physico-chemical parameters of the water, soil, air quality, flora and fauna were examined through direct field measurement / observations and laboratory analyses. Spatial efficiency was ensured during sampling. In all, there are Ten (10) Ambient Air Quality /Noise level sample locations and One (1) control point, Three (3) Soil sample locations (top soil 0-15cm depth and sub-soil 15-30 depth), Three (3) ground water samples and Three (3) surface water samples on Ojofu River. The surface water sample 1 (SW 1) was taken downstream of the meeting point of the gully channel and the river, SW 2 was taken at the meeting point of the gully cannel and the river while SW 3 was taken upstream of the meeting point bf the gully channel and the river. Laboratory analysis was conducted at the Department of Chemistry/Department of Microbiology, University of Lagos Akoka, Lagos. The laboratory is a Federal Ministry of the Environment accredited laboratory. Socio-economic characteristics and consultation with stakeholders were achieved through town hall meetings, Focus Group Discussion (FGD), In-depth Interview, administration of structured questionnaire using random sampling techniques. The FGD targeted the youth, women and aged groups.

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CHAPTER TWO INSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK

2.0 Introduction This section described the Government of Nigeria national policy, legal, regulatory and administrative frameworks that guide environmental sustainability of developmental activities in the country. It also provides the Kogi State policies, legislation, regulations and guidelines on environmental issues that are applicable to the proposed interventions by Kogi State-NEWMAP at the Ogane-Aji gully erosion site. The World Bank Safeguard Policies (OPs) were identified and those Triggered by NEWMAP Projects and relevance / applicable to Ogane-Aji project site were discussed.

2.1 Federal Policy, Legal, Regulatory and Administrative Frameworks A number of national and local environmental guidelines are applicable to the operations of the NEWMAP. Brief discussions of these are provided in Table 2.1.

Table 2.1: Relevant Federal/State Policies, Legislation, Regulations and Guidelines Federal Policies S/N Policy Instrument Year Provision 1 National Policy on the 1989 This describes both the conceptual and theoretical Environment revised framework and strategies for archiving sustainable 1991 development in Nigeria 2 National Policy on Flood and 2006 This policy addresses the need to combat erosion in Erosion Control the country by utilizing the procedures outlined in the National Action Plan for Flood and Erosion Control and Technical Guidelines 3 National Gender Policy 2006 The goal of the National Gender Policy is to build a just society devoid of discrimination, harness the full potentials of all social groups regardless of sex or circumstance, promote the enjoyment of fundamental human rights and protect the health, social, economic and political well-being of all citizens in order to achieve equitable rapid economic growth; evolve an evidence based planning and governance system w here human, social, financial and technological resources are efficiently and effectively deployed for sustainable development. Federal Legal/Regulatory Instrument 1 Environmental Impact 1992 This provides guidelines for regulating the activities of Assessment Act No. 86, (FMEnv) development projects for which EIA is mandatory in Nigeria. The Act also stipulates the minimum content of an EIA as well as a schedule of projects that require mandatory EIAs 2 The National Guidelines and 1991 These represent the basic instrument for monitoring Standards for Environmental and controlling pollution in Nigeria Pollution Control in Nigeria 3 National Guidelines on (1999) This establishes the requirements for an Environmental Environmental Management Management System (EMS) in all Systems organizations/facilities in Nigeria 4 National Air Quality Standard 1991 This defines the levels of air pollutants that should not Decree No. 59 of be exceeded in order to protect public health. 5 The National Environmental 2007 This makes provision for solid waste management and

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Standards and Regulations its administration and prescribes sanctions for offences Enforcement Agency Act or acts, which run contrary to proper and adequate (NESREA Act) waste disposal procedures and practices 6 Child Rights Act 2003 The Act serves as a legal documentation and protection of Children rights and responsibilities in Nigeria. It also acts as a legislation against Human trafficking since it forbids children from being "separated from parents against their will, except where it is in the best interests of the child. 7 Employee's Compensation Act 2010 The Act make provisions for compensations for any death, injury, disease or disability arising out of or in the course of employment; and for related matters. 8 Land Use Act 1978 This is the primary legal means to acquire land in the Modified country. The Act vests all land in the territory of each 1990 state in the federation in the governor of the State and requires that such land shall be held in trust and administered for the use and common benefit of all Nigerians in accordance with the provisions of this Act 9 Criminal Code The Nigerian Criminal Code makes it an offence punishable with up to 6 months imprisonment for any person who:  Violates the atmosphere in any place so as to make it noxious to the health of persons in general dwelling or carry on business in the neighbourhood, or passing along a public way: or  Does any act which is, and which he knows or has reason to believe to be likely to spread the infection of any disease dangerous to life, whether human or animal. 10 Endangered Species Act 1985 This provides for conservation and management of wild life in Nigeria and the protection of some of her endangered species from extinction as a result of over exploitation. 11 FEPA/ FMEnv. EIA Procedural 1995 These indicate the steps to be followed in the EIA guidelines process through project life cycle. 12 S115 National Environmental 1991 Regulates the collection, treatment, and disposal of Protection (The Management of solid and hazardous waste for municipal and industrial Solid and Hazardous Wastes sources and give the comprehensive list of chemicals Regulations) and chemical waste by toxicity categories 13 S19 National Environmental 1991 These are imposed restrictions on the release of toxic Protection (The NEP (Pollution substances and requirements of Stipulated Monitoring Abatement in Industries and of pollution to ensure that permissible limits are not Facilities Generating Waste) exceeded during and after the project. Regulations) 14 S18 National Environmental 1991 This makes it mandatory for industrial facilities to Protection (National Effluents install anti-pollution equipment. It also makes Limitations Regulation) provision for further effluent treatment, prescribe maximum limit of effluent parameters allowed for discharge, and spells out penalties for contravention. 15 Public Health Law This deals with public health matters 16 Environmental Sanitation Edits, This deals with the general environmental health and Law and Enforcements sanitation. Implementation and enforcement in the state. 17 Workmen Component Act 1987 This provides for occupational health and safety Revised 2010 Federal Institutional Framework 1 The Federal Ministry of FMEnv is the apex body charged with the Environment (FMEnv) responsibility to administrate and enforce

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environmental laws in Nigeria. The FMEnv prohibits public and private sectors from embarking on major developmental projects or activities without due consideration, at early stages, for environmental and social impacts. In addition to the EIA Act, the Ministry has produced sectorial documents including sectorial guidelines on infrastructure development which will be duly considered in the implementation of this project 2 Federal Ministry of Agriculture The Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural and Rural Development Development (FMARD) has the responsibility of optimizing agriculture and integrating rural development for the transformation of the Nigerian economy, with a view to attaining food security and positioning Nigeria as a net food exporter for socio- economic development. 3 The Federal Project Management The Federal Project Management Unit (FPMU) headed Unit (FPMU) NEWMAP by a Federal Coordinator hosted by FMEnv is responsible for the overall coordination of the project Kogi State Environmental Legislations 1 Kogi State Environmental 1990 The edict empowers the state ministry of environment Protection Edicts to establish such environmental criteria, guidelines/specifications or standards for the protection of Kogi state‟s air, lands and waters as may be necessary to protect the health and welfare of the people. Kogi State Institutional Framework 1 Kogi State Ministry of The Ministry has the responsibility for the general Environment protection and development of the environment, conservation of biodiversity, natural resources and sustainable development of the State. The Ministry oversees the Kogi State Sanitation and Waste Management Board (KGSWMB), Kogi State Town Planning Board and Forestry Department (KSGTPBD). The Sanitation Board law 2013 has been reviewed to allow for robust private sector participation. The State Environmental Health Services Law has also been developed. Some of the other functions of the State Ministry of Environment include:  Liaising with the Federal Ministry of Environment, FMEnv to achieve a healthy or better management of the environment via the development of National Policy on Environment;  Co-operating with FMEnv and other National Directorates/Agencies in the performance of environmental functions including environmental education/awareness to the citizenry;  Responsibility for monitoring waste management standards;  Responsibility for general environmental matters in the State; and  Monitoring the implementation of ESIA studies and other environmental studies for all development projects at the State level. 2 Kogi State Environmental This serves as the regulatory body to protect and Protection Board (KSEPB) manage the environmental issues in the state. The functions of the KSEPB include:  Enforcement of all environmental legislations in the states  Minimization of impacts of physical development on the ecosystem  Preservation, conservation and restoration to pre- impact status of all ecological process essential

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for the preservation of biological diversity.  Protection of air, water, land, forest and wildlife within the state.  Pollution control and environmental health in the state. 3 Kogi State Ministry of Land and The major function of the Ministry of Land and Survey Survey is to ensure that there is optimal utilization of land resources in Kogi state. The Kogi state Ministry of land will also provide proper guidelines in acquiring land from the members of the community for the purpose of this intervention. 4 Kogi State Ministry of Rural The ministry is responsible for community-based Development and Poverty matters such as community mobilization; self-help Alleviation projects, rural industrialization, neighbourhood watch, training and workshop for community development associations, listing of community development associations in the State etc. 5 Kogi State Project Management The Kogi State Project Management Unit (Kogi- Unit (Kogi SPMU) NEWMAP SPMU) headed by the State Coordinator and hosted by the Ministry of Environment is responsible for the coordination of NEWMAP projects in Kogi State. The coordinator is thus directly responsible for coordinating activities of the Site intervention, including the implementation of this ESMP.

2.2 World Bank Safeguard Policies Triggered by NEWMAP Projects The World Bank safeguard policies are the cornerstones of the Bank‟s support for sustainable poverty reduction. The main objective of these policies is to prevent and mitigate undue harms to people and their respective environment in the developmental processes. These policies also provide guidelines for the Bank and borrower staffs in the identification, preparation, and implementation of programs and projects. Table 2.2 provides the World Bank safeguard policies relevance to NEWMAP and those applicable to Ogane- Aji project site.

Table 2.2: World Bank Safeguard Policies Applicable to Kogi-NEWMAP Ogane Aji Gully Intervention Safeguard Policies Triggered by Triggered by Applicability to project due to How Project Address NEWMAP Ogane-Aji Policy Requirements Gully Site Yes No Yes No Environmental [ x ] [ ] [ x ] [ ] Civil works under the project ESMF prepared for Assessment (OP/BP 4.01) including excavation and NEWMAP and site specific construction of drainage mitigation measures channel to reduce the peak flow developed in the ESMP. rates and the expansion of the gully erosion will have adverse effect on the environment. Natural Habitats (OP/BP [ x ] [ ] [ x ] [ ] Civil works with site-specific ESMF prepared for 4.04) impacts in creating Buffer NEWMAP and site- Zone. The activities outlined specific mitigation intervention require the measures developed in the significant conversion of areas ESMP. Bioremediation of natural habitats especially measures incorporated into along the gully rehabilitation the design of project. RoW up to the Ojofu River. However, the project is not within a biodiversity reserve area. Pest Management (OP [ x ] [ ] [ ] [ X ] There is no likelihood use of NA pesticide during the project

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4.09) implementation and operation.

Physical Cultural [ x ] [ ] [ X [ ] Civil works, including ESMF prepared for Resources (OP/BP 4.11) ] excavations channelization will NEWMAP and site- be most unlikely to avoid all specific mitigation cultural heritage sites as well as measures for Chance find presently unknown sites that of cultural heritage can be expected to be found in developed in the ESMP. any area rich in cultural and historical values. Involuntary Resettlement [ x ] [ ] [ x ] [ ] The activities under the project A resettlement policy (OP/BP 4.12) will require the acquisition of framework (RPF) has been land (some with economic trees prepared for NEWMAP. and farms) surrounding Due to the potential intervention area. This will lead impacts to economic trees to economic and potentially and farmland located physical displacement. around the intervention sites, standalone RAP(s) will be prepared, and measures implemented before project implementation Indigenous Peoples [ ] [ x ] [ ] [ x ] The people in the area are by NA (OP/BP 4.36) the World Bank policy not considered as indigenous peoples. Forests (OP/BP 4.10) [ x ] [ ] [ x ] [ ] Civil works will extend to ESMF prepared for forest area along the NEWMAP and site- intervention / design set back specific mitigation especially at the lower measures developed in the watershed where it discharges ESMP into Ojofu River. Safety of Dams (OP/BP [ x ] [ ] [ ] [ x ] The proposed project does not NA 4.37) involve the design, construction or rehabilitation of any dam of whatever kind. Projects in Disputed [ ] [ x ] [ ] [ x ] The proposed project area is not NA Areas (OP/BP 7.60) known for any dispute (local, national, international) of whatever magnitude. Project on International [ x ] [ ] [ ] [ x ] Although the River Niger is NA Waterways (OP/BP 7.50) about a 100 km away from the project site, water will not be sourced from The River Niger. Also, the catchment area does not discharge directly into the Niger River. NB: Where there is a gap of conflict between the National Law and World Bank Safeguard Policies/ ESS, the higher standard shall prevail which in this case is the World Bank Policy

2.2.1 International Conventions and Agreements Several international regulations, protocols, treaties and conventions have been signed by countries of the World which are aimed at halting environmental degradation and thus protecting human health against possible adverse effects. Nigeria subscribes to a number of these International Regulations and Conventions relating to Environmental Protection.

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Table 2.3 shows some of the international conventions, agreements and protocols to which Nigeria is signatory and applicable to the Kogi State NEWMAP in the Ogane Aji gully site.

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Table 2.3: International Conventions, Agreements and Protocols to which Nigeria is Signatory and Applicable to the Kogi State NEWMAP in the Ogane Aji gully Site International conventions, Applicable to Applicable to Applicability to How project address issues agreements and protocols NEWMAP Ogane -Aji project due to raised gully Site Yes No Yes No Both the Vienna convention [ x ] [ ] [ x ] [ ] Civil works will ESMF prepared for for the protection of the extend to forest area. NEWMAP and site-specific Ozone Layer and the There will be mitigation measures Montreal protocol for reduction in tree developed in the ESMP. Control of Substances that taxonomy and Provision of vegetation deplete the ozone layer. biomass leading to measures following reduction in carbon construction of the sink and release of engineering measures. Is also ODS gasses. provided Basel convention on the [ ] [x] [ ] [ x ] ESMF and ESMP do NA prevention of trans-boundary not identify the use movement of hazardous and or generation of wastes and their disposal. hazardous wastes in the project lifecycle. Convention on the [ x ] [ ] [ ] [ X No endangered NA prevention of the ] species(s) of any international trade in kind was identified endangered species (CITES). in the project area. Convention on Biodiversity. [ x ] [ ] [X ] [ ] Civil works may ESMF has been prepared for extend to forest area. NEWMAP and site-specific This will disturb mitigation measures biodiversity in the developed in the ESMP. area. Bioremediation measures has also been incorporated into the design of project. Convention on climate [ x ] [ ] [ x ] [ ] Proposed activities ESMF prepared for change. will result in both NEWMAP and site-specific systemic and mitigation measures cumulative developed in the ESMP. environmental Bioremediation measures change thereby incorporated into the design contributing to of project sustained increase in temperature. Convention on [x] [ ] [ x ] [ ] Proposed activities Bioremediation measures Desertification. may result in incorporated into the design deforestation. of project. Convention on Persistent [ ] [X] [ ] [X] No organic pollutant NA Organic Pollutants. will be used for activities design for the proposed project during it lifecycle. World Health Organization [x] [ ] [ x ] [ ] Proposed activities ESMF prepared for (WHO) Health and Safety may be injurious to NEWMAP and site-specific Component of EIA, 1987. man and the mitigation measures environment developed in the ESMP.

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Table 2.4: Gap between National Legislations, Policies and Regulations and the World Bank Policies Category Nigerian Law World Bank ESS 5 Measures to Filling the Gaps

Minimization of No requirement to consider all Involuntary resettlement should be Design of footprints of project-related resettlement options of project design in avoided where feasible, or minimized, activities, will be undertaken so as to order to minimize the need for exploring all viable alternative project minimize resettlement. resettlement or displacement designs Information and It is lawful to revoke or PAPs are required to be meaningfully PAPs shall be meaningfully consulted and Consultation acquire land by the governor consulted and participate in the engaged in the resettlement process after issuance of notice. No resettlement process consultation is required. Timing of The law is silent on timing of This requires that compensation Compensation and resettlement Compensation payment implementation will take precedence implementation to take place before before construction or displacement construction or displacement Livelihood Makes no proscription on It requires that vulnerable PAPs have to Livelihood restoration measures will be put restoration livelihood restoration be rehabilitated in place for vulnerable PAPs measures Grievance Process The land use and allocation This requires that a grievance redress A grievance redress committee (GRC) shall committee appointed by the mechanism be set early constituting the be established early and existing local Governor is vexed with all representative of PAPs and, prefers redress process shall be considered to disputes/grievances and local redress mechanism. The law court address issues of project induced compensation matters is the last resort when available grievances. PAPs or their representatives mechanism or outcome is unsatisfactory shall be members of the GRC. to PAP Community land Compensation in cash to the Land for land compensation or any Land for land compensation or any other in- with customary community, chief or leader of other in-kind compensation agreed to kind compensation agreed to with the right the community for the benefit with the community community of the community Agricultural land Entitled to alternative Land for land compensation Land for land compensation agricultural land1

Fallow land No compensation Land for land compensation Land for land compensation

Statutory and Cash compensation equal to Recommends land-for-land Recommends land-for-land compensation customary right the rent paid by the occupier compensation or other form of or other form of compensation at full Land Owners during the year in which the compensation at full replacement cost. replacement cost. right of occupancy was revoked Land Tenants They are entitled to Are entitled to some form of Are entitled to some form of compensation compensation based upon the compensation whatever the legal whatever the legal recognition of their amount of rights they hold recognition of their occupancy. occupancy. upon land. Squatters These are not entitled to These are to be provided with Are to be provided resettlement assistance compensation for land, but are resettlement assistance in addition to in addition to compensation for affected entitled to compensation for compensation for affected assets; but no assets; but no compensation for land crops. compensation for land Owners of “Non- Cash compensation based on Entitled to in-kind compensation or cash Entitled to in-kind compensation or cash permanent” market value of the building compensation at full replacement cost compensation at full replacement cost Buildings (that means depreciation is including labour and relocation including labour and relocation expenses, allowed) expenses, prior to displacement. prior to displacement. Owners of Resettlement in any other Entitled to in-kind compensation or cash They are entitled to in-kind compensation “Permanent” place by way of reasonable compensation at full replacement cost or cash compensation at full replacement buildings, alternative accommodation or including labour and relocation cost including labour and relocation installations Cash Compensation based on expenses, prior to displacement. expenses, prior to displacement. market value.

2.3 Institutional Framework NEWMAP involves many federal and state ministries, departments and agencies (MDAs), local governments, communities, and the civil society.

1 Nigerian Land Use Act 1978, (2004 LFN)

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This is because an effective implementation of projects requires inter-ministerial coordination, collaboration, and information sharing at all levels of government. Thus, each component, sub-component and activity is to be implemented through relevant federal and state MDAs. The various MDAs include those responsible for planning, economy and finance, works, agriculture, water resources, forests, transport, power, emergency response, as well as those that focused on climate and hydrological information or watershed/ basin regulation. The investments for Ogane- Aji gully Site in Ogane- Aji, Kogi State is being made through the Kogi NEWMAP. However, the Kogi State government has the primary responsibility for land management and land allocations of the project site.

The Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv) is the lead implementing agency for NEWMAP. The Federal Project Management Unit (FPMU) headed by a Federal Coordinator hosted by FMEnv is responsible for the overall coordination. The Kogi State Project Management Unit (Kogi-SPMU) headed by the State Coordinator and hosted by the Kogi State Ministry of Environment is responsible for the coordination in Kogi State, thus, the Kogi-SPMU is directly responsible for coordinating the activities of the Ogane- Aji gully Site intervention, including the implementation of this ESMP. Both the federal and state levels coordinating units have environmental officers responsible for the mainstreaming of environmental issues into the NEWMAP sub-projects.

The Kogi State NEWMAP Environmental Officer is directly responsible for coordinating the implementation of the Ogane- Aji gully Site ESMP on behalf of the State Project Coordinator. At the community level, the Ogane- Aji Gully Site Monitoring Committee will effectively participate in ensuring full compliance during project implementation including civil work activities.

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CHAPTER THREE BIOPHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT 3.0 Introduction The characteristics of the existing biophysical environment of the project area were based on a number of primary and secondary data sources. Primary data source includes a one-season field sampling obtained through the environmental baseline survey of air quality, surface and groundwater sampling, landuse and soil sampling conducted in May, 2020. Laboratory analyses of environmental media collected during the survey were carried out at the University of Lagos Central Laboratory. Secondary data sources (desktop studies/literature review) include review of published literature, maps and textbooks related to the proposed project area. The biophysical environment baseline information pertinent to the proposed intervention project area includes: a. Location; b. Relief and drainage; c. Climate; d. Geology; e. Air quality and noise; f. Soil; g. Hydrology (surface and groundwater); h. Vegetation; and i. Wildlife and biodiversity.

3.1 Location 3.1.1 Kogi State Kogi State is one of the states in the North-Central geo-political region of Nigeria with a total landmass of approximately 29,833km2. The State lies within geographical extent of 8.741N and 6.261E to the north, 6.541N and 6.674E to the south, 7.402N and 7.857E to the east and 8.36N and 5.331E to the west. Geographically, the State is bordered to the north by Abuja the Federal Capital Territory, Niger and Nasarawa States; to the west by Kwara, Ekiti, Ondo and Edo States; to the south by Delta and Anambra States; and to the east by Anambra, Enugu and Benue States (Fig. 3.1). Kogi State has a population of 3,314,043 (based on 2006 census). It is popularly known as the Confluence State because of the meeting of River Niger and River Benue. Lokoja, the State capital was the first administrative capital of modern-day Nigeria. The predominant ethnic groups in the State are Igala, Ebira and Okun. Agriculture is the mainstay of the economy. Some of the noticeable produces are coffee, cocoa, palm oil, cashews, groundnuts, maize, cassava, yam, rice and melon. The State is also rich in mineral resources such as coal, limestone, iron and tin. Kogi State is home to the largest iron and steel industry in Nigeria known as Ajaokuta Steel Company Limited and one of the largest cement factories in Africa, the Obajana Cement Factory.

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Fig. 3.1: Map of Kogi State highlighting the Local Government Area (LGA) of the Proposed Project Area and the neighbouring states

3.1.2 Proposed Ogane-Aji Gully Intervention Site The Ogane-Aji gully erosion site is located in Dekina LGA of Kogi State. Ogane-Aji is a suburb of Anyigba town which is the commercial centre of the Dekina LGA. It is located within latitudes 07o 31.113‟ and 7o 31.693‟ and longitudes 07o 10.370‟ and 07o 10.480‟ (Fig. 3.2). The gully erosion site in Ogane-Aji is currently about 1.35 km in length with width varying from 20 m to 25 m and has a depth ranging from 8 m to 15 m. Ogane-Aji gully has existed for about twenty-two years and it was caused mainly by unchecked poor drainage control which leads to improper diversion of storm water. The gully has developed fingers which are now a threat to surrounding buildings and nearly cut a major road connecting Ogane-Aji and neighbouring communities. It claimed four lives in the year 2015 as a result of heavy rainfall which resulted into high volume of storm-water with high intensity and discharge capacity.

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Fig. 3.2: Map of the Ogane-Aji Gully Erosion Site

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3.2 Relief and drainage 3.2.1 Relief The relief of the proposed project area is on steep escarpments of the east and north (the latter trending east-west) and sometimes called the Igala Plateau of the Northern part of the Anambra basin (Ifatimehin and Musa 2008). The altitude of Igala Plateau is about 385 m dipping gently in the north-eastern and eastern directions down to the Niger River valley. Many hills overlooking the plateau are made up of Precambrian gneisses and granites and long ridges with gentle to steep slopes. Fig. 3.3 shows the pattern of the terrain structure of the proposed project area with elevation ranges from 270 to 410 m above the sea level.

Fig. 3.3: Elevation of the Proposed Project Area

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3.3 Climate Generally, the climate of Kogi State is described as monsoonal in character and expressed as contract between a dry season and a wet season. These two regimes of the climate are very dependent on the two prevailing air masses blowing over the country at different times of the year: the dry north-easterly air mass of Saharan origin, and the humid maritime air mass blowing from over the Atlantic. Ogane-Aji falls within this climatic environment experiencing rainy season between April and October and dry season between November and March. The description of the climatic elements of the project area is based on the meteorological data of Anyigba as presented below.

3.3.1 Rainfall The rainfall regime is principally controlled by the two major air-masses: the moist tropical maritime (TM) with its associated westerlies and the dry tropical continental air mass (TC) with its associated easterlies. As presented in Fig. 3.4, rainfall between the month of April and October accounts for over 90% of the total rainfall of the area with annual value of 1,668 mm. During the rainy season, the wettest months are between July and September depicting double maxima. This area thus experiences 5-6 months of rainfall with high intensity but short duration.

31 250 31 30 200

30

29 150 29

28 100 Rainfall(mm)

Temperature (0C) Temperature 28 27 50 27 26 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Months Rainfall Temperature Fig. 3.4: Monthly climate nature of Agane-Aji Town depicting average rainfall and mean temperature

3.3.2 Temperature Temperature of Ogane-Aji mirrors that of a tropical area which is high and relatively stable though with indications of seasonal fluctuations. The temperature is usually higher during the dry season and lower during the wet season. The average temperature of the area ranges from 280 C in the wet season to 350 C during the dry season. Usually, average temperature rises from November to peak in March and

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fluctuates all through the wet season before rising again towards the end of the year (refer to Fig. 3.4). The area indicates low temperature in June and October. 3.3.3 Relative Humidity The relative humidity (RH) of the area is generally at its maximum around dawn between 05.00 and 07.00 hours and generally at its lowest in the afternoon between 15.00 and 16.00 hours. Due to the proximity of the River Niger, the area enjoys ample of average humidity ranges between 54.3% and 84.7% through the year but the month of May to November has higher relative humidity which ranges from 71.8% to 83.3% (Fig. 3.5).

90

80

70 60 50 40 30

20 Relativehumidity(%) 10 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Month Fig. 3.5: Mean Relative Humidity Pattern of Ogane-Aji

3.3.4 Wind Speed and Direction The proximity of the proposed project area to River Niger, and the Atlantic Ocean (Bight of Benin) coupled with the influence of the inter-tropical convergent zone (ITCZ) exert considerable influence on the pattern of wind speed and direction. This shows that wind pattern varies with seasons rising from the onset of the wet season and falls in dry season (Fig. 3.6). During the dry season, wind speeds averages 6.8 km/hr with lowest in December (6.1 km/hr) and highest value in February (8.3 km/hr). The wind rose of the area is depicted in Fig. 3.7. Strong winds in Ogane-Aji are particularly south south-western (SSW) in direction showcasing the influence of the north-east trade which usually heads south-westerly towards the Atlantic Ocean. Mild winds are mostly southwards parallel with the direction of flow of the Niger River. In summary, the wind direction indicates the influence of the air mass and the River Niger over the area.

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10 9 8.6 8 8.3 8.3 7.6 7.9 7.6 7.9 6.8 6.5 6.8 6 6.1

4

2 WINDSPEED(KM/HR) 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May JunMONTHS Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Fig. 3.6: Average monthly wind speed of the project area

Fig. 3.7: Wind Rose of the Study Area

3.4 Geology The geology of Kogi State composes of two main rock types, namely, the basement complex rocks of the Precambrian age in the western half extending slightly eastwards beyond the lower Niger Valley and the sedimentary rocks in the eastern half (Fig. 3.8). The various sedimentary rock groups extend along the banks of River Niger and Benue and Southeast wards through Enugu and Anambra States, to join the Udi Plateau (Ajibade and Woakes, in Kogbe 1980). Generally, the Precambrian rocks of Nigeria are grouped into three principal subdivisions. These are the ancient magmatite complex, the low-grade schists and the plutonic series together with affiliated minor rocks which bear imprints of Liberian (in 2700 Ma), Eburnean (in 2000 Ma), and Pan African (in 650 Ma) tectonic events. In view of the geological

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structure of Kogi State, there are abundant of about 29 mineral resources in commercial quantities. These include coal, dolomite, feldspar, bauxite, iron ore, tar, limestone, gold, etc. One of the coal-rich areas is the Okaba district of Ankpa LGA with reserves of 99 million tons. It similarly has limestone with over 15m tons annual capacity (Federal Ministry of Mines and Steel report 2014).

Fig. 3.8: Geology of the Project Area

3.5 Air Quality of the Environment 3.5.1 Concentration of Basic Atmospheric Gases A pre-calibrated air quality meter (GrayWolf AdvanceSense TM) and GrayWolf Particle Counter were used to measure the in-situ air quality parameters within and around the project area (Plate 3.1). The parameters measured included Nitrogen dioxide (NO2), Hydrogen Chloride (HCl), Nitrogen (II) Oxide (NO), Volatile Organic Carbon (VOC), Carbon dioxide (CO2), Sulphur dioxide (SO2), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Air temperature, Humidity and Particulate Matter (PM 0.3-10). Ambient noise levels in the study area were also determined using a handheld Extech Integrated Sound Meter. A total of ten (10) sampling locations plus one control point were established for the air quality monitoring. The sampling locations were randomly selected to cover the area of influence of the gully site as well as the locations of potential sensitive receptors. Control point was established at a location of over 2 km away from the gully site. The air quality sampling locations map is shown in Fig. 3.9. At each of the sampling locations, in situ measurement was taken within 10-minutes log-time and the results were recorded in minimum, maximum and average values (Table 3.1). Also, the results of particulate matters measured at each of the sampling locations are provided in Table 3.2.

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Plate 3.1: Air Quality Field Survey of Ogane-Aji Gully Site

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Fig. 3.9: Sampling Locations of Air Quality and Noise Measurement

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Table 3.1: Concentration of Basic Atmospheric Gases

Location Unit NO2 NO VOC CO2 SO2 CO T (°C) RH (µg/m3) (µg/m3) (ppb) (µg/m3) (ppm) (ppm) (%) A1 Ave 69.75 0.0 181 0 0.00 2.8 33.0 59.0 Min 40.44 0.0 161 0 0.00 2.0 30.9 57.8 Max 91.78 0.0 201 0 0.00 3.6 34.4 60.0 A2 Ave 33.66 0.0 90 0 0.00 1.4 32.7 60.5 Min 37.15 0.0 146 0 0.00 1.4 32.2 59.0 Max 70.14 0.0 149 0 0.00 1.6 33.5 61.1 A3 Ave 89.33 BDL 156 0 BDL 2.5 34.5 55.7 Min 47.83 BDL 146 0 BDL 2.2 33.9 55.3 Max 152.34 BDL 177 0 BDL 3.0 35.5 56.0 A4 Ave 90.50 BDL 140 0 BDL 1.9 33.9 55.7 Min 73.21 BDL 134 0 BDL 1.5 33.0 53.9 Max 134.97 BDL 149 0 BDL 2.0 34.3 55.7 A5 Ave 98.10 BDL 131 0 BDL 1.3 32.4 59.3 Min 73.52 BDL 131 0 BDL 1.2 31.7 56.4 Max 161.08 BDL 131 0 BDL 1.4 32.7 61.3 A6 Ave 80.49 BDL 129 0 BDL 1.2 33.5 57.5 Min 66.04 BDL 128 0 BDL 1.2 33.2 54.9 Max 123.83 BDL 131 0 BDL 1.3 33.7 59.5 A7 Ave 40.07 BDL 132 0 BDL 1.4 33.0 59.3 Min 33.54 BDL 128 0 BDL 1.1 32.5 58.6 Max 66.13 BDL 137 0 BDL 1.5 33.3 59.8 A8 Ave 52.25 BDL 126 0 BDL 1.4 34.3 57.4 Min 22.52 BDL 125 0 BDL 1.2 33.7 56.5 Max 69.80 BDL 128 0 BDL 1.7 35.0 58.4 A9 Ave 62.15 BDL 122 0 BDL 1.1 33.4 57.1 Min 33.52 BDL 122 0 BDL 1.0 32.7 55.5 Max 106.22 BDL 125 0 BDL 1.2 34.3 59.1 A10 Ave 96.81 BDL 126 0 BDL 0.0 32.9 56.2 Min 62.55 BDL 125 0 BDL 0.0 32.4 55.6 Max 128.00 BDL 128 0 BDL 0.0 33.7 57.7 Control Pt Ave 76.86 BDL 129 0 BDL 0.0 34.7 57.3 Min 25.95 BDL 119 0 BDL 0.0 33.5 52.8 Max 176.85 BDL 137 0 0.00 0.0 35.7 61.6 FMEnv - 75 - 113 - - - 0.1 10 limit Source: Field Survey, 2020. Detection limits for NO and SO2 are 0.1 and 0.01 respectively

The result of the ambient air quality measurement shows a minimum value of NO2 of 22.52µg/m3 (A8) and a maximum of 161.08µg/m3 (A5) with an average value of 98.10µg/m3 (A5). HCI has a minimum of 132.6µg/m3 (A2) and a maximum of 3 3 566.5µg/m (A3) with average of 422.7µg/m (A3). NO and SO2 were below the detection limits of 0.1 and 0.01 respectively at all the sampling locations.

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The Total Volatile Organic Compound (TVOC) revealed a minimum value of 125ppb (A10) and a maximum value of 149ppb (A2) and average of 156ppb (A3). The carbon monoxide (CO) ranges between 1.0ppm and 3.6ppm with average of 1.2ppm, which was below the FMEnv limit of 10 ppm. The average temperature ranged from 30.9oC to 35oC while the Relative Humidity is less than 70% indicating relative mild weather condition. The result however shows that the concentrations of noxious gases within and around the proposed Ogane-Aji gully erosion site are relatively low and are within the Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv) limits, with the exception of NO2 in a few locations with higher values than the FMEnv limit. This could be attributed to occasional vehicular movement. 3.5.2 Particulate Matter Concentration The Particulate Matter constituents within the immediate surroundings of the Ogane- Aji gully erosion site was measured at ten (10) locations randomly, plus control point outside the proposed project area (refer to Fig. 3.9). The result in table 3.2 shows the average values of 0.3µm particulates ranges between 0.10-0.56µg/ft3 and minimum value of 0.09 µg/m3 and maximum value of 1.08 µg/m3, 0.5µm particulates average ranges between 0.04-1.11 µg/m3, minimum (0.04 µg/m3) and maximum (2.60 µg/m3). The 1.0µm particulate matter average varies between 0.19-0.36 µg/m3, minimum (0.15 µg/m3) and maximum (2.31 µg/m3). The 2.5 µm particulates lies within 0.61- 2.21 µg/m3, minimum (0.61 µg/m3) and maximum (8.81 µg/m3) while 5.0 and 10.0 µm particulates exhibit an average range of 0.86-4.62 µg/m3 and 0.20-4.54 µg/m3 respectively. It therefore shows that the air particulate quality within proposed Ogane- Aji gully erosion site is within the Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv) limit of 250µg/m3 for suspended particulate matter.

Table 3.2: Particulate Matter Constituents within Proposed Project Area Location Unit 0.3µm 0.5µm 1.0µm 2.5µm 5.0µm 10.0µm (µg/m3) (µg/m3) (µg/m3) (µg/m3) (µg/m3) (µg/m3) A1 Ave 0.14 0.07 0.36 2.21 4.62 2.45 Min 0.09 0.04 0.15 1.32 1.32 1.83 Max 0.20 0.10 0.62 4.64 11.32 7.07 A2 Ave 0.13 0.07 0.19 0.68 0.86 1.01 Min 0.11 0.06 0.18 0.61 0.44 1.70 Max 0.14 0.09 0.22 0.81 1.93 4.06 A3 Ave 0.22 0.10 0.37 2.18 4.78 4.54 Min 0.12 0.09 0.20 0.81 1.21 5.10 Max 0.39 0.12 1.11 8.80 23.18 30.88 A4 Ave 0.13 0.05 0.20 0.94 1.70 1.66 Min 0.09 0.05 0.18 0.86 0.55 0.39 Max 0.22 0.07 0.26 1.49 1.70 5.23

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Location Unit 0.3µm 0.5µm 1.0µm 2.5µm 5.0µm 10.0µm (µg/m3) (µg/m3) (µg/m3) (µg/m3) (µg/m3) (µg/m3) A5 Ave 0.10 0.06 0.21 0.91 1.57 0.76 Min 0.08 0.05 0.18 0.77 0.88 0.52 Max 0.11 0.07 0.24 1.61 5.41 4.19 A6 Ave 0.26 0.27 0.29 0.77 0.71 0.35 Min 0.13 0.11 0.18 0.66 0.22 0.13 Max 1.08 1.70 0.86 1.04 1.10 0.79 A7 Ave 0.07 0.04 0.21 1.10 2.52 5.27

Min 0.07 0.04 0.17 0.61 0.33 5.27

Max 0.08 0.05 0.37 1.98 11.32 40.03

A8 Ave 0.56 1.11 0.96 0.84 0.56 0.22

Min 0.10 0.07 0.20 0.64 0.22 0.13

Max 1.06 2.60 2.31 1.21 1.10 1.05

A9 Ave 0.07 0.04 0.18 0.74 0.98 0.50

Min 0.07 0.04 0.15 0.48 0.39 0.39

Max 0.07 0.04 0.21 0.96 1.82 1.18

A10 Ave 0.11 0.05 0.21 0.90 1.08 0.59

Min 0.07 0.04 0.19 0.66 0.77 0.13

Max 0.20 0.06 0.22 1.24 1.55 1.18 Control Pt Ave 0.10 0.06 0.20 0.78 1.04 1.20

Min 0.07 0.04 0.18 0.60 0.44 0.13

Max 0.13 0.08 0.22 0.79 1.04 1.20 Source: Field Survey, 2020 3.5.3 Ambient Noise Level The ambient noise level recorded in the proposed project area as depicted in Table 3.3 shows an average minimum value of 40.9dB(A) and average maximum value of 61.52 dB(A). The noise level was below the FMEnv permissible limit of 90 dBA for 8-hour exposure. Thus, the ambient noise level shows that the proposed project area is devoid of noisy activities that may be detrimental to human and environmental health. The noise sampling locations are indicated in Fig. 3.9 above.

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Table 3.3: Noise Level Pattern of Proposed Project Area Location Long. Lat. Min. dB(A) Max. dB(A) A1 7.1718 7.519 55.1 67.2 A2 7.1724 7.5168 58.1 73.5 A3 7.172 7.5179 54.9 68.2 A4 7.1726 7.5185 45.2 71.2 A5 7.1726 7.5194 44.8 58.1 A6 7.1731 7.5223 25.7 52.8 A7 7.1751 7.5244 31.3 58.2 A8 7.1741 7.5285 35.3 62.5 A9 7.1738 7.5264 28.1 48.3 A10 7.1718 7.5205 30.5 55.2 Average 40.9 61.52 Control pt. 7.1705 7.51301 35.9 49.3 FMEnv limit 90 Source: Field Survey, 2020

3.6 Soil Quality The predominant soil types in this area are coarse textured, ranging from loamy to sandy loam in the surface horizons and from sandy loam to coarse clay in the subsurface horizon. In view of this, three soil sampling locations were established within the proposed project area with a control point. The soil sampling locations map is shown in Fig. 3.10. Soil samples were collected using a pre-calibrated stainless handheld auger. At each of the sampling locations, both top soil (0 – 15cm) and sub soil (15 – 30 cm) were collected. Appropriate quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) measures were implemented during the sampling activities. The QA/QC measures included regular cleaning of the soil auger after each sampling event to avoid cross-contamination. Table 3.4 presents the physico-chemical and microbial characteristics of soil samples from the study area.

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Fig. 3.10: Soil Sampling Locations Map

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Table 3.4: Physio-Chemical and Microbial Characteristics of Soil Samples from the Study Area Samples Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Control Point Alloway, 1991 (limits for naturally occuring level) Parameter Top Subsoil Top Soil Subsoil Top Soil Subsoil Top Soil Subsoil Soil (0- (15- (0-15cm) (15- (0-15cm) (15- (0-15cm) (15-

15cm) 30cm) 30cm) 30cm) 30cm) Moisture Content 8.01 11.23 12.9 12.1 18.5 22.1 12.2 12.3 NS (%) Sand (%) 42.2 47.5 58.56 42.6 56.5 22.7 52.7 34.8 NS Silt (%) 46.3 47.2 37.24 43.6 28.15 56.6 43.2 59.7 NS Clay (%) 11.5 5.3 4.2 12.8 15.35 20.7 4.1 5.5 NS pH 5.2 5.1 5.11 4.58 6.84 5.51 6.5 5.82 4.5 – 9.0 E.C (μScm-1) 327.8 226 233 273 325.2 239 221 252.1 NS Ca (mg/kg) 7.28 6.11 5.16 9.11 8.13 5.22 8.21 8.91 NS Mg (mg/kg) 2.11 4.12 3.76 6.45 1.73 1.66 3.65 5.11 NS K (mg/kg) 4.13 7.13 5.11 5.89 1.12 4.67 10.2 2.67 NS Na (mg/kg) 5.80 3.00 2.89 8.56 5.00 4.89 11.8 10.2 NS 2 SO4 - (mg/kg) 1.23 2.11 2.01 1.02 3.11 2.11 1.01 1.09 NS 3 PO4 - (mg/kg) 0.11 0.23 0.23 0.45 0.67 0.12 0.34 0.45 NS

NO3- (mg/kg) 0.33 0.48 0.96 0.45 0.58 0.28 0.48 0.47 NS Cl- (mg/kg) 1.00 0.80 1.10 0.85 0.56 0.50 0.37 0.63 NS TOC (mg/kg) 0.33 0.45 0.47 0.22 0.48 0.69 0.48 0.49 NS Iron, Fe (mg/kg) 123.6 109.5 220.0 178.5 234.0 210.5 230.8 256.0 NS Lead, Pb (mg/kg) 1.20 0.89 1.00 1.20 2.00 0.98 1.23 2.00 20 Cadmium, Cd ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 0.3 (mg/kg) Chromium, Cr ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND NS (mg/kg) Copper, Cu 2.30 1.60 1.00 0.76 2.21 2.00 1.00 0.93 500 (mg/kg) Vanadium, V ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND NS (mg/kg) Mercury, Hg ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 0.1 (mg/kg) Arsenic, As ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND NS (mg/kg) Zinc, Zn (mg/kg) 6.78 8.00 4.56 6.00 11.67 13.00 12.56 8.78 50 Nickel, Ni ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 50 (mg/kg) TPH (mg/kg) 0.80 1.00 ND ND 1.06 1.10 ND ND 50 Total 2.0 x 2.3 x 1.0 x 104 1.2 x 104 0.5 x 104 1.5 x 104 0.8 x 104 1.0 x 104 NS heterotrophic 104 104 bacterial (cfu/g) Total 1.2 x 1.0 x 3.0 x 102 2.5 x 102 1.0 x 102 1.0 x 102 2.2 x 102 1.4 x 102 NS heterotrophic 102 102 fungi (cfu/g) Hydrocarbon ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND NS utilizing bacteria (cfu/g) Hydrocarbon ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND NS utilizing fungi (cfu/g) NS= Not Specified The result of the soil analysis shows that the soil is made up of varying percentage compositions of sand, silt and clay. The pH values range between 4.58 and 6.84

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(slightly acidic) during the time of study. The measured pH values are within the values of 4.5 to 9.0 for optimal plant growth. The total hydrocarbon content was low, below the FMEnv limit of 50 mg/kg for mineral oil in soil. Exchangeable anions 2 3 2 detected in the analysis are SO4 -, PO4 -, Cl- and NO3-. The concentration of SO4 - 3 varies from 1.02 mg/kg to 3.11mg/kg, PO4 - ranges from 0.11 mg/kg to 0.45 mg/kg, and NO3- varies from 0.28 mg/kg to 0.96 mg/kg. No heavy metal pollution was recorded in the soil samples. Pb, Ni, Cr, Cd, V and Mg were not detected in the soil samples while Zn and Cu were recorded in trace amounts, below the permissible limits for unpolluted soil.

3.7 Hydrology of the Area 3.7.1 Drainage The hydrology of the proposed area describes both the surface and groundwater system. The major surface drainage system in the proposed project area is the Ojofu River catchment which drains parts of Dekina, Ofu, Igalamela/Odolu, Idah and Ibaji Local Government Areas in Kogi State and Uzo-Uwani Local Government Area in Enugu State, Nigeria. The River serves as a major source of water for domestic uses. The floodplain of this basin is similarly used for cereal cultivation. It is a perennial drainage system. It enjoys ample rainfall characteristics of the Igala Plateau. It took its source from Ojofu, in Dekina Local Government area in Kogi State flowing in the eastward direction with a catchment area of 1,604 km2. Other tributaries are Okura River and Imabolo River. The Ojofu River empties into the Anambra River (Gideon et al., 2013). Figure 3.11 shows the sampling locations for the surface and groundwater samples in the study area.

Surface water samples were collected from the Ojofu River at three different locations (upstream, middle stream and downstream) with respect to the gully erosion site (Plate 3.2). Groundwater samples were collected randomly from the existing boreholes/hand-dug wells in the study area.

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Fig. 3.11: Surface and groundwater sampling locations map

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Plate 3.2: Surface water sampling and in situ measurement of water quality at River Ojofu Table 3.5 provides the results of in situ measurements conducted on the surface and ground water samples for parameters with short holding time while Table 3.6 further elaborates other chemical characteristics of the surface and groundwater samples of the proposed project area.

Table 3.5: Characteristics of in situ parameters analysed in Surface and Groundwater Samples from the Study Area Sample Res. Cond. TDS (mg/l) Sal. Temp pH DO (KΩ) (µS) (ppt) (oC) (mg/l) Upstream SW-3 23.0 44.7 29.3 0.02 28.7 6.94 4.48 Middle stream SW-2 24.4 41.3 26.5 0.02 30.3 4.03 5.68 Downstream SW-1 27.0 37.0 22.8 0.02 29.9 4.43 5.53 GW -1 36.6 26.8 17.2 0.01 29.4 4.54 4.50 GW -2 38.6 25.7 16.2 0.01 29.3 4.69 4.06 GW -3 7.03 142.4 94.1 0.07 29.3 4.25 4.26 Source: Field Survey, 2020

The values for Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) for the upper, middle and downstream are 29.3mg/l, 26.5 mg/l and 22.8mg/l respectively while for the groundwater (borehole) the values are 17.2mg/l, 16.2 and 94.1mg/l respectively. These values are below the WHO limits of 1000mg/.; Electrical Conductivity values are 44.7 μS/cm, 41.3 μS/cm and 37.0μS/cm for the upstream, middle-stream and downstream respectively and groundwater are 26.8μS/cm, 25.7μS/cm and 142.4 μS/cm, which is also below the WHO limits of 1400μS/cm. On the basis of these two parameters, both the surface water and groundwater in this area is suitable for domestic and irrigation purposes. The temperature values for the samples collected are 28.7oC. (upstream), 30.3oC (middle-stream), 29.9oC for downstream and groundwater (29.3oC) in the proposed project area. The pH value for the surface water ranges between 4.03 and 6.94, which indicates slightly acidic. The surface water has about 0.02ppt of salinity while groundwater has between 0.01-0.07ppt of salinity with a low level of resistivity of 23.0KΩ (upstream), 24.4 KΩ (middle-stream) and 27.0KΩ (downstream) and has between 7.03KΩ and 38.6KΩ for groundwater.

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Table 3.6: Chemical Analysis of the Surface and Groundwater Samples S/N Parameter WHO FMEnv SW-1 SW-2 SW-3 GW -1 GW -2 GW -3 Limit Limit 1 Turbidity (NTU) 5 N/S 2.1 3.5 2.9 2.4 1.6 3.4 2 Sodium (Na (mg/l) N/S 200 5.5 3.6 5.1 6.5 7.3 11.3 3 Potassium (k+) (Mg/l) N/S 150 5.4 7.6 6.2 5.4 7.2 11.2 4 Calcium (Ca) (mg/l) 75-200 200 25.1 12.4 25.14 24.7 26.6 25.5 5 Sulphate (SO42) (mg/l) 150-400 250 14.8 2.9 5.7 7.4 6.3 9.2 6 Nitrate (NO3-) (mg/l) 50 10 0.06 0.04 0.05 0.03 0.03 0.07 7 Lead (Pb) (mg/l) NIL Nil ND ND ND ND ND ND 8 Iron (Fe) (mg/l) 1 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.2 0.01 0 0.02 9 Mercury (Hg) (mg/l) NIL 0.002 ND ND ND ND ND ND 10 Chromium (Cr) (mg/l) NIL 0.1 ND ND ND ND ND ND 11 THC 0.05 0.05 ND ND ND ND ND ND 12 Copper (Cu) (mg/l) 0.01 0.01 ND ND ND ND ND ND 13 Manganese (Mn)(mg/l) 0.01 0.01 ND ND ND ND ND ND 14 BOD5 @ 20 – 25oc N/S 50 3.8 6.6 5.7 4.5 5.53 4.51 mg/l 15 Phosphate (mg/l) 50 50 0.78 0.55 4.5 5.4 0.96 0.45 16 Vanadium (mg/l) N/S 0.01 ND ND ND ND ND ND 17 Nickel (mg/l) N/S N/S ND ND ND ND ND ND 18 Zinc (mg/l) 5 5.0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0.03 19 Arsenic (mg/l) 0.1 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 20 Cobalt (mg/L) N/S ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 21 Total Fungal Count N/S N/S ND ND ND ND ND ND (spore/ml) 22 Total yeast count N/S N/S ND ND ND ND ND ND (cfu/ml) 23 Magnesium(mg/l) N/S 0.1 ND ND ND ND ND ND 24 COD (mg/l) 90 N/S 6.9 5.1 5.3 4.9 4.8 4.2 N/S= Not Specified, SW=Surface Water, GW= Ground Water

In addition to the in situ measurement of both the surface and groundwater, the chemical analysis of the sampled waters represents the allomorphic phase of sediment modification (phase of ion exchange with clays, micas and feldspars) marked by mineral replacement such as quartz, clay or feldspars by carbonates, feldspars by 2 clays, aragonite and calcite, (Nwajide and Hoque, 1984.) Mg + and Ca2+, and K+ are most probably lithogenic. No heavy metal pollution was recorded in the surface and ground water samples. V, As, Co, Pb, Cr and Cu were not detected in the samples.

3.8 Biological Environment 3.8.1 Vegetation Component The biological environment comprises flora and fauna. There is an abundance of flora within this proposed area because of the rural nature of the area. Although, subsidence farming tends to dominate the landscape but the presence of diverse flora composition was not lacking in this area as shown in Table 3.7. On the other hand, the fauna component was based on observation, and interviews with the community members especially the local. Sound recording, sighting and track monitoring were other methods employed for identifying and tracking the birds and animals that live within and around the proposed project area. Table 3.8 presents the types of animals around the proposed project area.

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The wild life found in the state are dominated by birds (such as crows, black kites, ravens, crows, hornbills, doves and weaver birds), reptiles (including snakes and lizards) and mammals (including rats, rodents, squirrels, grass cutters, small deer, antelopes and monkeys. The fauna in the study area are not IUCN threat status classified.

Table 3.7: Flora species in the Project Area S/N FAMILY BOTANICAL NAME Habitat Common Name Biodiversity Abundance 1 Araceae Colocasia Esculenta Herb Arrocillo Not Threatened + 2 Euphobiaceae Manihot Esculenta Shrub Christmas bush Not Threatened + 3 Musaceae Musa sapientum Pseudostem Banana Not Threatened + 4 Musaceae Musa spp. Pseudostem Plantain Not Threatened + 5 Palmae Borasus aethoipicum Climber Fodder Not Threatened + Eleais guinearisis 6 Palmae Iacq Tree Oil palm tree Not Threatened + Centrosema 7 Papilionaceae pubescens Tree Silk cotton Not Threatened + 8 Papilionceae Crotalaria retusa Climber Fodder Not Threatened + 9 Poaceae Panicum laxum Herb Arrocillo Not Threatened + Pennisetum 10 Poaceae violaceum Tree Bamboo Not Threatened + 11 Poaceae Zea may Herb Signal grass Not Threatened + 12 Poaceae Secharum officinale Herb Ruzi grass Not Threatened + 13 Cucurbitaceae Telfairia occidentalis Creeper Wild cucumber Not Threatened +

3.8.2 Wildlife and Biodiversity Table 3.8: Fauna species in the Project Area S/N Local Names Species Family Group Status 1. Bush fowl Francolinus bicalcaratus Phasianidae Aves Not evaluated 2. African Barn Owl Tyto alba Tytonidae Aves Least concern 3. Little African Swift Apus affinis Apodidae Aves Least concern 4. African Palm Swift Cypsivurus parvus Apodidae Aves Not evaluated 5. Green fruit Pigeon Treron australis Columbidae Aves Least concern 6. Village weaver Ploceus cucullatus Ploceidae Aves Least concern 7. Cattle egret Ardeola ibis Ardeidae Aves Least concern 8. Black Kite Muluus migrans Accipitridae Aves Least concern 9. African green Treton calvus Columbidae Aves Least concern pigeon 10. Black ant Lasius niger Formicidae Insecta Not evaluated 11. Soldier ant Strongylognathus alboini Formicidae Insecta Least concern 12. Termite Trinervitermes Termitidae Insecta Least concern trinervoides 13. Dragon fly Acanthaeschna Victoria Aeishnidae Insecta Least concern 14. Giant African mantis Sphodromantis viridis Mnatidae Insecta Not evaluated 15. Red patch butterfly Chlosyne Rosita Nymphalidae Insecta Not evaluated 16. White patch Chiomara asychis Hesperiidae Insecta Not evaluated butterfly 17. Moth Chrysiridia rhipheus Uraniidae Insecta Not evaluated 18. Africa cotton stainer Dysdercus fasciatus Pyrrhocoridae Insecta Not evaluated 19. Snail Achatina achatina Achatinidae Mollusca Not Listed 20. Toad Bufo bufo Bufonidae Amphibia Least concern 21. Tree frog Litoria caerulea Hylidae Amphibia Least concern 22. Sebe Naja melanoleuca Viperidae Reptilia Not evaluated

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S/N Local Names Species Family Group Status 23. Monitor lizard Varanus albigularis Varanidae Reptilia Not evaluated 24. African yellow bat Scotophilus dinganii Vespertilionidae Mammal Least concern 25. African tree squirrel Heliosciurus gambianus Sciuridae Mammal/ Least concern Rodent 26. African giant rat Crecetomys gambianus Nesomyidae Mammal/ Least concern Rodent 27. African giant Archispirostreptus gigas Spirostretidae Arthropoda Not evaluated millipede 28. Earthworm Lumbricus terrestris Acanthodrilidae Annelida Not evaluated 29. Spider Araneidae Arachnida Not evaluated

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CHAPTER FOUR

SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS AND CONSULTATION WITH STAKEHOLDERS

4.0 Introduction This chapter discusses themes and topics that capture the socio-economic characteristics of the project area. These include issues on population, land use, planned development activities, settlement and community structures, employment, distribution of income, goods, and services, recreation, health, and cultural properties. Specifically, the chapter captures the following:  Socio-Economic Assessment: Analysis of existing livelihood opportunities, income, gender characteristics, age profile, health, transport access, existing community structures at the watershed, community, household, and individual levels etc;  Gender Based Violence: Analysis of the status of GBV/SEA in the project community and related issues;  Grievance Redress Mechanism: Analysis of existing formal and informal grievance redress mechanisms in and around the intervention area;  Public Consultation: Presentation of consultations with relevant stakeholders and affected persons; and  Other relevant topics

4.1 Data Collection Methodology The methods employed in gathering data on the socioeconomic characteristics of the project community to ensure adequate and wide coverage are highlighted as follows:  Reconnaissance survey;  Preparation/design of survey material;  Field data collection (structured questionnaire administration);  Consultations with groups and stakeholders;  Consultation with community health facility personnel;  Field/direct observation; and  Literature review (secondary data collection).

4.1.1 Overview of Data Collection Methodology A visit to the project community was carried out prior to the field data gathering. This was done to enable the consultant structure/design a comprehensive survey material (questionnaire). The questionnaire was structured to capture important socioeconomic variables of the project community and it was randomly administered. Furthermore, notices were given to various groups ahead of consultation with stakeholders. This was to enable the various groups such as community elders, project affected peoples (PAPs), women association, youths, artisans etc prepare themselves. In addition, various health facilities within the community were also visited and operators of these facilities were interviewed on issues relating to the health of the locals. A literature review particularly on the history of the community and population characteristics were carried out. Data on population of the study area was sourced from the National Population Commission (NPC) and Nigeria Bureau of Statistics (NBS). Other activities in the data gathering exercises are field observations (photographs and note taking), minutes of meetings held, attendances of meetings, and contacts of key persons met. These are attached as appendixes.

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4.2 Socio-Economic Characteristics and Assessment 4.2.1 Population Characteristics of the Project Area Official highest resolution of available population information in Nigeria is at the Local Government Area (LGA) level. Ogane -Aji is located in Dekina LGA of Kogi State. Hence, as shown in Table 4.1 population size of Dekina LGA in relation to the population size of Kogi state was studied. Annual growth rate of Kogi State 3.05% (NPC, 2007); this growth rate is assumed for all its LGAs including the Dekina LGA. As shown in the Table 4.1.

Table 4.1: Kogi State and Dekina LGA Population Size (Estimation) and Projection Year Total Kogi State 1991 2,147,756 2006 3,314,043 2016 4,473,500 2020 5,043,961 Dekina LGA 1991 177,513 2006 260,968 2016 352,300 2020 395,281 Source: National Bureau Statistics 4.2.2 Socioeconomic Characteristics of Sampled Population Summary of respondent‟s basic information such as gender, age, marital status, household size, and religion, are shown in table 4.2. Table 4.2: Respondent’s Socio-economic Characteristics Items Options Respondents (%) Description Gender Male 67.9 There are more male respondents (67.9%) than Female 32.1 female (32.1%) respondents in the project area. Age Below 18 Years 3.8 Age groups below 18 years make up 3.8%, 18-45 18-45 years 49.1 years constitute 49.1% of the respondents, 46–65 constitutes 38.3% and 66 years and above are about 46-65years 38.3 8.8%. This simply shows that there is the likelihood Above 66years 8.8 of many youths and adults in the productive age amongst the PAPs. This indicates the potential availability of active work force (labour) in the project areas. Marital Status Single 17 Most of the respondents (66%) are married while Married 66 17% are single. 11.3% of the respondents are however widowed. The predominance of married Divorced/Separated 5.7 individuals among the respondents in the project Widow/Widower 11.3 area points to the possibility of population increase. It is also a sign of maturity and responsibility implying that youth restiveness may not be a problem to the project. Religion Christianity 30.0 30.0% of the respondents claimed to be Christians, Islam 62.3 62.3% are Muslims while 7.7% are traditionalists. Further probe shows that traditional belief is rife in Traditional 7.7 the community as shrines of deity‟s dots different parts of the community. Household Size 1-3persons 8.5 The respondents indicated that the most common 4-6persons 30.2 household size has 11-15 persons (31.9%). This is followed by HH size with 4-6 persons 30.2% and 7-10persons 29.4 7-10 persons (29.4%). HH with 1-3 persons have 11-15persons 31.9 the lowest proportion (8.5%).

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4.2.2.1 Ethnic Composition The dominant ethnic group in Ogane- Aji community is the Igalas. Specifically, about 94.3% of the respondents indicated they belong to the Igala speaking people of Kogi State. However, there are other ethnic nationalities living and doing business in the study area. Prominent among them are Ibos from south-east, Hausa/Fulani from the northern Nigeria, and Ebiras.

4.2.2.2 Respondents Educational status Presently, Ogane- Aji community does not have any public (government-owned) secondary school. The available secondary education facilities are in Anyigba community. The higher school of learning-The Kogi State University (KSU) is located a few kilometres from the Ogane -Aji community. Also, there are a number of private primary and secondary within the study community including the C.M.M.L Secondary school, Ogane- Aji.

Respondents‟ educational attainments is shown in Figure 4.1. As shown, those whose highest level of education was secondary school account for 39% of total respondents. Other levels of formal educational attainments are primary school (31%), tertiary (colleges of education, polytechnic etc) (14%), University graduate (4%). The percentage of graduate indicated by the respondents might not necessarily represent the true number of the total graduate from the community. It is typical for most Nigerian University graduates to live in the cities for economic purposes. Meanwhile, respondents without any formal education represents 12% of the total respondents.

4% 12% 14% NO formal education Primary School Secondary School 31% Tertiary (Excluding University) University Graduate 39%

Figure 4.1: Respondents’ educational attainment

4.2.2.3 Respondents’ Income Characteristics Disclosing one‟s accurate monthly income voluntarily to a third party is not a very popular practice in Nigeria. This is even more difficult to obtain from farmers, daily earner (such as commercial motorcycle operators, food vendors etc.) and artisans (such as bricklayers, welders, auto-mechanic repairers etc.) because they hardly keep accurate records of their incomes and financial activities.

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However, responses on monthly income obtained from the analysed survey material revealed that 22.6% of the respondents earn between 35,000-50,000 Naira, 11.3% earn less than 10,000 naira. Other income characteristics include; 20,000 - 35,000 naira (9.4%), 50,000 - 60,000 naira (5.7%), 60,000 - 70,000 naira (5.7%), while those earning between 70,000 to 100,000 are 1.9%. A great number of respondents (43.4%) didn‟t indicate their monthly income perhaps, they could not come-up with accurate figures or they have not been keeping records. In addition, while about 37.8% of the sample population indicated that they receive remittances from family members that live elsewhere, 39.6% noted that they do not while 22.6% were indifferent about receiving remittance from distant family members. 4.2.2.4 Residential Status and Duration in the community Detailed and reliable information about an area could only be gathered from those living in the project community or those that have lived relatively long in the project environment. On respondent‟s residential status, about 81.1% indicated that they are permanent residents of the project community, 9.5% are visitors while 9.4% indicated that they are Back Home (Returnee). Furthermore, about 88.7% of these permanent residents have lived in the community continuously for more than ten (10) years. Hence, this gives (guarantees) high level of reliable information from the respondents about the gully in particular and the community in general.

4.2.2.5 Knowledge of Ogane-Aji Gully Erosion activities/impact The magnitude of the gully erosion cannot but affect the community in one way or another. The level of impact of the gully could also vary from an individual or a household to another depending on their proximity to the site. From the survey, 73.6% indicated that the presence of the gully has affected them in one way or another while 17.6% indicated otherwise; 8.8% were indifferent. Specifically, the impact of the gully on those that indicated it has affected them is shown in Figure 4.2. Of these impacts, damage to building/property ranked highest (37.7%). Other impacts are loss of land/building (33.2%), damage to farmland (12.2%), Damage to household utensils/personal belonging (9.4%), and economic loss due to inability to access or operate means of livelihoods (7.5%). In addition to these, it was gathered that the gully had claimed human lives through motor accident caused by the erosion.

Similarly, 73.6% indicated that the gully had prevented children from going to the school particularly during heavy downpour while 26.4% indicated otherwise. Specifically, on the occurrence of the gully preventing children from going to school, responses are; often (62.3%), frequently (22.6%), and rarely (15.1%). It can therefore be noted that the gully had not only prevented school children from going to school but also motorists as well other members of the community from pursuing their daily activities whenever it rained heavily. Consequent upon this, the proposed intervention project will provide a great relief to the community and motorist plying the Dekina- Ogane Aji- Anyigba road.

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Damage to Public Infrastructures

economic loss due to inability to access or operate…

Damage to household utensils/personal belonging

loss of landed / Building property Gullyeffect Damage to building/property

Damage to farmland

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Respondents(%)

Figure 4.2: Impact of the gully erosion on the locals(respondents)

4.2.2.6 Housing Characteristics/Standard of Living Indices of measuring standard of living includes features/type of building a household occupies among other parameters/determinants. At Ogane Aji, building types and characteristics are a mixture of cement block and plastered mud as well as bungalow and upstairs building structures (Plate 4.1). Also, the building roof materials are a mixture of corrugated zinc, slates, and aluminium (Figure 4.3). These building characteristics is typical of what is obtainable in semi-urban areas in Nigeria. Meanwhile, several structures were observed to be undergoing modification/transformation.

Plate 4.1: Nature of Buildings Characteristics at the study Community Source: Field survey, May 2020

On building materials (wall), 49.1% indicated that they live in cemented block houses while 30.2% indicate living in plastered mud buildings, 20.7 however indicated living in unplastered mud buildings. Similarly, with regards to roof materials, 49.1% and 30.2% of the respondents respectively indicated their roofing material is aluminium

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while 20.7% noted that their roofing sheet is corrugated zinc. Other building features indicated by the respondents are floor material: concretes floor (56.6%), tiles floor (24.5%), and earthen floor (18.9%). Again, as the building type varies so also are the toilet facility. The types of toilet facility indicated by the sampled population are water closet (56.6%), pit latrine (22.6%), and toilet facility outside dwelling (20.8%). Although, bathing outside dwelling and open defecation is not common in semi-urban areas in Nigeria, several bathroom structures (made of planks and corrugated iron) outside dwelling were observed around the project community. Furthermore, apart from the main building/dwelling, other structures on plot are common almost everywhere. Some of the other structures include car park shed, garage, security house, shops etc. At study community, as indicated by the sampled population, other structures on plot of land other than the dwelling are shops (69.5%), animal pen (15.1%), storehouse (11.3%), and kiosks (3.8%). However, other than these, kitchens made of cement bricks, planks and bamboos are common at Ogane Aji.

4.2.2.7 Respondents Land and House Tenure As shown in Figure 4.3, more than half (54.7%) of the sampled population indicated that they live or own their houses. However, those that live in rented apartment and occupy rent-free account for 18.9% and 3.8% respectively. 22.6% of the respondents were indifferent. Similarly, about 50.9% indicated they own the land they occupy while 17% and 7.5% of the respondents are respectively occupying a rented land and occupied rent-free land (Figure 4.3). 22.6% of the respondents were indifferent to this question. 60 50 40 30 20

10 Respondents(%) 0 Owned Rented Occupied rent free Housing 54.7 18.9 3.8 Land 50.9 17 7.5 Respondents Land and House Tenure

Figure 4.3: Respondents Land and House Tenure

4.2.2.8 Household Solid Waste Management Managing household waste is one of the major challenges facing most semi-urban communities particularly in Nigeria. In Nigeria, most waste management authorities are concentrated in the state capital and remote communities are served sparingly or totally neglected. In Ogane Aji, it was observed that waste management is one of the major challenges facing the community. Roads within the community and the gully are littered with refuse (Plate 4.2).

Respondents‟ methods of managing household solid waste are shown in Figure 4.4. They are mostly deposited refuse at backyard (45.3%), dumped in community refuse/garbage pit/dumpsite (18.9%). Some respondents however burn their solid

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waste (18.9%) while others dump in drains or water body whenever it rains (13.2%). 3.7% of the respondents were indifferent. As indicated by most respondents, obviously, improperly deposited refuse at backyard or dumpsite would could get into the streets with the aid of wind or into the drain with the of rainwater. This method of waste management in the study area is responsible

for the observed littered streets or dirty environment of Ogane- Aji (Plate 4.2).

Burning after gathering together 18.9

Dumping in community refuse/garbage pit/dumpsite 18.9

Dumping in water body 13.2

Solid Waste Solid Management Depositing refuse at backyard of the house 45.3

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Respondents(%)

Figure 4.4: Solid waste management at Ogane Aji

Plate 4.2: Situation of Solid Waste Management at Ogane Aji Source: Field survey, May 2020

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4.2.2.9 Community Economic and respondents’ occupational characteristics Economic activities within the project area are diversified. It ranges from primary (agriculture) and secondary (processing of agricultural produce), to commercial activities. It was observed during the survey that the community‟s economy is largely influenced by the presence of the Kogi State University (KSU). There are about two/three markets where commercial activities take place around the community excluding the animal and slaughter markets. As observed, the entire stretch of Ogane Aji-Anyigba road down to the Kogi State University junction is heralded by commercial activities including plank market and filling stations. As shown in Plate 4.3, the primary activities (agricultural practices) in the study community are mainly on oil palm plantation, cashew nuts harvesting and processing among others.

Plate 4.3: Some livelihood activities within the community Source: Field survey, May 2020

Specifically, the respondents‟ common sources of livelihood are daily labourer (daily income earners) (28.3%), farming (20.8%), trading and shop keeping (15.1%). The agricultural (farming) activities including those that engage in food crop production, animal rearing, oil palm processing, and nuts (palm kernel and cashew nuts) harvesters. In addition, the observed trading includes road side petty traders including road side food vendor. Other economic activities indicated by the respondents are artisans and employed (salary earners) and they account for 5.7% each of the total surveyed population. Civil servants and those that indicated other means of livelihood (including commercial motorcycle operators) also account for 3.8% each. Meanwhile, unemployed respondents (who are mostly youths) represents 13.2% of the surveyed population (Figure 4.5). 3.6% of the respondents were indifferent.

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30 28.3

25 20.8 20 15.1 13.2 15 10 5.7 5.7 3.8 3.8 5 Respondents(%) 0 Famer Daily Laborer Trading & Artisans Employed Civil Servant Unemployed Others Shop (salary) specify Keeping Occupation

Figure 4.5: Respondents’ livelihood characteristics

It was observed that the project area‟s economy also thrives more on artisanal works such as auto-mechanic (mostly motorcycle repairer), welder, carpentry, tailoring, block industries, local (iron) pot moulding etc (plate 4.4).

Plate 4.4: Observed artisanal livelihood activities at Ogane Aji Source: Field survey, May 2020

4.2.2.10 Community Health Facility Health facilities within and around the project area were assessed. There are no public health centres in Ogane -Aji community. Two private health facilities were identified and consulted (Plate 5). They are Rukefa Clinic/Maternity home and ABS Clinic (Figure 4.10). These health facilities are basically primary health centres. It was noted that minor heath issues such as malaria, fever, etc are attended to at these identified

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private primary health centres. It was also gathered that these clinics undertake maternity services. However, where there are complicated health issues, patients are directed or rushed nearby secondary and tertiary hospitals in Anyigba town. The available secondary and tertiary health facilities within the project area are Grimard Catholic Hospital and Kogi State University Teaching Hospital (KSUTH). However, complicated health issues devoid of solution at these secondary health facilities are further transferred to specialist hospitals at Lokoja- the state capital.

Plate 4.5: Private primary Health Centres at Ogane Aji Community Source: Field survey, May 2020

4.2.2.11 Respondents’ Health Characteristics The community‟s‟ state-of wellbeing was generally assessed in relation to the presence of the gully within the community. As shown in Figure 4.11, about 67.9% of the respondents indicated that their present health status is linked to the Ogane Aji gully erosion while 24.5% indicated otherwise. As indicated, the particular health challenges linked to the presence of the gully in the community are malaria (28.3%), water-borne disease (20.8%), and skin diseases (15.1%) while others (30.2%) could not say what health issue they are suffering from due to the presence of the gully. The high malaria health challenge indicated by the respondents was corroborated by the separate interviews conducted with the personnel of both the Rukefa Clinic/Maternity home and ABS clinic on common health challenge reported by the locals. Furthermore, of those that linked their health challenges to the presence of the gully, 52.8% indicated that their health issues become severe during erosion periods (the rainy months of the year) and about 18.9% indicated the contrary while 18.9% were indifferent. As shown in Figure 4.6, common means of managing health challenge at Ogane Aji is by attending hospital/clinic. Respondents that indicated that they attend hospital/clinic whenever they feel unwell account for 66% while those who indicated that they use traditional means and those that buy drugs from nearby drug stores account for 15.1% and 9% respectively. However, depending on the severity of health issues, there are those that use different means of health managements such as local herbs/conventional drugs, local herbs/clinic etc. 8.8% of the respondents were indifferent.

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70 66

60

50 40 30 20 15.1

Respondents(%) 9.4 10 0 Attend hospital/clinic Buys drugs from nearby chemist Traditional medicine Respondents Health Management

Figure 4.6: Respondents’ Means of Health Management In addition, with regards to the frequency of use conventional means of health management, about 28% indicated that they have visited one clinic or another in the last six months (Figure 4.7) while those that indicated they last visited a hospital in the past one year, five years, and more than five years account for 10%, 3%, and 3% respectively. Other of the respondents were indifferent.

30

25

20

15

10 Respondents(%) 5

0 Last six months Last one year Last five years More than five years ago Respondents Visit to Hospital/Clinic

Figure 4.7: Respondents’ Frequency Visit to Health facility

As shown in Annex X, malaria is the most common health challenge confronting the study community. Almost every respondent suffers from malaria sickness. This is typical of what is obtainable in Nigeria as a whole. As indicated, other sickness suffered by the community members are Typhoid fever (26.4%), Rheumatism (23.9%), Eye pains (22.6%), Whooping cough (20.8%), while Eczema and Ringworm account for 13.2% each. Of the number of those suffering from these sicknesses, about 54.7% indicated that their health condition could be worsen due to the proposed intervention project while 41.5% indicated contrary while 3.8% were indifferent. Specifically, as shown in Figure 4.8, those that opined their health condition could be worsen due to the proposed intervention hinged their views on the following: contamination of surface water (20.8%), contamination of ground water (15.1%), Noise/air pollution (13.2%), and breeding site for vector disease (1.9%). Other respondents were indifferent. These views could not be totally substantiated; however, measures should be put in place during construction (project implementation stages) to allay these fears expressed by the locals.

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It can therefore be noted that there is no acute/peculiar health challenge associated to living or working in the community that requires special medical attention either from governments or health organizations. In other words, there is no contagious disease/health issues that is endemic to the study area other than what is obtainable in other places in Nigeria.

1.9 13.2 15.1

1.9 20.8

Contamination of ground water Contamination of surface water Provide breading site for disease vectors Noise/air pollution Others

Figure 4.8: Respondents’ health concern during proposed Intervention Project

4.2.2.12 Sources of Energy and Water 4.2.2.12.1 Sources of Energy Energy and water are essential household amenities. They are daily needs for comfort living. However, their availability particularly at Ogane -Aji and most places across Nigeria are not the same. As shown in Plate 4.6, Ogane Aji is connected to the national power grid even though respondents‟ sources of energy for lighting varies. As indicated, sources of energy for lighting come from the Power Holding Company of Nigeria (PHCN) (56.6%), power generating set (22.6%), lantern (15.1%), and torchlight battery (5.7%). It was also gathered that some of the locals make use of their cell phones torchlight at night. However, it was noted that a mixture of energy sources for lighting is common depending on the financial capacity of individual. In other words, in addition to power supply from PHCN, other sources are employed.

Similarly, fire wood ranked as the most used source of energy for household cooking at the study community (Plate 4.6). The case is not unexpected of a semi-urban community (economy). Specifically, sources of energy for household cooking are fire wood (84.9%), Gas (4.4 %), Kerosene (8.8%), and coal (1.9%).

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Plate 4.6: Source of energy for cooking and lighting within the project area Source: Field survey, May 2020

4.2.2.12.2 Characteristic of Community/Household Source of Water The importance and daily need of water for household use remains undisputable. Meanwhile, sources of this important resource are not the same everywhere. The major sources of household drinking water in the study area are borehole/water pump (35.8%), River (32.1%), and tanker water (11.3%). In addition, about 5.7% of the respondents indicated other sources. 15.1% of the respondents were however indifferent. These other sources include sachet water (locally known as pure water) and packaged plastic water. On water for cooking, about 40% of the respondents indicated they source their water from the community River. Other sources of water for cooking are borehole/water pump (32.1%), tanked water (13.2%), and rain harvesting (3.8%). Likewise, as shown in Figure 4.9, sources of water for household for bathing/washing are River (41.5%), borehole/water pump (28.3%), tanked water (13.2%), and rain harvesting (3.8%). As shown in plate 4.7, several buildings were observed to have installed water collector pipes from the building roof to reservoir or HDPE tanks. This practice points to the critical challenge of household water needs in the community. Generally, it was observed and noted that the Ojofu River plays a key role in the provision of water to the community directly and indirectly. 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10

Respondents(%) 5 0 Piped Borehole/ Communit water Rain Tanked Well Water River Other y tap outside harvesting water pump dwelling Drinking 1.9 35.8 1.9 1.9 32.1 1.9 11.3 5.7 Cooking 1.9 32.1 1.9 39.6 3.8 13.2 Washing 1.9 28.3 1.9 41.5 3.8 13.2 Sources of HH Water

Drinking Cooking Washing

Figure 4.9: Respondents Sources of water for household uses

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Plate 4.7: Sources of Water at Ogane Aji Community Source: Field survey, May 2020 4.2.2.13 Community Standard of Living Respondents‟ views on their present standard of living as shown in Figure 4.10. As shown in the figure, about 43.4% of the sampled population are of the view that their present standard of living is worse compared to years back. This opinion is unconnected to the state/nature of the national economy generally and the corona virus pandemic in particular which has brought untold hardship to many households across the world particularly through hike in the prices of food items and other household daily needs. Other opinions expressed on the current state of standard of living of the locals are same (22.6%) and better (18.9%).

15.1 22.6

18.9 43.4

Same Better Worse Undecided

Figure 4.10: Respondents Views on their Present Standard of Living

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Furthermore, most of the respondents (45.3%) who indicated that their present standard of living is worse, attributed the situation to the impact of the gully while 39.6% indicated otherwise. But in addition, most of the respondents (58.5%) that believe that their standard of living is presently worse, are of the opinion that the proposed intervention will improve their situations.

4.3 Gender-Based Violence/Sexual Exploitation and Abuse Gender-based issues is a global phenomenon. Its prevalence however varies from country to country. Respondents‟ views (knowledge) on the prevalence of gender- based violence within the project area was thus assessed. A summary of their responses is shown in Tables 4.3 to 4.5.

4.3.1 Provisions Restricting Women Access to Health and Other Social Services As shown in Table 4.3, 47.2% indicated that women require the consent of their male relative or husband to embark on medical examination, treatment, and access to contraceptive or abortion while 34% indicated otherwise. From the responses, it can be adduced that women at Ogane Aji community are relatively restricted in seeking access to health and other social services. This applies to cultural practice in most Nigerian towns where women are expected to seek their husband‟s permission before embarking on certain expedition.

Table 4.3: Provisions restricting women access to health and other social services Women… Yes (%) No (%) require the consent of a male relative/husband for a married woman‟s medical 47.2 34 examination or treatment or access to contraceptives or abortion; require parental consent in case of adolescents‟ access to contraceptives or abortion; 45.3 37.7 allow medical practitioners to refuse provision of a legal medical service on grounds of 39.6 41.5 conscientious objection prohibit certain medical services, or require that they be authorized by a physician, even 39.6 43.4 where no medical procedure is required; in particular are allowed to undergo IUDs (intrauterine devices) or hormonal contraceptives 34 49.1 are allowed emergency contraceptives, including the morning-after pill, 47.2 32.1 are allowed sterilization on request; 47.2 35.8 request on early abortion (in first trimester of pregnancy) are granted; 35.8 47.2 medically assisted or allowed on reproduction (e.g., in vitro fertilization) 35.8 43.4 Source: Field survey, May 2020 4.3.2 Sexual Exploitation and Abuse An action becomes a criminal offence once it is connotationally or culturally prohibited in a community/society. Constitutionally, child marriage is prohibited in Nigeria however, at Ogane Aji community, it was noted that a girl could be given out in marriage at age fifteen. As shown in Table 4.4, transmission of HIV or other venerable diseases by women, female genital mutilation, child marriage, home births with an obstetrician or midwife, abortion, adultery, prostitution, sexual orientation and gender identify, violations of modesty or indecent assault are generally not criminalized. Although some of these practices (such as prostitution, adultery etc) are frowned at and are not encouraged at by the community.

Table 4.4: Sexual Exploitation Criminalization Are the following are criminalized in the project area: Yes (%) No (%) transmission of HIV or other venereal diseases by women only 32.1 50.9

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female genital mutilation 35.8 47.2 child marriage 35.8 45.3 home births with an obstetrician or midwife 35.8 45.3 Abortion 39.6 43.4 Adultery 41.5 41.5 Prostitution 35.8 39.6 sexual orientation and gender identity (homosexuality, lesbianism, transgender, 22.6 58.5 etc.)

violations of modesty or indecent assault (e.g. not following dress code) 26.4 56.6 Source: Field survey, May 2020

4.3.3 Respondents Views on Purpose of Criminalizing Gender-Based Violence Most of the respondents that indicated that sexual exploitation is criminalised gave reasons for their views. Some of their reasons include; to prevent sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), to prevent unwanted pregnancies, to promote a healthy lifestyle, including prevention of dietary disorders of teenage girls such as anorexia and bulimia, and to promote psychological training on self-control of aggression, including sexual aggression as shown in table 4.5. Table 4.5: Purpose of Criminalisation Yes No

Criminalised to: (%) (%) prevent of sexually transmitted diseases (STD) 30.2 52.8 prevent unwanted pregnancies 26.4 56.6 promote a healthy lifestyle, including prevention of dietary disorders of teenage girls, 28.3 54.7 including anorexia and bulimia promote psychological/psychiatric training on self-control of aggression, including 22.6 60.4 sexual aggression Source: Field survey, May 2020 On who is to be held responsible in the case of adultery and prostitution incidents, about 42.4% indicated both the procurer and the commercial sex worker while 32% of the respondents indicated procurer/customer.

4.3.4 Measures and Programs for Women It is highly suggestive for communities to have specific programs and trainings targeted at women‟s safety particularly in public spaces. To this end most of the respondents (64.2%) noted that there are no specific training programs for medical and legal professionals on the issue of gender-based discrimination in the area of health and safety at Ogane Aji while 18.9% indicated otherwise. Similarly, as shown in Figure 4.11, various ways of ensuring gender equity exist at the proposed project community, among which giving equal opportunity and access to education and employment (34.5%) is indicated. In other words, both males and females are sponsored or given equal opportunity of access to education and employment. Other obtainable measures include that women are elected into public offices (7.3%), quotas on genders are ensured in leadership of community-based organizations (2.6%). At Ogane Aji, it was noted that apart from cultural rituals, women participate in every other affairs of the community. In other words, they are part of the community

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leadership, this was evident during the consultation meeting at the community where women participated actively.

Quotas on genders are ensures in leadership of community-based organizations

Females are given equal opportunity and access to education and employment

Women are elected in public office Measure of gender equity 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Respondents(%)

Figure 4.11: Measures of Gender Equity at the Proposed Project Community 4.4 Community Environmental Concerns (CEC) 4.4.1 Environmental, Resources and Cultural Heritage/Property Ogane Aji is no doubt ravaged by gullies created by erosion. These gullies gave rise to other environmental issues at the community. As indicated by the sampled population (Figure 4.12), other environmental problems, which the community is experiencing and are linked to the gully erosion, include poor drainage system (32.1%), bad road (18.9%) environmental degradation (18.9%), degraded land (5.7%), soil infertility (3.8%) and destruction of structures (3.8%). Other respondents (16.8%) were indifferent. 35 32.1 30 25 18.9 18.9 20 15 10 5.7 3.8 1.9 3.8 1.9

Respondents(%) 5 0

Environmental Problems

Figure 4.12: Respondents Views of other Environmental Problems linked to the Ogane-Aji Gully Erosion

Envisaged environmental problems during proposed project construction and operation by the community(respondents) are shown in Table 4.6. Therefore, their views/fears should be allayed as much as possible during the phases of the intervention project.

Table 4.6: Environmental problems envisaged at phases of the intervention project

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During Construction Response (%) During Operation Response (%) Poor drainage system 11.3 Soil infertility 3.8 Bad road 13.2 Poor drainage 11.3 system Low visibility 1.9 Bad road 11.3 Erosion Problems 30.2 Low visibility 3.8 Flooding 11.3 Erosion Problems 24.5 Environmental degradation 1.9 Flooding 11.3 Destruction of infrastructures 5.7 Environmental 11.3 degradation encroachment of land properties 3.8 Destruction of 5.7 infrastructures Pollution (air, surface water, ground 1.9 water, noise)

Furthermore, about 45.3% noted that the proposed intervention project will affect valued resource/cultural/archaeological property in the project area while 32.1% of the respondents are of the contrary views. Of those that viewed that valued resource/cultural/archaeological property will be affected by the proposed project, their specific valued resource as indicated are building (24.5%), graves/shrines (9.8%), Mosque (3.8%), and farmland (1.9%). Some potentially affected cultural resources are shown in plate 4.8.

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Plate 4.8: Some cultural resources that will be affected by the proposed project Source: Field survey, May 2020

4.4.2 Proposed Intervention Project and Community Understanding Creating awareness is very key to mutual understanding between a host (project) community and proponent and also important to successful/smooth project implementation in a community. Against this backdrop, the awareness of the local populace of the proposed project as well as its proponent was examined. Respondents that indicated awareness of the proposed intervention project by NEWMAP and those that indicated contrary represent 86.8% and 3.8% respectively. The source of the local‟s information about the proposed NEWMAP intervention project are community meetings (77.4%) and media such as TV, Radio etc (9.4%). Hence, the community is largely aware of the proposed intervention project.

Furthermore, of the total sampled population, 52.8% indicated that the proposed project would not cause restiveness in the community while 47.2% are of the contrary view. Responses on what could be the likely cause of restiveness in respect of the project is shown in Figure 4.13. As shown, loss of farmland and property perhaps without compensation is the major source of worry of the locals. Other sources of worry are disrespect to norms and culture by project contractors (7.5%), and non- employment of capable locals during the project implementation (7.5%). The community youths specifically emphasized disrespect for the community norms having an affair with married women as actions that could cause restiveness in the community. The envisaged positive impact of the proposed project on the community include; erosion control (35.8%), flood prevention (35.8%), while good roads (18.4%) and increase in employment account for 10.0%. However, negative impacts were also envisaged by the locals; among which are pollution of water (54.8%) air (27.5%) and loss of farmland (17.7%). 4.4.3 Community Expectation from NEWMAP In relation to the intervention project, the major expectations of the locals from the NEWMAP are compensation for those whose properties will be affected (47.7%), employment opportunity during construction (32.1%), and capacity building for

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maintenance during implementation (7.8%). Other respondents (12.4%) were indifferent. 4.5 Analysis of the Existing Formal and Informal Grievance Redress Mechanisms in and Around the Intervention Area It is a fact that where human exists, there cannot but be issues of disagreement. It is therefore important that measures are put in place to address disagreement or grievances that may arise in the course of the project implementation. Different formal and informal grievance redress mechanisms exist in Ogane-Aji community in particular and in Kogi State in general which are used to resolve complaints which might emanate from the proposed intervention project. Some of the existing tools/mechanisms include the following:  Formal Mechanisms The formal system of dispute resolution in and around the project area consists of the following: o Kogi State Ministry of Environment: This is the legally authorized body exclusively responsible for the management of issues pertaining to the environment. Specifically, the ministry is responsible for waste management, flood and erosion control, forest depletion and degradation and general environmental and atmospheric pollution. This ministry is made up of different departments. o Kogi State Ministry of Justice: The Kogi State Judiciary is the arm of government responsible for interpreting the law and prosecuting offenders. o National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA): NESREA has responsibility for the protection and development of the environment, biodiversity conservation and sustainable development of Nigeria‟s natural resources in general and environmental technology including coordination and liaison with relevant stakeholders within and outside Nigeria on matters of enforcement of environmental standards, regulations, rules, laws, policies and guidelines. Some of the functions of the agency as it relates to dispute resolution are to: - coordinate and liaise with, stakeholders, within and outside Nigeria on matters of environmental standards, regulations and enforcement - enforce compliance with laws, guidelines, policies and standards on environmental matters; - conduct environmental audit and establish data bank on regulatory and enforcement mechanisms of environmental standards other than in the oil and gas sector; - ensure that environmental projects funded by donor organisations and external support agencies adhere to regulations in environmental safety and protection; - create public awareness and provide environmental education on sustainable environmental management, - promote private sector compliance with environmental regulations other than in the oil and gas sector

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o Public Complaints Commission: The commission is independent of government bureaucracy and is given extensive powers regarding disclosures and access to all government information. The commission is empowered to enforce compliance in order to obtain the necessary information to facilitate impartial investigations in order to arrive at a fair and equitable decision. Investigation of complaints is provided at no cost to the citizen as well as non-citizen resident in the country and they are treated with the confidentiality they deserve. The commission put high priority on being accessible to the citizen and fulfil this commitment by not only having offices in thirty-six (36) state of the federation and Abuja (FCT) but also having five (5) zonal offices in each state of the federation. o National Human Rights Commission: The National Human Rights Commission serves as an extra-judicial mechanism for the respect and enjoyment of human rights. It also provides avenues for public enlightenment, research, and dialogue in order to raise awareness on Human Rights issues. The focus area of the NHRC are - The Rights of Women and Gender Related Matters - Child Rights - Freedom of Expression and the Media - Human Rights Defenders - Labour - Right to Health - Refugees Internally Displaced Persons, Migrants and Asylum seekers - Environment, Niger Delta And Development - Food and Shelter - Right to Education - Freedom of Religion or Belief and Peaceful Assembly o The Nigeria Police: The police force is an agency of the executive arm of Federal government of Nigeria that maintains law and order in the country. Unlike the military, the Nigeria Police investigates and prosecutes cases in the law courts. It plays a vital role in ensuring peaceful coexistence among the citizens.

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 Informal Systems The informal system of dispute resolution includes the following: o Interpersonal and family level dispute resolution o Traditional rulers and community heads o Religious leaders 4.5.1 Evaluation of the Strengths and Weaknesses of the Existing Grievance Redress Mechanisms in the Project Area The strength and weaknesses of the existing grievance redress institutions are outlined in table 4.7. Table 4.7 Strengths and Weaknesses of existing Grievance Redress Mechanisms in Project Area 1 Dispute Resolution Strengths Weaknesses Systems

Formal

1 The Kogi State The Kogi State Ministry of The office of the Kogi State Ministry Ministry of Environment and other parastatals of Environment is located in the state Environment under it are well positioned to receive, capital. Aggrieved persons will investigate and mediate on issues therefore have to travel to their office bordering on environmental in State Secretariat Phase II management in Kogi state. Complex, Lokoja to report any misgivings. This may be counter- productive.

2 The Kogi State The Kogi State Judiciary encompasses, There is constant pressure on the Ministry of Justice High Courts, Magistrate Courts and courts which makes formal litigation (Court of law) Customary Courts each with its own in courts unattractive, cumbersome, Rules. The formal law court system technical, time-consuming and meets majority of the technical expensive. Reliance on the court for requirements for the resolution of the resolution of all disputes will or potential project-related grievances. might cause long delays in the project.

4 National The agency, which is the regulatory There is no NESREA office in Kogi Environmental arm of the Federal Ministry of State. The closest NESREA office Standards and Environment, has 6 for the North central region is Regulations Zonal Headquarters and 22 situated opposite the State Ministry Enforcement Agency State Offices which accepts of Education Ilorin, Kwara State. (NESREA) environmental complaints from the This may not be easily accessible to public and investigates same. The state aggrieved project beneficiaries in offices are manned by State Kogi state Coordinators who report to the agencies headquarter in Abuja.

8 Public Complaints The Public Complaints Commission The functions, powers, and Commission (PCC) has offices in thirty-six (36) state of the jurisdiction of the commission is federation and Abuja (FCT) with five unknown to a lot of people. But the (5) zonal offices in each state of the commission is also inadequately federation. staffed with men and women of integrity. Funding is equally a major challenge as it hampers the operations of the Commission. The Kogi State office of the commission is opposite the SSGs Office, beside Township Stadium Complex, Lokoja,

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Kogi State. Area offices are in Ankpa, Adavi, Idah, Kabba, Koto Karfi, Ofu, Okene, Yagba-east and Yagba-west. There is no office in Dekina LGA which will make accessibility a challenge

9 The Nigeria Police The police force is an agency of the The Police is mostly perceived by the executive arm of Federal government public as an appendage of the of Nigeria that maintains law and order government in power and very often in the country. It plays very vital roles ineffective to provide sufficient and in ensuring peaceful coexistence among acceptable resolutions that would be the citizens. The Nigeria police have favourable to the citizen. There is offices in all parts of the State. They also the perception that issues are are widespread and well structured. The often escalated by the Police as such organizational structure of the Police the police are not often the best point Force in Kogi is represented as shown of call for a project-based below: complainant. As shown in Figure 4.9, there is police station very close to o Zonal Headquarters the project area o State Commands Headquarters o Divisional Police Headquarters o Police Station o Police Post o Village Police Post. By this structure, the Police operational crime-fighting and peace-keeping functions are felt by and accessible to the populace all over the state. The project site has a police post.

Informal

10 Community All executives and ex-officio of the There are a lot of instances where Associations Community Association are charged members decide to flount the rules with the responsibility of resolving and regulation of the group without conflicts within their group. These corresponding penalties. This makes individuals are well-positioned to the grievance redress roles of the resolve disputes using the group‟s groups ineffective. There is constitution, guiding principles and rules and regulation where they exist.

11 Traditional rulers and There is a formidable traditional system These institutions do not have community heads for the resolution of conflict in Ogane constitutional backing to carry out Aji. It was noted that matters get to the this function. There is also the view youth leader first. But if the issue could of the lack of human and material not be resolved the youth leader, capacity to record and maintain he(she) further reports to the Madaki dispute resolution system on a (clan head), and then to the Dago (a continuing basis by these institutions. chief). If at Dago‟s level, the matter still lingers, it is then reported to the Ogohi - the traditional leader. Furthermore, it was noted that issues of the community do not normally go beyond Ogohi‟s level before they are resolved resolved.

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Plate 4.9: Police station located along Dekina-Ogane Aji-Anyigba road Source: Field survey, May 2020

4.6 Public Consultation 4.6.1 Identification of Stakeholders In identifying the Stakeholders, the existing Site Monitoring Committee which has been put in place by Kogi State NEWMAP were used. The expertise of the consultant also come into play and the consultant requested committee members to take him to some key individual.

4.6.2 Identified Stakeholders Group Three major demographic groups (Elders/men, Youth and Women) were identified as stakeholders. Other identified stakeholders include; the Project Affected Persons (PAPs) who have one thing or the other within the right of way (RoW) and the buffer set back in the engineering design, Site Monitoring Committee, the village head, Women associations (Ufedo (Love) women and the Widow associations) and the Local Government Officials of the project site.

4.6.3 Stakeholders Awareness/Perception on the NEWMAP Intervention Prior to the commencement of the Ogane-Aji ESMP consultancy service activities, Koki-State NEWMAP has carried out several awareness campaigns and sensitization activities on the proposed intervention in Ogane-Aji community. The people across the demographic strata including the PAPs and community leaders are very much aware of the project. Also, the Site Monitoring Committee has been put in place. Therefore, with respect to awareness, the people are much aware of the project. The perception of the people / beneficiaries about the project was positive and they are eager for the project to commence.

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The ESMP stakeholders‟ engagement further strengthened the people‟s awareness and positive perception of the Ogane-Aji gully intervention project by Kogi-state NEWMAP.

4.6.4 The Stakeholder Consulted and their Concern The main issues expressed by the stakeholders during the public consultation with regards to the proposed NEWMAP intervention in Ogane-Aji include: 1. Fear of delay/abandonment of the proposed project. The consultant/NEWMAP Environmental Safeguard Officer reassured the community that the project will not be abandoned. They however emphasized that due diligence through the development of the required safeguard instrument must be done to ensure the sustainability of the project. 2. Existence of some cultural rites in the community. This issue was addressed by the consultant who noted that their fears and concerns will be documented and communicated to the contractor and other consultants. He further explained that the World Bank Safeguard Policy on Cultural Heritage addresses such issues of physical and cultural resources. 3. Payment of inadequate compensation for Resettlement: The consultant explained that another team of consultants would be visiting the site prepare a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP). This entails assessing and valuing structures and all other cultural activities that would be affected by the proposed intervention based on the designed engineering drawing.

Community Expectations During the Construction and Operation Phases These include:  Prompt project implementation before the next rainy season;  Payment of adequate compensation to people whose properties will be affected by the proposed intervention;  Prioritization of the employment of the local people during construction and operation phases of the project;  Upgrade/rehabilitation of the Primary Health Centre to better cater for the residents and construction workers;  Rehabilitation of the community water board to serve the community and the adjoining Communities;  Project alternatives that totally avoids relocation/resettlement of PAPs; and  Provision of water and power for the Primary School.

Willingness of the Community to Provide Support for the Project The community expressed their readiness to give their best advice, skills and other assistance to the contractor. Specifically:  The landlords indicated their readiness to accommodate workers in their buildings at a reasonable rent rate;  The youths expressed their willingness to render services;  The women are ready to provide cutlery services to workers.

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4.6.5 Summary of meetings with Stakeholders  It was consensually agreed that the gully was caused by the increased floodwater which were not properly channelled to the Ojofu river. The gully started about 22 years ago.  Buildings have collapsed into the gully. In addition, several farmlands have been degraded by the gully.  One major self-help intervention has been carried out to reduce the expansion of the gully. This intervention was geared towards reducing/redirecting the floodwater from the gully.  The members of the community are scared that they may lose their properties owing to the proposed intervention.  The communities are aware of the proposed NEWMAP‟s intervention. This they learnt mainly through community meetings.  There are no major cultural issues in the community which may affect the implementation of the project as the area is rapidly urbanizing. However, there are shrines very close to the gully head.

The summary of the issues raised are outlined in tables 4.7-4.9. Table 4.8: Summary of Issues Raised at FGD with Elders Date of Consultation 27/05/2020

Name of Stakeholders Community Elders

Language Pidgin-English and English

Items Stakeholders comments and views

 History of the gully  The development of the gully was traced to 22 years before now. This was linked to the diversion of the drainage channel by the principal of CMML secondary school to mitigate incessant flooding of the school premises. The drains from Anyigba which passes through the Ogane Aji was therefore redirected from its natural course. Several efforts by the community and the Dekina LGA had been taken to curb its expansion. These efforts have however yielded little to no result with most of them escalating the problem.  Most of the residents are farmers, depending solely on  What is the major occupation of the agriculture as their means of livelihood. Others are into people of the community? processing and sales of agricultural products especially  What is the perception of the cashew nuts and palm produce. community with regards to the  The River (Ojofu) is a deity and will need to be appeased proposed intervention by NEWMAP? before construction begins.  Are there cultural rites which need to  There is an annual festival known as Ibegu which is be carried out around the project usually celebrated between April and May. There are no area? restrictions whatsoever during this festival.  Are there communal festivals we  The community forbids sexual relationship with underage should be aware of? girls or married women (taboo).  What are the taboos of this  Conflict resolution passes through the six existing community? hierarchies of traditional rulers in the community after  How are conflicts resolved in the which they are reported at the Police station and taken to community? court. This include;  What is the hierarchy of traditional o Family heads

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rulers in the community? o Compound heads  How does the community ensure o Achokolobia gender equity? o Madakis  Is Gender Based Violence prevalent o Gago in the community? o Ogahi  How are GBV issues resolved?  Gender equity is ensured in the community while Gender Based Violence is prevented by placing strong sanctions on the accused.  Expectations of the Elders  They youths in the community need to be employed by the contractors. There is the need to improve the state of social infrastructure in the community too. This include the rehabilitation of the Primary school, health centre and provision of potable water for the community.

Table 4.9: Summary of Issues Raised at FGD with Youth Date of Consultation 21/05/2020

Name of Stakeholders Youth

Language Pidgin-English and English. Translation to Igala

Items Stakeholders comments and views

 Awareness of the intervention by  The youth mentioned that they are aware of the proposed NEWMAP intervention. They have been expecting the intervention in their community because of the menace that the gully erosion has caused in their community which include destruction of more than 20 houses, degrading the access road that connects the Ogane-Aji community and other nearby communities, loss of farmlands and ultimately loss of lives. The youth in the community as a matter of urgency want the intervention to start as soon as possible because of the incoming of rainy season

 What are the expectations of youth The expectation of the youth includes: during project implementation?  Local employment; Mr. Ibrahim solicited that the contractors must employ the youth in their community particularly in the unskilled sectors of the proposed project so that members of the community can benefit. Mr. Itaru further mentioned that Work Shifting Procedure should be adopted so that more youth can benefit.  Quality Control; The youth expressed concern about the quality of the proposed project and suggested that the site committee should be involved in ensuring the high quality of the work.  Appropriate Compensation for the affected persons; The youth similarly expressed fear that the affected persons and houses maybe short-changed when the compensation is being paid. They mentioned that appropriate compensation must be paid to the affected persons.  Security of the personnel and Equipment; Mr. Yakubu also mentioned that the youth community should be involved in the security of the personnel and equipment.  What can cause youth restiveness in the community?  Sexual affairs with married women are totally frowned at in the community. Thus, the contractors having sexual affairs with married women will cause youth restiveness. This is in addition to disregard for community custom and tradition. There is also the issue of oppression by the foreigners and the payment of inadequate compensation to the PAPs.

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Table 4.10: Summary of Issues Raised at FGDs with Women Date of Consultation 21/05/2020

Name of Stakeholders Women

Language Pidgin-English and English. Translation to Igala

Items Stakeholders comments and views

 Are there organised women groups  Two women groups exist in the community. These are the Ufedo in the community? (Love) women and the Widow associations.  What is the major occupation of  Major livelihood activities of the community women are red oil women in the community? production(processing), poultry (bird rearing), farming, and trading.  Is there gender equity in the  Women are actively involved in community affairs. However, the community? only event they are not allowed to participate in are festivals. This is because it involves rituals.  The community women expressed their readiness to work in various  What are the expectations of women capacities during the project implementation. Specifically, they are during project implementation? ready to work as site labourers and food vendors. Leaders were appointed among themselves to coordinate the job opportunities that may arise during project implementation. Mrs.Aladi. M. Musa was appointed to coordinate those that have interest in food vendor while Mrs Rabiatu Wepa was to coordinate those that have interest in site labour. Other than this, they have no specific expectation from the  Are there laws or cultural rites in the project. However, they would welcome any beneficial gesture community which restrict women‟s particularly to the widows. access to economic and health  There are no restrictions whatsoever on access of women to services? economic and health services. Women are allowed to own houses and landed properties. In addition, they are also allowed to inherit their husband properties. However, this depend on the character of the widow (as perceived by the husband family) and circumstances  Are there provisions in criminal law that surround the death of the husband. There is no female that treat women and men circumcision in Igala land. unequally?  Male and female children are treated equally. They sponsor both gender to school to pursue their purpose and career. There is no peculiar health issue within Ogane Aji community that affect women  Are there channels, measures and other than the common malaria and body pain. programs undertaken in order to increase women‟s safety by  The first channel of registering complaints by women is at the registering their complaints Gago’s (clan head) palace. If the matter could not be resolved there, they report to the Ogohi (traditional leader). It was noted that they have never reported or solved any grievance at the police station.  In all the women opined that while they can not stop people including their girls from having an affair with strangers/contractors; they can only caution them. Rape is however a taboo in the community.

4.7 Analysis of the Status of GBV/SEA in the Project Community and Related Issues Gender-based violence, or GBV, is one of the oppressive forms of gender inequality, posing a fundamental barrier to the equal participation of women and men in social, economic, and political spheres. As noted in “Voice and Agency: Empowering Women and Girls for Shared Prosperity,” the World Bank‟s Inter Agency Standing Committee defines GBV as “an umbrella term for any harmful act that is perpetrated against a person‟s will and that is based on socially ascribed (gender) differences between males and females” (Klugman et al. 2014). GBV affects both men and

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women, but women are much more vulnerable because violence reflects and reinforces existing interchangeably.

GBV according to (Arango et al. 2014) includes among others:  Intimate partner violence,  Non-partner sexual assault,  Female genital mutilation,  Sexual exploitation and abuse,  Child abuse,  Child marriage

Such violence impedes gender equality and the achievement of a range of development outcomes. Experiencing gender violence precludes individuals from contributing to or benefiting from development initiatives by limiting their choices and ability to act (UN General Assembly 2006). In the project area, views from the public consultation revealed that GBV incidents are rare. This is not surprising as GBV is often denied or silenced by under-reporting, societal stigmatization of victims or by institutional weakness/failure in terms of absence of effectual and accessible reporting mechanisms and protection services at community level (Para-Mallam, 2018). As reported by Oduenyi et al (2017) Gender-based violence is an issue of concern in Kogi State but presently not being responded to adequately. Rape was reported to be the commonest form of GBV occurring in the selected communities in Kogi state followed by intimate partner violence (IPV). The existing government structure for social services through the social welfare departments is skeletal and not properly coordinated. The strong socio-cultural factors surrounding GBV also make isolated medical care inadequate. Therefore, there is the need to strengthen the capacity of the service providers on GBV case management and massive sensitization of all stakeholders and multi-sectoral collaboration amongst GBV actors to ensure optimal health outcome of GBV survivors. One referral directory has been developed in Kogi State. It can be concluded from the above analysis that GBV is prevalent in the project area and will probably rise due to the influx of migrants. There is therefore the need to provide measure to mitigate and manage this risk.

4.8 COVID-19 Awareness and Prevention During ESMP Field Work In view of the Coronavirus pandemic (COVID 19), large gatherings are discouraged. The public consultation for the proposed intervention within the project area was therefore divided into focus group meetings with the stakeholders. However, the following COVID 19 awareness and prevention activities were carried out during ESMP Field Work.  Social distances,  Mandatory use of nose mask  Handwash and sanitisation before and after meetings.

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CHAPTER FIVE ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS AND ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES

5.0 Introduction The section discussed the approach adopted to assess the potential impacts (Positive and Negative) of the proposed intervention at Ogane-Aji gully site by Kogi-State NEWMAP. It also discussed the various options available to go about the intervention.

5.1 Impact Assessment Methodology A combination of methods was employed in assessing the impacts of the gully erosion at the Ogane -Aji gully site. These methods include: the use of checklists, matrix, public consultation, professional experience and judgment. The phases of impacts assessment include: i. Impact Identification: to specify the impacts associated with each phase of the project activities; ii. Impact Prediction: to forecast the nature, magnitude, extent and duration of the impacts; and iii. Impact Evaluation – to determine the significance of the impacts

5.1.1 Impact Identification A checklist based on an in-depth understanding of the local environment, existing baseline information and the key project activities was used to develop a checklist of the potential impacts of the project. The following were appraised:  The source and/or the cause of the problem (project activity/environment aspect);  The receptor of the impact (environment component i.e. existing ecological and socioeconomic condition of the project environment);  The way in which the effect is transmitted from the source to the receptor (pathway); and  The potential consequences (environmental impact).

5.1.2 Impact Prediction In order to further qualify the impacts of the various project activities on the environment, identified impacts were characterized based on the nature, duration, and reversibility of the impacts as follows:  Beneficial Impacts – these are impact that have positive and beneficial effects;  Adverse Impacts – these are impact that have negative and untoward effects;  Direct Impacts – these are impacts that are most obvious and are directly related to the proposed project and can be connected to the action that caused them;  Indirect Impacts – these are secondary impacts that occur later in time or further away from the impact source;  Cumulative Impacts – typically occur from the incremental impact of an action when combined with impacts from projects that have been undertaken recently or would be carried out in the near future;

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 Reversible Impacts – these are impact over which the components involved have the ability to recover after the disturbances caused by the impact;  Irreversible Impacts – these are impact whose effects are such that the environmental component cannot be returned to its original state even after adequate mitigation measures are applied;  Residual Impacts – these are impact whose effects remain after mitigation measures have been applied  Short Term Impacts – these are impact whose effects remain over a short period of time and are removed after the application of mitigation measures  Long Term Impacts: These are impact whose effects remain over a long period of time, even after the application of mitigation measures.

5.1.3 Impact Evaluation The third stage in the assessment procedure involved the evaluation of the concerns, issues and impacts identified. This was based on the Risk Assessment Matrix (RAM). The risk of the impacts occurring was analysed by determining the consequence/ severity of the impacts and the probability of occurrence. The severity of the consequences was determined using a consequence Severity Table while the probability of an impact resulting from a pathway was determined using the Likelihood Ranking Table. The RAM in Table 5.1 was subsequently used to determine the level of risk and the significance or otherwise of the impacts. The results of the impact identification, characterization and evaluation exercise are presented in Tables 5.3 to 5.8.

Table 5.1: Probability of Occurrence, Consequence Severity, Likelihood Ranking and Risk Matrix Probability Attributes Certain Impacts that can reasonably be expected to occur during the project Likely Impacts that are likely to occur during the project Possible Impacts that might occur sometime during the project Unlikely Impacts that can reasonably be expected NOT to occur during the project Rare Impacts that are unlikely to occur except in exceptional circumstances

Severity Attributes Negligible No detectable environmental and socio-economic impact Marginal Minimum environmental and socio-economic impact. Localized reversible habitat loss or minimal long-term effects on habitat species or media/public health and safety Critical Significant environmental and socio-economic harm. Significant widespread and persistent changes in species, habitat and media (e.g. widespread habitat degradation/public health and safety) Catastrophic Detrimental environmental and socio-economic impact. Loss of a significant portion of a valued species or effective ecosystem function on a landscape scale/injury and death is possible

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Severity Probability Negligible Marginal Critical Catastrophic Certain Likely Possible Unlikely Rare

Low Impact Rating Medium Low Risk: No response plans will be needed for these risks High Medium Risk: Actions may be required to control acceptable risk  High Risk: Adequate action and management attention are required to control risk. ExtremeThere is need for some response planning for these risks  Extreme Risk: Significant additional action and high priority management attention will be required to control risk. There is need for an in-depth response plans for these risks.

5.2 Potential Impacts of the Proposed Project Activities 5.2.1 Potential Positive Environmental Impacts of the Proposed Project Activities  Minimization of Gully Activities: Within the watershed of the proposed project area, the velocity of floodwaters is high as a result of the down slope movement. This has led to massive gully erosion that affects buildings and road infrastructure in the area. The proposed project will reduce the impacts of the gully on both tangible and the intangible human values.  Rehabilitation of degraded lands and their conversion into productive land: The land degraded by the gully which has inhibit developments and effective utilization for various uses will be rehabilitated so that the land resource can be put to more effective use.  Reducing disaster risks in the project area: The risk of the gully disaster will be greatly reduced. People will have more confidence to go about their businesses even during heavy rainfall while their fear of exposure to disaster will be assuaged. Commercial activities in the area will be enhanced through improved connectivity and safety.  Increased Value for Structural and Landed Properties: The execution of the project will increase the value of both structural and land properties along the previously gully prone area. The current state of the environment has made many landlords to abandon the area and even their properties. The current situation whereby tenants in the area are moving out massively will be reversed. Agricultural lands and economic trees will be saved.

5.2.2 Potential Positive Social Impacts of the Proposed Project Activities Based on the socioeconomic profile of the residents in the area, construction works will reduce the unpleasant experience of the residents to the barest minimum. The essential positive impacts of the project are listed as follows:

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 Safety of lives and properties: Owing to the long-standing incidence of the gully erosion scenario in the area, owners of properties located in the area have experienced sleepless nights over the environmental challenges posed by it. Expectedly, with the proposed construction works, many people will heave a sigh of relief knowing that the proposed project will allay such fears. Also, the fear of being submerged by the high floodwaters running through the area or the perennial caving of building into the gully will be addressed as soon as civil works begin. After the completion of the project, the risk posed to human lives will be reduced to the barest minimum.  Employment opportunities: Employment opportunities will be offered to the construction workers and other persons who would be hired from among the residents to provide their services during the construction phase. The high number of artisans (carpenters, welders, painters among others) among the youth in the community is thus an advantage. The project is envisaged to create over 100 direct and indirect jobs during the construction phase (which should be for over 6 months). In fact, the local youths who will be engaged will benefit immensely from the employment opportunities to be provided by the project. In addition, the local women will be engaged as food vendors for the workers while some of the female population will also be engaged in the main workforce during the site civil works.  Securing public infrastructures: the gully activity has seriously deteriorated the road infrastructure within the catchment. These roads which connect the Ogane -Aji and Ayingba communities to the rest of Dekina LGA and other parts of Kogi State and Nigeria will be salvaged from the gully erosion. Once the area is salvaged from the gully the lifespan of the roads will increase. With the proposed development, the major road and other local roads under the threat of the Ogane Aji gully site will also be saved. Consequently, this will retain and enhance the mobility and connectivity merits that the roads provide to the communities.

5.2.3 Potential Negative Impacts of the Proposed Project Activities For the proposed project, the potential negative impacts have been outlined on the basis of whether they occur during the pre-construction, construction or operation phase in the subsequent sections. This is to facilitate the implementation of the mitigation measures that are outlined in the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP).

5.2.3.1 Pre-Construction Phase: Potential Negative Social Impacts  Loss of Land Properties and Source of Livelihoods: The proposed development will certainly lead to the loss of landed properties, particularly along the corridor of the proposed channel development. Specifically, there is the need for land expropriation to accommodate the engineering design. This will include the expropriation of buildings and other properties. A resettlement action plan based on the World Bank ESS 5 is, however, being developed to address these issues.  Expectations of Improvement in Livelihood: These are concerned with the expectations of communities along the entire watershed of the proposed project. The

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proposed project raises the hope of better infrastructure provision to the communities and their anticipation of general improvement, with a rise in their economic activities as a result of civil work activities and potential employment opportunities offered by the project activities. This perception may have an adverse impact on the project as residents may develop overwhelming expectation from the project.  Proposed Project Induced Development: With the proposed civil work, the hitherto Ogane Aji gully site will increase in popularity. The extent to which development becomes a positive or negative impact will be determined by the effectiveness of the planning framework. With an ineffective framework, the overall impact could become substantially negative.

5.2.3.2 Construction Phase: Potential Negative Environmental Impacts A critical requirement of the level of construction anticipated in the project area is the right of way. Land will be excavated and large drains will be constructed while other related activities will be carried out. These activities, during the construction phase, will intensify and the environment will be temporarily disrupted and affected. In broad terms, the key negative impacts of the development are likely to include:

 Impacts on Air Quality: Regarding the air quality, there are no specific positive impacts relating to the construction of the proposed project. The negative impacts identified that will arise from the air borne emissions at the project site are primarily

related to some PM10 and NO2 / NOx contributions from vehicles to be used during the construction and the dust that will be generated from construction activities at the site. Construction vehicles will include heavy duty vehicles to be used for transporting raw materials and equipment, plant for levelling the site, assistance with clearance of vegetation and smaller vehicles for staff. Bearing in mind that the project area is within a rural setting with hitherto minimal traffic, the impact of the air pollution may be significant.

The duration of the construction period is expected to last for approximately 6 months. Thus, the dust-generating activities are likely to occur for months. This condition is unsuitable for > 89 percent of the time, particularly since there are a large number of receptors which are highly sensitive to these impacts. The impact of dust on the surrounding receptors is therefore considered to be major prior to mitigation. Thus, steps would need to be taken to minimize the effects. The potential emissions that may arise from traffic associated with the construction activities on the local receptors are considered significant due to the high number of vehicles. The negative air quality impacts predicted during operation are related to the following: i. Process emissions (NOx and CO); ii. Cumulative process emissions (NOx and CO); and iii. Greenhouse Gases.

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 Impacts on Flora and Fauna: Plants and animal life, irrespective of size and extent of living footprints, will be impacted adversely. Birds and climbing animals will be affected while life forms that are attached to the soil of the project area will equally be affected. Animals in high densities (rodents and reptiles e.g. lizards) that have built adaptation mechanisms and those living naturally in the Ogane Aji gully site project area and around the thick forest surrounding the Ojofu River will be displaced from their natural habitats. During the construction phase, the functioning of this ecosystem will be disrupted and organisms that feed on the floristic life forms will be completely displaced.

 Impacts on Water and Water Resources: Impact on water resources is critical to the project area. The drainage as it is presently tails off and terminates at the Ojofu River, which is the main river closest to the Ogane Aji gully site. This implies that, during construction, earthworks might release suspended particles into the water. This could be detrimental to water organisms. This water body, may be at risk during these construction activities especially from the pollution from the accidental spillage of fuel and hazardous materials, lubricants, cement and wet concrete, or from the inadequate or unsafe storage of waste. In addition, the river might be affected by the disposal of sanitary wastewater and domestic water from the contractors during the construction work site and facilities. The potential contamination of the groundwater and the surface water from construction activities would be direct, secondary, and also local as the impact would be experienced on the site and its adjacent areas. The impact would be long-term because it will last for the lifetime of the project.

 Impact on Biodiversity and Loss of Habitat: The level of work anticipated at the construction site will cause significant effects on the entire biodiversity of the project area. This is more so as most tree/shrubs within the catchment are relatively as dense as those within the natural watershed of the Ojofu River. The cleared vegetation especially around the river will, however, be recovered by planting small trees and plants. The construction works will not obstruct any major bird or animal migration routes. The impacts on biodiversity will also be negative but restricted to the site and the immediate local surroundings. Although some of the impacts will be reversible over the long term, the loss of habitat will be permanent. The magnitude of the impact will therefore be moderate.

 Soil, Land Excavation and Camp Sites Construction: The proposed activities will require land excavations and other land clearance. The land excavation will impact upon several aspects of the soil characteristics including the water flow, microbial activity and nutrient content. The removal of the topsoil will result in alterations to the drainage and surface run-off regime on the site, particularly during the wet season. It may also affect the fertility of the site if this is not properly managed. There may be potential changes in siltation patterns as a result of construction activities which will potentially destabilize soils. This will further potentially lead to soil erosion during heavy rainfall and sedimentation in downstream water bodies. In addition, the compaction of the soil will reduce the permeability and water infiltration of the soil.

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This could stimulate further land degradation if poorly managed or executed in an unsustainable manner. The resulting impacts will consequently be negative, direct, and secondary. The changes observed on site will be permanent, beyond the life of the project; the scale of the impacts will be at a local level. The magnitude of the impacts is therefore considered to be high. The soils on the site are considered to be of high agricultural value (agricultural and construction). There is a water body in the north- eastern vicinity of the site (Ojofu River). The sensitivity of the receptor is also considered to be high. The significance of the impacts is therefore considered to be high prior to mitigation. The location of depots and working camps may be a problem due to the rural nature of the project site. The depots should therefore be located in such a way that they can either be used for other purposes after the period of the construction (this can be done in conjunction with local plans), or removed without trace. Areas of thin soil layers should be identified so as to cut out any occurrence of aggravated problems. The significance of the impacts is consequently considered to be moderate prior to mitigation.

 Noise: With regard to noise emissions, there are no specific positive impacts relating to the construction of the proposed project. Construction of the water channel will take up to two years, and will include continuous months of earthworks and site clearance, the preparation of footings for the drains, heavy earthworks and the construction and installation of the drainage superstructures. The proposed construction hours are 0700 – 1800 Monday to Saturday. During these hours, permissible/acceptable human noise levels will be temporarily exceeded as a result of the operation of lorries and equipment in the working zone. This is more so as the area is a rural setting with hitherto minimal traffic volume. Noise abatement measures, including adequate work scheduling, need to be taken into consideration. The negative noise impacts during construction are therefore considered to be of significance at the nearest receptors.

 Disruption to Communication Routes: Excavation of trenches and installation of drainage concretes along the main roads within the Ogane Aji community will potentially result in considerable and unavoidable delays in traffic flows. This is more so as the proposed drainage channels would be constructed along the roads which will make them unusable during the construction period. Some of these roads are Dekina road, Ojofo road, Agala-Ogane road, Agala road and Ojofu road among others. Thus, beginning from the time of construction till its completion, the overall impact upon the community would be characterized by difficulty of accessibility to free traffic flow. The impact on vehicular movement will generally be confined to an increase in journey time and other costs associated with delays. In the majority of cases this will only cause minor inconveniences. The disruption to communication routes during construction are therefore considered to be of significance.

 Disruption to Public Utility: During the fixing of the new infrastructure, it would be unavoidable to damage existing service cables and electrical lines or temporarily

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interrupt supplies to consumers. The levels of likely impacts that will arise from the likely disruption damage to this and other public utility in the project site are summarized in Table 5.2.

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Table 5.2: Potential Impacts of Disruption to Public Utility Utility Nature of Impact Severity Medium Voltage Interruption of Supply Severe production loss and public Electricity Personal Injury Probable death ofinc oron seriousvenience in jury to operator Cables Cost of Repair/Delay to Works Severe Low Voltage Interruption of Supply Localised but severe public inconvenience Electricity Cables Personal Injury Possible serious injury to operator Cost of Repair/Delay to Works Minor production loss. Short public inconvenience  Disruption of Public Access: Besides the general disruption of communications, civil works at the gully affected area might result in a temporary loss of access to other areas as work progresses past individual property entrances. This will be most severe when crossing roads and in front of public building and emergency service centres as the case maybe. A major example is the public access to the Primary Health Centre which is off the fifth avenue.

 Occupational health and safety: Generally, construction sites are inherently unsafe and for those employed on the project the risks are varied and omnipresent. Safety issues are for that reason crucial during the construction phase because the work will involve the use of sharp objects, noisy machinery and dusty environment. The immediate surrounding will experience an increase in human traffic and noise during ground preparation. In a construction site, noise is normally produced by the construction machinery excavator and lorries during the civil works. Noise is also most likely to emanate from the regular masonry operations such as stone dressing. Workers and other contractor staff members might be exposed to accidents at this stage of the project. It is also essential in this regard to consider the condition of service. Working under stringent environmental hazards and other unsafe working conditions are possible scenarios. In some cases, in situ workers might be injured and some members of the public might be affected at this stage.

 Impact on Agriculture, Settlements and Community Facilities: Most of the impacts on social life along the right-of-way (ROW) will happen during the construction period. The impacts will be both positive and negative. Positive impacts will include temporary markets for goods and services, including the availability of employment opportunities for certain tasks during construction. Some of the recreation requirements of the work-force are likely to cause negative impacts. Consumption of alcohol among the working crew may affect the local population negatively as this may cause violence and abuse of local women. There will also likely be an increased risk for spreading of sexually transmitted diseases, for instance, among them HIV/AIDS in the project area. Impact on agricultural activities will be significant since the area is mainly rural.

 Solid Waste: There will be loss of existing undergrowth during the clearing of the drainage alignment in readiness for the construction and related engineering works. There will also be solid waste generated from the excavation works. Solid topsoil wastes from the sites will be the main form of solid waste. Other solid wastes will include metallic pieces, wooden planks, and stone debris. Improperly disposed waste will constitute a threat to the residents.

 Sanitation Issues: Some of the significant health concerns associated with the new projects include shortage of facilities like toilets and catering facilities for

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construction workers. It was actually revealed during the town hall meeting that the project site is currently experiencing waste management problems. 5.2.3.3 Construction Phase: Potential Negative Socio-Cultural Impacts The project area is located within a residential and agricultural area with a mixture of religious, commercial and educational facilities. The local populace consists mainly traders, salaried workers and artisans. Therefore, there is the likelihood of considerable negative impacts that will be due to the relatively dense population in the drainage corridor, traffic, loss of temporary stalls and related private properties and institutions. Some identified potential negative socio-cultural impacts include;

 Immigration of New Comers: New comers from within and outside the state in search of employment opportunity will come to the project site, with the possible implication that negative social behaviours (including the expansion of sex immorality, drug use, alcohol abuse, insecurity, banditry, theft, STD, HIV/AIDS, etc.) will become rampant.

 Impact on Ambient Air and Traffic: The air emissions from the construction machineries will be moderate and they may have significant impacts on the ambient air quality. In other words, the extent of traffic that is likely to be generated during the construction phase will be a source of concern. Movement of heavy-duty machinery, lorries and other construction works might impact on traffic and air quality thereby affecting road users. Roads which will be affected include; are Dekina road, Ojofo road, Agala-Ogane road, Agala road and Ojofu road others. The Ogane Aji gully site project is not expected to cause any damage to historical, archaeological and cultural sites in the community. This notwithstanding, the Kogi State NEWMAP will have to consult widely in order to monitor the operations of the contractors throughout the works period to ensure that no archaeologically valuable areas are destroyed.

 Impact on shrines and cultural beliefs/areas: The FGD with the community elders revealed that there are Iye (Mother) and Isepa (Bush baby) shrines around the project area. There are also burial grounds in the area. Sacrifices must be offered for their relocation.

5.2.3.4 Operations and Maintenance Phase: Potential Negative Environmental and Social Impacts During this phase, activities will include; regular inspection, de-siltation and clearance of the drains and manholes, training of operators, maintenance of equipment used, sanitation and waste management system, maintenance of vegetation and aquaculture activities around the drainage channel, market gardening around the drainage channels area, increased vehicular traffic in the area and increase commercial activities etc. These activities could stimulate issues such as air quality impairment, noise and vibration, water quality, traffic and transportation, occupational health and safety issues among others.

 Air Quality: An increase in vehicular traffic in the project area might increase dust and other air-borne particles, which might have negative impacts on the visibility and general environmental outlook of the area. Residents of the community might feel this occurrence and such event might also be observed from hospital records within the area. It therefore becomes imperative to put a consistent structure in place to check the air quality of the project during this phase of the project.

 Noise and Vibration: This is a likely phenomenon. It can be related to a possible increase in traffic and air quality issues. Since the different roads (Dekina road, Ojofo

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road, Agala-Ogane road, Agala road and Ojofu road among others) within the catchment connect the area to other parts of Ayingba, Dekina Local Government Area, Kogi State and Nigeria, increased number of vehicles plying the road will increase the ambient decibels. This may not be beyond residential permissible limits of 90 ɖB(A) for an 8-hour working period as established by FMEnv.

 Water Quality Issues: Water quality issues could arise from the runoff from roadway, community solid wastes, agricultural wastes and oil and grease used in maintaining equipment. It is vital therefore to ensure that water quality measures such as pH levels, turbidity, water colour and other physical measures are examined from time to time during this phase.

 Traffic and Transportation: This is particularly expected in the project area during the operation phase. As gathered during the community consultation, most vehicle operators always avoid roads in the area whenever it rains. Thus, at the operation phase, vehicular traffic and general road transportation as well as other traffic-related issues may constitute threat to public safety.

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Table 5.3: Characterization and Evaluation of Potential Impacts Pre-Construction Phase S/N Project Potential Environmental and Impact Qualification Risk Impact

Activities Social Impact Category

term

Severity

Probability

Direct Indirect Reversible Irreversible Cumulative Longterm Short Beneficial Adverse Residual 1 Land Conflict from the members of X X X X X Possible Catastrophic Extreme acquisition for the community to vacate the intervention areas allocated for the project project especially the drainage channel sites. 2 Public Pessimistic Community X X X X Possible Marginal Medium Awareness perception can disrupt the proposed project activities

Table 5.4: Characterization and Evaluation of Potential Impacts Environmental Impacts in the Construction Phase S/N Project Potential Environmental Impact Qualification Risk Impact

Activities and Social Impact Category

Direct Indirect Reversible Irreversible Cumulative Longterm Shortterm Beneficial Adverse Residual Probability Severity 1 Excavation, Channel Bank Failure X X X X Possible Marginal Medium channelization, concretization, filling, lining, gabion drop structures and re-vegetation

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2 Rock material might cave X X X X Possible Marginal Medium in during channel and baffled chute construction. 3 Mudflow X X X X Possible Marginal Medium 4 Soil impacts on activities X X X X Possible Marginal Medium such as excavating, grading, levelling, compacting etc. 5 In situ waste management X X X X Possible Negligible Low 6 Channelization of flood X X X X Possible Marginal Medium waters 7 Topographic alterations X X X X Likely Marginal Medium and other civil works for remediation purposes 8 Air Quality Issues (Dust) X X X X Possible Marginal Medium 9 Water Quality Concerns X X X X Possible Marginal Medium 10 Air Quality (Noise) X X X X Possible Marginal Medium 11 Increased Siltation and X X X X Possible Marginal Medium runoff

Table 5.5: Characterization and Evaluation of Potential Impacts for the Biological Impacts in the Construction Phase S/N Project Potential Impact Qualification Risk Impact

Activities Environmental and Category

Social Impact

term

Direct Indirect Reversible Irreversible Cumulative Long Shortterm Beneficial Adverse Residual Probability Severity 1 Clearing of Impact on flora and X X X X Certain Marginal Medium Forest fauna 2 Impact on Wildlife X X X X Possible Marginal Medium

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Table 5.6: Characterization and Evaluation of Potential Impacts for the Socio-Economic Impacts during Construction Phase S/N Project Activities Potential Environmental Impact Qualification Risk Impact

and Social Impact Category

term

Direct Indirect Reversible Irreversible Cumulative Long Shortterm Beneficial Adverse Residual Probability Severity 1 Mobility of Traffic and X X X X Certain Marginal Medium machineries and transportation Impact materials 2 Accidents and Road X X X X Possible Critical High Crashes 3 Employment X X X X Possible Marginal Medium Opportunities 4 Human displacement X X X X Possible Marginal Medium 5 Aesthetics X X X X Possible Negligible Low 6 Shrines and Cultural sites X X X X Possible Negligible Low

Table 5.7: Characterization and Evaluation of Potential Impacts for the Public Health Impacts during the Construction Phase S/N Project Activities Potential Environmental Impact Qualification Risk Impact

and Social Impact Category

Direct Indirect Reversible Irreversible Cumulative Longterm Shortterm Beneficial Adverse Residual Probability Severity 1 Sexual Activities HIV/AIDS and STDs X X X X Possible Marginal Medium 2 Domestic Water Water-borne diseases X X X X Possible Marginal Medium Usage 3 Increase mosquito Malaria Issues X X X X Likely Critical High vector breeding sites

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Table 5.8: Characterization and Evaluation of Potential Impacts for Operation Phase S/N Project Activities Potential Impact Qualification Risk Impact

Environmental and Category

Social Impact

Severity

Probability

Direct Indirect Reversible Irreversible Cumulative Longterm Shortterm Beneficial Adverse Residual 1 General maintenance Generation of waste, X X X X Possible Marginal Medium operations spill of oil from  Regular inspection equipment, loss of  Desilting and clearance of vegetation. drains, manholes,  Desilting drainage channels,  Repair of damaged engineering structure,  Cleaning of drainage channel to prevent mosquitoes,  Training of operators,  Maintenance of equipment used,  Sanitation and waste management system 2 Air quality Poor visibility, X X X X Possible Marginal Medium Increase air pollution level / dust 3 Noise and vibration Noise and vibration X X X X Possible Marginal Medium from machinery 4 Water quality Spill from equipment X X X X Possible Critical High could pollute surface and ground water 5 Traffic and transport Obstruction to free X X X X Possible Marginal Medium flow of traffic during

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maintenance. 6 Health and Safety Health and safety X X X X Possible Marginal Medium Issues 7 Sand Mining in rehabilitated Increase soil erosion, X X X X Possible Marginal Medium channel. create gully and cause land degradation.

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5.3 Analysis of Alternatives In the context of this ESMP, analysis of the project alternatives refers to a comparison of possible alternatives to be considered regarding the proposed project at the Ogane- Aji gully site. One of the stated alternatives will be prescribed owing to its outstanding merits over the others. The choice will be centred on the fundamentals of meeting with the threshold of the set criteria concerning all considered environmental and social variables that are paramount to the project (i.e. Applicable or Relevant and Appropriate Requirements (ARAR)).

5.3.1 No-Action Alternative The assumption underscoring this alternative is that there will be no alteration to the existing condition at the Ogane Aji gully site. In other words, the prevailing gully erosion area will be left untouched, unaddressed and without any civil works or any engineering construction works. The gully erosion events will be left to persist without any attempt at addressing the environmental challenges it poses. Consequently, the conditions at the gully site and its watershed will worsen and result in destruction of houses, farmlands, and road infrastructures, public facilities, educational facilities etc. The situation may worsen to the extent of damaging the Dekina road and Agala-Ogane Aji road which are the main roads leading into the communities. With the no-action alternative, annual loss of business, impaired access, unsafe status of lives and properties will increase; and thus, gully erosion will persist unchecked and uncontrolled. Other environmental and social unfavourable impacts such as reduction of existing road capacity, exposure to risk and dangers from the high currents of floodwaters, high cost of transportation, destruction of soil, exposure of flora and fauna to devastating imprints of erosion, loss of land and landed properties, and likely surface and groundwater pollution will be strengthened. In summary, the current conditions will be left without any improved efforts. Owing to these numerous effects, the no-action alternative is not recommended for this project.

5.3.2 Delayed-Action and Right-Away Action Alternatives Delayed-Action: The delayed-action alternative. suggests a delayed tactic that will result into further damages and degradation of the watershed and increase cost of rehabilitation in the long run. Inflation and other economic forces may cause monumental changes in the cost of materials thereby increasing the financial implications of the rehabilitation. Also, it will contribute nothing to short – term usefulness and already incurred damages may obliterate the gains from long-term effectiveness. This alternative is not recommended.

Right-Away Action: The right-away action alternatives anticipated the immediate rehabilitation of the gully induced damage at Ogane Aji. This action suggests an immediate and prompt attention to address the issues and benefit from both the short- term and long-term effectiveness. Inflation and other economic forces will have minimal or no influence in the cost of materials thereby making the anticipated financial burden of the rehabilitation a realistic estimate. This alternative is recommended along with other alternatives.

5.3.3 Use of Civil Works, Bioengineering and Technological Options Civil Works: The procedure for the rehabilitation works and associated enhancements will involve intensive civil works across the broad spectrum of the affected and high- risk areas

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Bioengineering: This involves permanent seeding and planting of vegetation as a gully stabilizing measures following construction of the civil engineering measures. Vegetation reduces runoff velocities, holds the soil together, provides habitat for wildlife and is aesthetically pleasing. It is also cheap. However, it is important to select appropriate species that are preferably indigenous, and at the least non-invasive.

Technological Options: For the anticipated rehabilitation of the gully induced damage at Ogane Aji, all elements of the watershed cum the environmental and social components will be considered. This approach will ensure that all the relevant components of the natural and human environment under the threat and risk of destruction such as soil, public infrastructure, social and community infrastructures and facilities are secured in the affected communities.

However, the procedure for the rehabilitation works and associated enhancements of Ogane Aji gully site will involve intensive civil works across the broad spectrum of the affected and high-risk areas. Consequently, construction works (civil works option), synchronized with bioengineering and technological methods will be adopted in restoring and enhancing the affected areas as envisioned in the NEWMAP, as described in Table 5.9 below. Adverse impacts of these activities will be highly reduced in such a way that the benefits will outweigh the demerits.

Consequently, the merits of the Civil Works, synchronized with bioengineering methods in the right-away alternative outweigh the No-Action alternative and it is, therefore, recommended. The three alternatives and technological options are presented in Table 5.9. As shown in the table, Civil Work synchronized with bioengineering technology in the right-away action alternative will provide the solution that the NEWMAP sought while the No-Action alternative will undoubtedly aggravate the problem being experienced in the area.

Table 5.9: Appraisal of the ‘No Action’ Alternative and Use of Civil Works Criteria No Action Delayed Right Away Biological works Civil works alone The Civil works & Action Action alone Bioengineering (Biological & the construction of Hard Structures)

General This will not benefit This will not This will be the The remediation of The The rehabilitation of Safeguard of the concerned benefit the right step to the biological life implementation degraded Environment stakeholders and concerned safeguard the forms will lead to of this proposed environment and Human community stakeholders environment and improvement of project will lead coupled with Health (General residents and community human wellbeing life, properties will to improvement remediation of the protection considering the residents. The from further be secured, lives of life. Properties biological life form mechanisms) observed level of damage might degradation saved, resources will be secured, will result to better destruction the gully potentially recovered, lives saved, improvement of life. has had on the area. become transportation resources Properties will be Private properties catastrophic facilities enhanced recovered, secured, lives saved, and public and the level of and general transportation resources recovered, infrastructures have human and restoration of facilities transportation been severely material losses livelihood. It will enhanced and facilities enhanced affected and this has may be well benefit the Project general and general led to loss of landed beyond repair Affected People restoration of restoration of properties, land with economic and the residents. livelihood. It will livelihood. It will degradation, loss of loss of benefit the benefit the Project agricultural fields materials worth Project Affected Affected People and and produce, etc. millions of People and the the residents. Adopting this naira. The residents. alternative will not delay action benefit the project may lead to

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Affected People and restiveness in the environment in the area. Also general. delays in the mobilization of the contractor or by other administrative bureaucratic processes. Short-Term No-Action Delayed action This will be The timeline for The timeline for The timeline for the Usefulness alternative does not will contribute immediate the biological the civil work is civil and biological add any specific nothing to derivable benefits works is long term. long term. works are long term. input to the stated short – term and a sustained Nevertheless, the Nevertheless, the Nevertheless, the criteria. usefulness. long-term benefit benefits derivable benefits derivable benefits derivable will be achieved. can only be are still better are still better than optimized if than a No-Action biological or civil combined with and Delayed- work alone. civil work. Even Action under a Delayed- alternatives. With Action alternative biological works the combination of alone, the short- the two will term civil work provide useful will not provide results. long-term effectiveness value that biological alternative adds to the final solution. Long-Term This option does not Already This alternative The biological Civil works alone The combination of Effectiveness meet the long-term incurred perfectly meets works alone will will provide a the Civil and and effectiveness and damages may both the long- provide long-term long-term use for Biological works Permanence permanence criteria. obliterate the term and short- effectiveness for the watershed but will provide long- gains from term the watershed but may not be term effectiveness long-term effectiveness and may not be sustainable for the watershed effectiveness permanence sustainable without without the and the cost of criteria. the civil works. biological works intervention because of the may increase unforeseen long- due to term effect of inflation. water erosion.

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CHAPTER SIX

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (ESMP)

6.0 Introduction This chapter enlists and discusses the framework for the mitigation measures taken to address the adverse impacts identified in chapter five. It also discusses the fundamentals of the environmental and social management plan. Furthermore, it outlines the institutional responsibilities and accountabilities that will ensure that all the provisions are implemented under strict supervision. In addition, the cost implication of monitoring all the identified avenues was also outlined. More importantly; the mitigation measures outlined in this report are structured to curtail the potential adverse environmental and social impacts itemized in the previous chapters. The mitigation measures are specifically structured in line with the proposed Ogane Aji gully intervention project. All these are discussed in detail in the subsequent subsections as follows:  Description of proposed mitigation measures;  Institutional responsibilities and accountabilities;  Capacity building plan;  Public consultation plan; o Description of grievance redress mechanism (in alignment with the ESMF, RPF, RAP, and Project Implementation Manual) to address situations of conflicts or disagreements about some of the project activities; and o Monitoring and evaluation plan, including suitable indicators for the proposed project o Specific ways that GBV risks are to be addressed in the project by identifying mitigation measures including development of a GBV Action plan with accountability and response from work  Costs of implementing the ESMP.

6.1 Description of the Proposed Mitigation Measures 6.1.1 Pre-Construction Phase Mitigation Measures At the pre-construction phase, the mitigation measures are proffered to resolve the adverse effects of the project prior to the commencement of civil works. Notably, this phase covers the preliminary works that pre-dates the construction and developmental works in the area. In effect, there are two critical issues that might be of cogent significance: land acquisition and community perception of the project. Each of these is discussed as follows: i. Land acquisition It is essential to acquire land, particularly along the catchment alignment and drainage channels. This will cover the legally binding right-of-way for civil construction features such as large drains along the catchment alignment. Although the issue of land acquisition is being handled by a separate report, Table 6.1 shed some light on the issue. The cost of land acquisition here should be incurred and defined in the RAP. ii. Community perception of the project It is a normal experience for the host community of any project to express divergent or even pessimistic perceptions about the authenticity of the proposed project. Thus, inadequate management of this challenge may worsen the situation. Communities‟

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perceptions are often based on perceived recurrent lackadaisical attitudes of the government and contractors to projects or on previous experiences of project abandonment. In order to resolve this challenge, there are practical steps to be taken as mitigation measures to checkmate any doubt about the legitimacy and authenticity of the project. These measures are itemized in Table 6.1 below.

6.1.2 Construction Phase Mitigation Measures The expected activities at the upper, middle and lower catchments include:  Upper catchment: Excavation, channelization, concretization, filling and re-vegetation  Middle Catchment: Channelization, concretization (baffled chute), filling, lining, gabion drop structures and re-vegetation.  Lower catchment: Concretization, lining, re-vegetation

6.1.3 Operation Phase Mitigation Measures The expected activities during the operation phase include:  Maintenance and Repairs  Scheduled and unscheduled integrity checks for rehabilitated gully area and maintenance and replacement of wearing/faulty/damaged components  Repairs of cracks and potholes  Cleaning of drains where and when necessary  Cleaning and vegetation control along the shoulders  Borrow pit reclamation

6.1.4 Monitoring of Mitigation Measures during Project Implementation  Pre-Construction Phase At this phase, measures are put in place to ensure that proper activities that will guarantee smooth running of the project are carried out before proper civil work commence. Table 6.1 shows the monitoring activities for the pre-construction phase.  Construction Phase As mentioned in the section on mitigation measures, civil work is anticipated to have various environmental and social impacts on the area. These impacts are indeed expected to traverse different aspects of the environmental and socio-cultural components of the project area. Thus, the mitigation measures for the identified impacts have been stated. However, both project implementation and mitigation measures implementation need to be monitored. Table 6.2 shows the monitoring mechanisms for both project the implementation and mitigation measures to various impacts during construction phase.  Operation and Maintenance Phase Table 6.3 shows the monitoring activities for environmental and social issues identified and for which mitigation measures have been proffered.

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6.1.5: Environmental, Ecological, Socio-Economic, Public Health and Covid-19 Impacts Mitigation and Monitoring Plan during the Pre-Construction Phase

Table 6.1 shows the ESMP for Environmental, Ecological, Socio-Economic, Public Health and Covid-19 Impacts Mitigation and Monitoring Plan during the Pre-Construction Phase. The Mitigation / Enhancement Measures and Mitigation responsibility (Implementation) are identified. The Monitoring indicators, Method of measurement, Frequency of measuring, Monitoring responsibility and the Cost of monitoring are properly documented. Table 6.1: Environmental and Social Mitigation and Monitoring Plan during the Pre-Construction Phase S/N Activity Potential Impacts Mitigation/ Mitigation Indicators/ Method of Sampling Frequency of Monitoring Cost of Monitoring Monitoring Enhancement Measures Responsibility Parameters Measurement Location Responsibility (Implementation) (Supervision)

USD$ NGN

Environmental Impacts

A1  Mobilization Noise and  Maintain equipment Contractor  Noise Levels (Not to  In-Situ Construction Daily Environmental 625 243,750  Site clearing vibration from the and machineries exceed 90dB(A) Measurement Site and Safeguards Officer  Material use of motorized adequately to reduce  Records of Equipment  Complaint surrounding area (ESO), Kogi sourcing vehicles and their noise levels Maintenance Register NEWMAP- SPMU  Staging area equipment  Fit machineries and Kogi State  Workers camp heavy-duty equipment Ministry of with exhaust Environment mufflers/silencers to (KSME) minimize noise generation  Avoid unnecessary idling of internal combustion engines A2 Ambient air  Suppress dust Contractor  Suspended Particulates  In-Situ Construction Daily ESO-Kogi 450 175,500 pollution from emissions by (SPM), SO2, NOx, CO, Measurement Site and NEWMAP SPMU release of dusts appropriate methods THC surrounding area KSME and gaseous such as spraying water  Vehicle Exhaust emissions on soil Measurements  Ensure vehicles are in  Records of maintenance good working for all machineries and condition. equipment  Ensure exhaust fumes from vehicles conform to applicable National standards and specifications A3 Soil contamination  Ensure fuel storage Contractor  Soil quality parameters  In situ/ and Project site Monthly ESO-Kogi 1,000 390,000 from accidental tanks are leak-proof, (especially hydrocarbon Laboratory NEWMAP SPMU leakage/spillage of  checked daily & contaminants) analysis KSME fuel, oil and installed in a bounded  Compliance with fuel lubricants area storage procedures  Visual

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 Establish procedures observation for storage & handling of hazardous materials.  Implement emergency response plan as part of OHS Plan to deal with spillage A4 Loss of soil quality  Avoid removal of Contractor  % of Vegetal Loss  Visual estimate Construction During ESO-Kogi 850 331500 from de-vegetation vegetation and trees to  Revegetated areas Site and site NEWMAP SPMU and erosion the extent possible surrounding area clearing KSME  Protect all vegetation and not required to be constructi removed against on damage  Re-vegetate exposed soil quickly A5 Impact on fish  Washing of Project Contractor  Records of fish catch  Complaint Construction During ESO-Kogi 950 370,500 habitat and water plant and vehicles in  Visual monitoring Register Site and site NEWMAP SPMU quality watercourses will not  Probe monitoring surrounding area clearing KSME  Reduced be undertaken and primary  Avoid direct impacts constructi productivity in (i.e. habitat on fisheries, disturbance in the  Potential channel) or increases impact on fish in suspended spawning and sediments in the water bank-nesting in the rivers especially  degradation of in the spawning season spawning  Daily visual habitat monitoring of turbidity  Habitat loss, will be undertaken at fragmentation gully erosion while and works are being degradation undertaken at that river leading to  Only essential potential loss construction vehicles of specie (as approved by the  restriction of Company) will be fish movement allowed to enter rivers and reduced or streams and only reproductive with prior examination success of the vehicles for fuel/lubricant leaks  The gully erosion contractor will prepare a plan to respond to an outbreak of pollution, including clean up and remediation for outbreak and liaison with downstream users A6 Generation of  Comply with the Contractor  Contractors Compliance  Visual Construction Weekly ESO-Kogi 1,250 487,500 vegetal wastes and Waste Management to WMP observation Site and NEWMAP SPMU other cleared Plan  On-site Waste  Waste Tracking surrounding area KSME

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materials  Promote waste management techniques Report avoidance; reduction; reuse and recycling as applicable  Ensure proper handling, and disposal of wastes (especially contaminated soil, concrete, oils, grease, lubricants, metals, etc.) 6,200 2,418,000 Biological Impacts,

A7 Impact on flora  Planting of trees and Contractor  Area cleared outside the  Visual observation Construction Weekly Kogi State 1,000 390,000 and fauna re-vegetation of gully remediation Site and NEWMAP-PMU affected area. corridor. surrounding area (NRO,ESO); Federal NEWMAP  Extent of area cleared for and Other relevant installation Ministries  Number of trees planted and area extent of lawns developed A8 Impact on Wildlife  Avoid p area in project Contractor  Number and extent of  Visual Construction Weekly Kogi State 1,050 409,500 implementation protected/conserved area observation Site and NEWMAP-PMU developed surrounding area (NRO, ESO); Federal NEWMAP  Number of trees planted and Other relevant Ministries 2,050 799,500 Socio-Economic Impacts

A9  Sensitization Loss of building,  Implementation of  Kogi  RAP Prepared  Assessment by the Impacted All issues FPMU Provided in the RAP  Mobilization farmland as well measures outlined in NEWMAP  Implementations of the KOGI NEWMAP communities should be Kogi NEWMAP  Site clearing as land-based the RAP which will SPMU; requirements of the SPMU to settled SPMU (SLO, PE,  Material livelihood outline the mitigation  Kogi State resettlement instrument determine if the before FoNGO); sourcing including measures and Ministry of objectives of the the start Kogi State  Staging area economic trees compensation where Land and resettlement of civil Ministry of Land and crops works and Survey.  Workers camp eligible. Survey. instrument have been achieved. A10 Grievances and  Continuous  Social  Regular consultations  Evidence of Impacted Througho FPMU 1,150 448,500 conflict arising community Safeguard with stakeholders and consultation, e.g., communities ut project Kogi NEWMAP potentially from engagement/consultati Officers members of the minute of implemen SPMU (SLO, members of the on (SSO) – Kogi communities meetings pictures tations FoNGO) ; community asked  Establishment of NEWMAP  Implementation of GRM  Number of to vacate areas grievance redress SPMU, complaints allocated for the mechanism (GRM) to GRCs received and project receive and address resolved. concerns A11 Security issues  Engage competent Contractor  Regular meetings with  Log book Community/proj Monthly Supervision 1,150 448,500 that may lead to security personnel community heads ect site Consultant stealing of  Provide adequate Kogi NEWMAP contractor training of security SPMU; equipment personnel. mobilized to site  Disclose site security

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arrangements to the Police and host communities A12  Threat to  Involve local Contractor  Implementations of the  Log book Community/proj Monthly Kogi NEWMAP 1,200 468,000 community community and opinion Kogi NEWMAP requirements of the code  Assessment by the ect site All issues SPMU (SLO, Provide Provided in the culture due to leaders in the project SPMU of conducts and the KOGI NEWMAP regarding FoNGO); d in the RAP labour influx planning process cultural sensitization SPMU to cultural Supervision RAP  Impact on site of  Develop an induction programs determine if the heritage Consultant cultural heritage program including a  Regular meetings with objectives of the should be (Ojofu River) code of conduct for all community heads resettlement settled  Impact on workers.  RAP Prepared instrument have before the intangible  Provide cultural been achieved. start of cultural heritage sensitization training to civil improve awareness of works and sensitivity of workers to local cultures, traditions and lifestyles. (Implement the PCRMP)  Minimize the disruption as a result of the relocation and removal of sacred sites  Where possible, design or re-design Project components to avoid or minimize impacts to known physical cultural heritage resources based on input from cultural heritage specialists.  Avoidance of shrines determined to be very important to the local community.  If shrines considered important to the local community cannot be avoided, consultation with the local community will occur to offer compensation for the loss of the cultural resource or to inquire about the possibility of relocating the resource.  Sensitize all workers on the restriction around Shrine  educational, awareness- raising and information programmes, aimed at the general public, in particular construction workers from other

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communities  identify and define the various elements of this intangible cultural heritage with the participation of communities and relevant non- governmental organizations.  consultation with chief priest and community elders on the required compensation;  adopt a general policy of respect aimed at promoting the function of these intangible cultural heritages and at integrating the safeguarding of such heritage into project planning programmes.  The impact on cultural will be further examined through the RAP study A13 Exposure of  Implement site specific Contractor  Contractors Compliance  Routine Construction Weekly ESO-KOGI 1,150 448,500 workers to OHS Plan: to Occupation safety and Inspection Site/ Campsite/ NEWMAP SPMU occupational  Ensure that staging areas Health (OSH)/Health  HSE Reports Staging areas/ KSME hazards for contractor equipment Safety and Environment borrow pit areas Supervision are adequately delineated (HSE) Plan Consultant and cordoned off with  Compliance to use of reflective tapes and PPEs barriers  HSE Statistics (FAC,  Any uncovered work pits LTI, etc.) should have appropriate  No of workers trained signage and protection around them  Workers should get a daily induction/toolbox before going on the site and a refresher of what happened on site a day before  Adequate safety signage on construction sites should be installed to alert community/drivers/pedes trians.  Lighting and/or reflective tapes and signages integrated in all worksites for safety at night

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 appropriate security measures in place to prevent harassment or kidnapping (see OHS plan). A14 Conflict arising Employment of local labour Contractor  No. of local labour used  Log book Construction Weekly Kogi NEWMAP 1,100 429,000 from the poor should be maximized by Site during SPMU (SLO, employment/engag ensuring the submission of Pre- FoNGO) ement of local statement of intent to Construct labour for site employ local labour as a ion clearing condition in the procurement document for the contractor. 5,750 2,242,500

Public Health Impacts

A15 Risk of diseases  Develop a site specific Contractor  Workers Using PPE  Routine Project site Daily ESO-KOGI 375 146,250 arising from HSE plan  HSE Statistics (FAC, Inspection during NEWMAP SPMU indiscriminate  Comply with the waste LTI, etc.)  HSE Reports Pre- and SSO waste disposal management plan Construct KSME ion A16  Sensitisation Risk of Contacting  Strictly comply with Kogi NEWMAP, Strictly comply with Social  Number of nose Location of At all- Kogi NEWMAP 375 146,250  Mobilisation Covid-19 social distances, Contractors and distancing observed cover used activity time the  Site clearing  Mandatory use of nose Consultants  Quantity of water activity cover Nose cover used by all and soap used. will take  Handwash and participants place sanitisation before and after activity  Handwash and sanitisation before and after activity are observed 750 292,500

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6.1.6 Environmental, Ecological, Socio-Economic, Public Health and Covid-19 Impacts Mitigation and Monitoring Plan during the Construction Phase

Table 6.2 shows the ESMP for Environmental, Ecological, Socio-Economic, Public Health and Covid-19 Impacts Mitigation and Monitoring Plan during the Construction Phase. The Mitigation / Enhancement Measures and Mitigation responsibility (Implementation) where identified. The Monitoring indicators, Method of measurement, Frequency of measuring, Monitoring responsibility and the Cost of monitoring are properly documented.

Table 6.2: Environmental and Social Mitigation and Monitoring Plan during the Construction Phase S/N Activity Potential Impacts Mitigation/Enhance Responsibility Indicators/ Method of Sampling Frequency of Responsibility Cost of Monitoring ment Measures (Implementation) Parameters Measurement Location Monitoring (Supervision) (USD$/NGN)

(USD$) NGN

Environmental Impacts B1  Earthworks Noise and See A1 See A1 See A1 See A1 See A1 See A1 See A1 1,050 409,500 including vibration from the excavation use of motorized and grading vehicles and  Provision of equipment lateritic sub- base and base course (150mm)  Side Drains  Culvert works B2  Utilization of Drainage Channel  Heavy duty Contractor  Distance of  Visual Construction Every day, ESO-KOGI 1,250 487,500 borrow pits Failure machinery and heavy-duty observation Site during the NEWMAP for gully filling material machines construction SPMU Engineer reclamation should be about from the phase – KOGI 30m away from channel NEWMAP the channel; during civil SPMU  Vibration works State Ministry of induced Works machines should  Overhead be avoided; position of  Lower the excavator overhand before with boom using excavator of at least 25 with a boom of at meters. least 25 meters.  Vibration level of machinery

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during civil works.

B3 Ambient air See A2 See A2  Suspended See A2 See A2 See A2 See A2 1,150 448,500 pollution from Particulates release of dusts Matter and gaseous (SPM), SO2, emissions during NOx, CO, construction THC  Vehicle Exhaust Measurement s  Records of maintenance for all machineries and equipment B4 Increased Siltation  Desilting of Contractor Surface In-Situ Discharge During ESO-KOGI 1,000 390,000 and drainage channel Water Measurements point, construction NEWMAP runoff/flooding  Enlighten the Quality (pH, midstream and SPMU, populace on TDS, TSS, downstream Engineer, proper disposal of BOD, COD, KSME domestic waste Turbidity)  Enhance proper handling and disposal of wastes (especially contaminated soil or water, concrete, demolition materials, oils, grease, lubricants, metals, etc.)  Construct temporary drainage channels with sedimentation traps and/or screens  Install sediment silt fences or other similar

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devices at strategic locations to prevent run-offs of sediment/silt to surface water Ojofu River) B5 Topographic  Construction Contractor  Height of Routine Construction During ESO-Kogi 1,200 468,000 alterations and works should be bank Inspection Site construction NEWMAP Slope instability done according stabilization SPMU Engineer arising from to local relief to the local – KOGI excavation to and hydrology; relief NEWMAP construct  Old drainage SPMU drainages systems should  Depth and State Ministry of be maintained area extent Works and new ones of prioritized; excavation.  Ensure that engineering  Number and designs are area extent designed with of cut and respect to local fill topography.  Excavation /  Terraced scooping should areas be top down and (extent) no down or base cutting with huge rock hanging B6 Loss of soil quality See A4 See A4 See A4 See A4 See A4 See A4 See A4 1,000 390,000 from de-vegetation and erosion B7 Generation of See A6 See A6 See A6 See A6 See A6 See A6 See A6 1,050 409,500 spoils and other construction wastes 7,700 3,003,000 Biological Impacts B8 Impact on flora See A7 See A7 See A7 See A7 See A7 See A7 See A7 950 370,500 and fauna

B9 Impact on Wildlife See A8 See A8 See A8 See A8 See A8 See A8 See A8 1,000 390,000 1,950 760,500 Socio-Economic Impacts B10  Earthworks  Risk of diseases See A15 See A15 See A15 See A15 See A15 See A15 See A15 1,150 448,500

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including arising from excavation indiscriminate and grading waste disposal B11  Side Drains  GBV/SEA risks  Commitment / Contractor,  No of Routine P During Supervision 1,000 390,000  Culvert  Intimate Partner policy to cooperate ESO-Kogi workers Inspection r Construction Consultant works Violence (IPV) with law NEWMAP sensitized. i Kogi  Utilization of  Public enforcement SPMU, SSO,  Code of o NEWMAP borrow pits harassment agencies GRC, conduct r SPMU  Harmful investigating Procurement developed i ESO, SLO, widowhood perpetrators of KOGI for workers t FoNGO -Kogi practices and gender-based NEWMAP  Code of y NEWMAP women and violence; SPMU conduct SPMU child trafficking  Ensure a copy of signed by S Police the code of Contractor i conduct is and t presented to all workers e workers and  Level of signed by each awareness worker. of workers  Ensure workers are to local trained on the cultures content of the code  Awareness of conduct in of English and local grievance language  procedures.  Provide cultural  No of local sensitisation workers training to improve  Presence of awareness of and security sensitivity of personnel workers to local cultures, traditions and lifestyles.  Prohibit child and forced labour.  Establish and implement the GBV-GRM.  Engage competent security personnel  Developing a clear NEWMAP specific internal “Reporting and Response Protocol" to guide relevant stakeholders in

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case of GBV/SEA incidents,  Strengthening operational processes of NEWMAP states project area on GBV/SEA,  Identifying development partners and cultivating pragmatic partnership on GBV/SEA prevention measures and referral services,  Providing financial support implementation of the GBV/SEA actions described herein, including training and awareness building for various stakeholders,  Establishing inter- ministerial committee to advance GBV/SEA actions described above. B12 Conflict arising See A15 See A15 See A15 See A15 See A15 See A15 Supervision 1,050 409,500 from the poor Consultant employment/engag See A15 ement of local Kogi SPMU – labour for SLO, FoNGO construction activities B13 Traffic congestion Implement site Contractor in  Contractors  Routine Priority Site During ESO-Kogi 1,000 390,000 and increased risk specific Transport conjunction with Compliance Inspection Construction NEWMAP of road traffic Management Plan FRSC  Workers SPMU accidents and (TMP) and OHS Using Federal Road injury Plan Personal Safety Protective Commission Equipment-

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Health Safety and Environment (PPE-HSE) Statistics/ Incident/acci dent report B14 Damage to shrines See B12 See B12  See B12  See B12 Project site and During Supervision 700 273,000 and cultural sites its surrounding Construction Consultant, ESO-Kogi NEWMAP SPMU, SSO, Kogi State Ministry of Arts and Culture

B15 Damage to and  Employ utility Contractor  Notify  Notification Construction During ESO-Kogi 1,000 390,000 disruption of survey maps to Utility Register area excavation NEWMAP services of identify existing Service  Visual SPMU existing public underground Providers Observation Engineer, KOGI utility cables and facilities before NEWMAP pipes excavation works SPMU to prevent / PC, KOGI minimize damages NEWMAP and disruption of SPMU services  Shut down service if necessary, should be as temporal as possible  Any disruption will be discussed with utility operators and the community beforehand. B16 Interference from  Engage members SSO and ESO-  Regular  Log book Community/pro Monthly Kogi NEWMAP 800 312,000 local community of communities in Kogi NEWMAP meetings ject site SPMU (SLO, causing stakeholder SPMU with FoNGO); disruptions to consultation Contractor community work throughout the heads Lifecyle of the project  Involve local community and opinion leaders in

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planning process  To minimize the number of foreign workers being brought to the site, the contractor will be required to hire skilled/unskilled labour from local people if they wish to be hired. B17 Impacts on water  A12 A12  A12  A12 A12 A12 A12 700 273,000 supply /water quality

B18 Risk of flooding  Desilting of Contractor  Record  Log book Construction During Supervision 850 331,000 drainage channels keeping Site Construction Consultant,  Enlighten the ESO, PE -Kogi populace on NEWMAP proper disposal of SPMU, SSO, domestic waste Kogi State  Enhance proper Ministry of Arts handling and and Culture disposal of wastes (especially contaminated soil or water, concrete, demolition materials, oils, grease, lubricants, metals, etc.) B19 Impact on  Provide  Record  Log book Construction During Supervision 1,000 390,000 accessibility to alternative keeping Site Construction Consultant, ESO public route/access to SLO, FoNGO) - establishment public and private Kogi NEWMAP (Primary school establishments SPMU, SSO, and Primary  The Contractor Kogi State Health Centre) should liaise with Ministry of Arts the state and Culture transportation and traffic maintenance

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agency as well as federal government agencies such as the Federal Road Safety Commission (FRSC) throughout the construction phase to ensure that traffic safety is maintained and ensured during the period. This becomes paramount as the project site is traversed by a major road (Dekina road, Ojofo road, Agala-Ogane road, Agala road and Ojofu road). The prevalence of motorcycles as the means of transport in the community must be taken into consideration in the design of traffic management system B20 Impact on school  Suppress dust  Record  Log book Construction During Supervision 1,000 390,000 activities emissions by keeping Site Construction Consultant, appropriate ESO-Kogi methods such as NEWMAP spraying water on SPMU, SSO, soil Kogi State  Ensure vehicles Ministry of Arts are in good and Culture working condition  Fit machineries and heavy-duty equipment with

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exhaust mufflers/silencers to minimize noise generation  Avoid unnecessary idling of internal combustion engines 10,250 3,997,500

Public Health Impacts

B21 Risks of diseases  Develop a site Contractor  Contractors  Routine Construction During Site 1,050 409,500 such as specific HSE plan Compliance Inspection Site Construction Engineer/Kogi HIV/AIDS, STDs  HIV/AIDS and  Workers  HSE Reports State STD awareness Using PPE  Record of NEWMAP; programme  HSE awareness and Kogi State should be Statistics theme carried Ministry of prioritized; (First Aid out Environment;  Other activities Case (FAC), Kogi State should include Loss Time Ministry of treating any Injury (LTI), Health; sexually etc) transmitted diseases, distributing condoms, and providing counselling, screening, and support services for employees;  Medical examinations on general health issues should be performed on new employees and repeated regularly throughout the term of employment;  Workers should be prohibited from patronizing prostitutes and the use of alcohol and

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drugs. B22 Community Health Implement a site Contractor  Contractors  Routine Construction During Supervision 700 273,000 & Safety risks specific HSE plan Compliance Inspection Site Construction Consultant  Workers  HSE Kogi NEWMAP Using PPE Reports SPMU (ESO);  HSE Kogi State Statistics Ministry of (FAC, LTI, Environment etc) B23 Safety risks  Develop and Contractor  Contractors  Routine Borrow pit Site During ESO-Kogi 650 253,500 associated with Implement a Compliance Inspection Construction NEWMAP falls in poorly borrow pit to borrow pit  HSE Reports SPMU KSME managed borrow management management pits and reclamation plan plan.  Workers  Adequate PPEs Using PPE must be  Report of provided and unreclaim used by workers borrow pits  All borrow pits from must be completion reclaimed audit report  Any uncovered work pits should have appropriate signage and protection around them B24 The potential risk  Adequate PPEs Contractor  Workers  Routine Rehabilitated During Supervision 850 331,500 of drowning (life jackets, Using PPE Inspection gully site Construction Consultant buoyancy aid and  HSE Reports ESO-Kogi surf helmets) NEWMAP must be provided SPMU KSME and used by workers  All river should have appropriate signage and protection around them  Design and erect fences or barrier gate around the walking paths  Install warning signs and install lighting system

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around the project sites.  Develop a site specific HSE drowning plan B25 Uncontrolled sale  The HSE officer Contractor  HSE  Routine Construction During Kogi NEWMAP 700 273,000 of food and other will ensure that Statistics Inspection Site Construction SPMU (ESO, items to workers only approved (FAC, LTI,  HSE FoNGO); Kogi on the site vendors are etc) Reports State Ministry of allowed to sell Environment food. Ministry of  Access to the site Health should be restricted to avoid sale of contraband on site  Implement a site specific HSE plan (section 12- Welfare) B26 Water-borne  Good sanitation Contractor  HSE  Routine Construction During Kogi NEWMAP 650 253,500 diseases including hygienic Statistics Inspection Site Construction SPMU; Kogi water supply and (FAC,  HSE Reports State Ministry of proper waste LTI, etc) Environment disposal at its Ministry of operation and Health residential accommodations during the phase of the project. B27 Increased  Government Contractor  HSE  Routine Construction During Kogi NEWMAP 500 270,500 mosquito vector programmes to Statistics Inspection Site Construction SPMU(ESO, breeding sites improve existing (FAC, LTI,  HSE Reports FoNGO); Kogi medical and etc) State Ministry of health services in Environment the local Ministry of communities Health should be supported as much as possible. This should include Mosquito control programmes such as the distribution of insecticide treated nets to affected community

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members. B28 Risk of Contacting  Strictly comply Kogi NEWMAP, Strictly comply  Number of Location of Everyday Kogi NEWMAP 450 100,000 Covid-19 with social Contractors and with Social nose cover activity construction distances, Consultants distancing used work will take  Mandatory use observed  Quantity of place of nose cover water and soap  Handwash and Nose cover used. sanitisation before used by all and after activity participants

 Handwash and sanitisation before and after activity are observed Total 5,550 2,164,500

6.1.7: Environmental, Ecological, Socio-Economic, Public Health and Covid-19 Impacts Mitigation and Monitoring Plan during the Post – Construction/Operation Phase Table 6.2 shows the ESMP for Environmental, Ecological, Socio-Economic, Public Health and Covid-19 Impacts Mitigation and Monitoring Plan during the Pre-Construction Phase. The Mitigation / Enhancement Measures and Mitigation responsibility (Implementation) are identified. The Monitoring indicators, Method of measurement, Frequency of measuring, Monitoring responsibility and the Cost of monitoring are properly documented. Table 6.3: Environmental and Social Mitigation and Monitoring Plan during the Post – Construction/Operation Phase S/N Activity Potential Impacts Mitigation/ Responsibility Indicators/ Method of Sampling Frequency of Responsibility Cost of Monitoring Enhancement (Implementation) Parameters Measurement Location Monitoring (Supervision) Measures (USD$) NGN

C1  Maintenance and Increased air pollution See A2 See A2 See A2 See A2 See A2 See A2 950 370,500 Repairs level / dust due to  Scheduled and increased vehicular unscheduled integrity traffic after the checks for rehabilitated gully area rehabilitated gully area and maintenance and replacement of wearing/faulty/damag

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C2 ed components Soil contamination See A3 See A3 See A3 See A3 See A3 See A3 800 312,000  repairs of cracks and from accidental potholes leakage/spillage of  Cleaning of drains fuel, oil and lubricants where and when during rehabilitated necessary gully area maintenance  Cleaning and vegetation control along the shoulders  Borrow pit reclamation C3 Contamination of  Implement the Contractor  In-Situ / Laboratory Discharge Monthly Kogi NEWMAP 600 234,000 surface water as a Waste Measurements point, SPMU; result of waste Management Plan midstream & dumping in and around (WMP) downstream the river during  Promote waste maintenance avoidance; reduction; reuse and recycling as applicable 2,350 916,500

Socio-Economic Impacts

C4  Maintenance and Exacerbation of the  Conduct Contractor Routine inspection Project area Daily Supervision 800 312,000 Repairs risk of transmission of sensitization and Consultant,  scheduled and HIV/AIDS and other awareness HSE officer Ministry of Health, unscheduled integrity STIs due to potential campaigns Kogi NEWMAP checks for bridges and labour influx  Supply health SPMU (PE, ESO); culverts check equipment  maintenance and  Ensure replacement of compliance to wearing/faulty/damag workers‟ Code of ed components conduct as stated  repairs of cracks and C5 potholes Risks of occupational  Implement the Contractor Routine Inspection Road and Monthly Supervision 750 292,500  Cleaning of drains and social accidents site specific HSE drainage Consultant where and when and injuries in using plan Ministry of Work, necessary the rehabilitated gully  Build concrete or Kogi NEWMAP  Cleaning and area steel barriers to SPMU vegetation control protect along the shoulders pedestrians  Borrow pit reclamation C6 Safety risks from See B17 See B17 See B17 See B17 See B17 See B17 650 253,500 abandoned borrow pits after construction C7 Traffic congestion and Ensure free flow of Contractor See B13 See B13 See B13 See B13 800 312,000 increased risk of road traffic and traffic traffic accidents and officials are injuries due to increase strategically in traffic after gully positioned at specific area rehabilitation junctions to provide safety guidelines and ensure free flow of traffic within the project area.

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C8 Rehabilitated gully Develop plan for Contractor Visual inspection Project area Daily Kogi NEWMAP 700 273,000 area damage from use regular maintenance SPMU; of rehabilitated gully area C9 Sand Mining in  Ensure sand Contractor 1. Number of truck load Project area Weekly Kogi State 700 273,000 rehabilitated channel mining is not of sand evacuated from NEWMAP; Kogi done in the the channel. State Ministry of rehabilitated Environment channel

C10  Contamination of  Implement the Contractor Visual Observation Project area Weekly Kogi NEWMAP 750 292,500 surface water as a Waste Management Waste Tracking Report SPMU; result of waste Plan (WMP) dumping in and  Promote waste around the avoidance, stream/river reduction; reuse  Waste dumping and recycling as impact on the life applicable span of the  Ensure proper rehabilitated area by handling, and blocking access to disposal of the waterflow. various types of solid municipal and household wastes  Fence off river/stream banks around bridge 5,150 2,008,500 Public Health Impacts C11 Community Health  Ensure water Contractor In situ Project site and Quarterly, ESO, Kogi State 450 251,000 and Safety pollution free its surrounding throughout the Relevant environment. operation phase Ministries:  Use of PPEs of the project Environment,  Health and Safety Transport, talk Works and Infrastructure B28 Risk of Contacting  Strictly comply Kogi NEWMAP,  Number of nose Location of Everyday Kogi NEWMAP 450 100,000 Covid-19 with social Contractors and cover used activity construction ESO, FoNGO distances, Consultants Quantity of water and work will take  Mandatory use soap used. place of nose cover  Handwash and sanitisation before and after activity 900 351,000

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6.2 Occupational Health and Safety/Community Health and Safety Management Plan 6.2.1 Occupational Health and Safety During construction and operation health and safety concerns are very vital. For this project, the key reference document is the World Bank Group‟s Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines (April 2007) and the essential industry safety guidelines that are extended to project community‟s safety. This is available online at www.ifc.org/ehsguidelines. It will also comply with the National and State‟s safety regulations and requirements. A comprehensive worker intensive and site specific OHS plan is expected to be provided as part of the Contractor‟s ESMP (CESMP). As expected of the ESMP, health and safety measures incorporate all aspects of the project construction and operation including ancillary activities. The plan will address issues such as:  The proper provision and use of personnel protective equipment (PPE) such as safety boots, respirators, eye protection, hearing protection, gloves, and hardhats;  Analysis of risks associated with job activities in order to develop standard requirements for PPE on a job-specific and station-specific basis;  Provision of training on the proper use of PPE and penalties for the improper use of PPE;  Training on the proper and safe use of all equipment in workshops, garages, the plantation, nurseries, and mills;  Physical barriers so that unauthorized personnel are not admitted to areas where dangerous equipment is in use;  Training related to job-specific risks and activities, including:  Electrical installations (e.g. electric shock on direct contact with conductors and indirect contact with masses powered up, burns, fire and explosion);  Mechanical equipment (e.g. tool blasting or matter risk, crushing of fingers, wounds, equipment shock);  Lifting devices (e.g. crushing risk, injury caused by appurtenances, falling, collision); machinery and vehicles (e.g. risk of accident on contact with other materials, collision with or knocking down of persons, obstacle shock, fall by the operator, collision with a vehicle or machine);  Hand tools, electric or other welding equipment (e.g. risk of injury, electrocution, poisoning, dazzle);  Workshops and garages (e.g. risk of mechanical injury, shock and collision with machines);  Sterilizers and boilers (e.g. risk of burns due to heat and steam from furnace, explosion risk); and  Power plant, processing lines and workshops (e.g. noise-related risks, electrocution risk) provision of properly trained and equipped first aid personnel including a well-

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stocked pharmacy, a treatment room with beds, and an ambulance for any worksite injuries. 6.2.2 Community Health and Safety Management Plan Issues and potential impacts regarding community health are addressed by the Community Health and Safety Plan. This is because human populations within the residential Ogana-Aji community as well as those traversing the community to other parts of Kogi State are related to the health and safety issues requiring mitigation. Thus, the respective mitigation measures include:  Construction activities can draw significant numbers of unmarried (single) men and others attracted by the opportunity to provide goods and services to construction workers and project beneficiaries with disposable income. Some of these activities such as alcohol, drugs, and sex trade can lead to increased crime and diseases, including HIV/AIDS, thus the project contractor is expected to recruit most of the construction workers from the immediate area to minimize the number of single men migrating for work;  Project contractor shall ensure that adequate training and enforcement of code of conduct to curtail workers‟ participation in sensitive activities such as sex trade, drugs and alcoholism;  The project contractor is expected to conduct sensitization across the frontiers of Ogana-Aji community with the clans and villages therein regarding the potential impact of the project and the workers‟ code of conduct;  The project contractor shall conduct community training and awareness programmes to ensure that the local population understands the risks of participating in risky economic activities for short-term economic gain; and  The project contractor will work closely with Kogi State Ministry of Health promote sensitization campaigns to help the local population avoid risky activities; and to monitor the incidence of diseases and other health measures that has indicated a need for further intervention to protect community health and safety as connected to the proposed intervention project in Ogana-Aji community.

6.3 Worker’s Training and Orientation Plans on COVID-19 The details of the workers training plans for the consideration of the COVID-19 pandemic is expected to take a spectrum steps including COVID-19 awareness training, precautionary steps, curtailing exposure to the virus, managing access and spread, daily routine activities, and personal care. A comprehensive details of the steps, actions and possible case management of the pandemic are supplied in the following web portals,  World Health Organisation - WHO https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel- coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public  United States Centre for Disease Control https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019- nCoV/index.html  Nigeria Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) https://covid19.ncdc.gov.ng/report/

6.3.1 Workers Training and Precautions

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 Train all staff and workers in the signs and symptoms of COVID-19, how it is spread, how to protect themselves and the need to be tested if they have symptoms. Allow questions and answers to dispel any myths.  Use existing grievance procedures to encourage reporting of co-workers if they show outward symptoms, such as ongoing and severe coughing with fever, and do not voluntarily submit to testing  Supply face masks and other relevant PPE to all project workers at the entrance to the project site. Any persons with signs of respiratory illness that is not accompanied by fever should be mandated to wear a face mask  Provide hand-wash facilities, hand soap, alcohol-based hand sanitizer and mandate their use on entry and exit of the project site and during breaks, via the use of simple signs with images in local languages  Train all workers in respiratory hygiene, cough etiquette and hand hygiene using demonstrations and participatory methods  Train cleaning staff in effective cleaning procedures and disposal of rubbish

6.3.2 Minimize Chance of Exposure  Any worker showing symptoms of respiratory illness (fever + cold or cough) and has potentially been exposed to COVID-19 should be immediately removed from the site and tested for the virus at the nearest local hospital.  Close co-workers and those sharing accommodations with such a worker should also be removed from the site, isolated and tested for to ascertain their COVID-19 status.  Project management must liaise with Kogi State COVID-19 Task Force on testing facilities for modalities on testing and proper case and contagion management.  Persons under investigation for COVID-19 should not return to work at the project site until cleared by test results.  If a worker is found to have COVID-19, wages should continue to be paid during the worker‟s convalescence (whether at home or in a hospital).  If project workers live at home, any worker with a family member who has a confirmed or suspected case of COVID-19 should be quarantined from the project site for 14 days.

6.3.3 Managing Access and Spread  Should a case of COVID-19 be confirmed in a worker on the project site, visitors should be restricted from the site and worker groups should be isolated from each other as much as possible;

6.3.4 Daily Routine Management for Workers  Consider ways to minimize/control movement in and out of construction areas/site.  If workers are accommodated on site require them to minimize contact with people outside the construction area/site or prohibit them from leaving the area/site for the duration of their contract  Implement procedures to confirm workers are fit for work before they start work, paying special to workers with underlying health issues or who may be otherwise at

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risk.  Check and record temperatures of workers and other people entering the construction area/site or require self-reporting prior to or on entering.  Provide daily briefings to workers prior to commencing work, focusing on COVID-19 specific considerations including cough etiquette, hand hygiene and distancing measures.  Require workers to self-monitor for possible symptoms (fever, cough) and to report to their supervisor if they have symptoms or are feeling unwell.  Prevent a worker from an affected area or who has been in contact with an infected person from entering the construction area/site for 14 days.  Preventing a sick worker from entering the construction area/site, referring them to local health facilities if necessary or requiring them to isolate at home for 14 days.

6.3.5 Personal Care 1. Hand hygiene and hand-washing practices:  If hands are not visibly dirty, the preferred method is to perform hand hygiene with an alcohol-based hand rub (hand sanitizer) for 20−30 seconds using the appropriate technique. When hands are visibly dirty, they should be washed with soap and water for 40−60 seconds using the appropriate technique.  Functional hand hygiene facilities should be present for all workers at vantage points around the construction areas. A corresponding mobile hand-washing facilities with secured wastewater collector. In addition, functional hand hygiene facilities should be available for all visitors, site assessors and others.

2. Social distancing:  Workers should stay at least 6 feet (about 2 arms‟ length) from other workers, visitors and others on and off work site.  Social distancing should be practiced in combination with other daily preventive actions to reduce the spread of COVID-19, including wearing masks, avoiding touching your face with unwashed hands, and frequently washing your hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds.

6.4 Institutional Arrangements, Responsibilities and Accountabilities The roles and responsibilities of the executor of the project and adequate institutional arrangements are vital to the efficient execution of the environmental and social safeguard measures outlined in this ESMP. Thus, details of the institutional arrangements and the roles and responsibilities of the diverse institutions in the implementation of the ESMP are discussed below.

6.4.1 Pre-Construction Phase 6.4.1.1 Key Agencies The main agencies saddled with major roles in the implementation of the ESMP during the pre-construction phase are: The Federal NEWMAP-PMU;  The Kogi State NEWMAP-PMU;

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 Kogi State Ministries, Departments and Agencies (Health, Environment, Information, Land, Finance, Physical Planning and Urban Development, and Agriculture);

6.4.1.2 Role of the Involved Agencies The key duty for monitoring the ESMP lies with the Supervising Engineer and the Ministries of Health and Environment while the implementation of and reporting on the ESMP lies with the Contractor. At the initial stage, ground works and preparatory meetings and consultations were being conducted with the Ogane Aji Gully Site Monitoring Committee, Community Based Organizations (CBOs) as well as members of the concerned communities in the area. The contractor will liaise with the Kogi State NEWMAP-PMU on issues raised in order to reach a balance before responding to the issues. This will enable the project to meet the World Bank environmental and social safeguard polices. These concerns should be communicated to the crucial Kogi State Ministries and their respective departments and agencies (MDAs) for prompt action on issues raised.

6.4.1.3 Reporting and Follow-Up The Ogane Aji Gully Site Committee through its Secretary will forward the details of the meetings held to the Kogi State NEWMAP-PMU. This is to enhance a feedback, reporting and follow-up mechanisms for the issues raised and the respective means for their implementations. All issues raised should be forwarded together with the contributions of the Kogi State NEWMAP, which is expected to have reviewed the comments within the scope of the project and their suitability to World Bank needs. The Contractor must ensure that the observations comments and notes are implemented strictly as agreed and the feedback relayed to the Kogi State NEWMAP- PMU. This process should continue through a chain of reporting-feedback, follow-up and response mechanism until the pre-construction phase is completed.

6.4.2 Construction Phase 6.4.2.1 Major Actors / Key Agencies during Construction Phase The major actors / Agencies saddled with roles in the implementation of the ESMP during construction works are:  The Engineering supervising firm;  The Contractor;  Kogi State NEWMAP-PMU;  The Federal NEWMAP-PMU;  Kogi State Ministries, Departments and Agencies (Works and Infrastructure, Health, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry);  Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv), NESREA; and  World Bank (will provide guidance during support and supervision missions).

In addition to the key agencies, the Kogi State Government through the MDAs also have a role in general oversight of ESMP implementation.

6.4.2.2 Role of Concerned Agencies The key responsibility for monitoring and reporting on the implementation of this ESMP lies with the site Engineer and the Contractors. Through its Environmental and Social Specialist (ESS) the Contractor will be responsible for regular supervision and reporting on the ESMP implementation. The Engineer and ESS will have access to a team of experts in different fields (water, soil, social consultant etc.) in order to ensure sufficient capacity to oversee implementation of ESMP.

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The implementation of the ESMP will be managed by the Kogi State NEWMAP- PMU through the Environment Officers and (EO) who will be primarily responsible for the daily inspection and monitoring of the ESMP implementation. The Kogi State Ministries of Works and Infrastructure, Health, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry have a responsibility to monitor the ESMP implementation using the fundamentals of the internal mechanisms and policies as established by laws guiding their operations. However, these institutions may conduct site visits with representatives of the Federal NEWMAP-PMU. Also, the reports of the findings should be forwarded to the World Bank.

The Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv) and NESREA should also send Environment Officers and officials monitoring the ESMP project under the Federal NEWMAP approved projects to observe the level of implementation of the provisions of the ESMP compliance. At the local level, the Kogi State Ministry of Environment should also visit to the project site regularly to observe and monitor the level of compliance to the provisions of the ESMP.

6.4.2.3 Reporting and Follow-Up Follow-up process is duty-based. The Environmental and Social Specialists (ESS) of the Supervising Firm will prepare, document and report incidents monthly. These reports would be submitted to the Kogi State NEWMAP project coordinator for comments, observations, and recommendations. Afterward, the Kogi State NEWMAP-PMU should send feedback to the Supervising Firm through the firms Environmental Officer or directly when urgent act is required. In fact, checking and reporting on the implementation of follow-up action will also be part of the duties of the ESS.

The Contractor and Supervising Consultant / Firm should submit monthly reports on the implementation of the ESMP to the Kogi State NEWMAP-PMU. The ESS officers who will advise the project management unit should vet this report. In case of any discrepancy on environmental issues, the project coordinator should convene a Project Environmental Management (PEM) meeting to discuss the way forward.

6.4.3 Operational and Maintenance Phase It should be stated that mitigation and monitoring activities are not the sole responsibility of the Kogi State NEWMAP or the Federal NEWMAP during the operational phase. Rather, the Kogi State NEWMAP and the Federal NEMWAP as the managing entity of the rehabilitated Ogane Aji Gully site also has the responsibility to consider these measures, and to bring them to the attention of other government agencies, especially the state Ministry of Environment any relevant MDAs for proper action.

6.4.3.1 Key Agencies At the operational phase, the main institutions which Kogi State NEWMAP will collaborate with include:  The Ministries of Environment;  The Ministry of Health;  The Ministry Forestry;  The Ministry Transport;  The Ministry Works and Infrastructure; and

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 The Police.

Also, at the operational phase the Local government administrative council should have a role in the general oversight functions of the ESMP implementation and in ESMP up-dating during the operational phase.

6.4.3.2 Major Actors / Key Agencies During Operational and Maintenance Phase The duties of the institutions that have roles to perform in the process of the operation of the Ogane Aji Gully monitoring are stated as follows.  The Monitoring and Supervision Unit of the Kogi State Ministry of Health as well as that of Environment should conduct regular visits to the site to check and confirm that the gully site is managed and maintained. Monitoring activities should be conducted within the legal and administrative capacities of the Ministry of Health and Environment through their respective departments and agencies.  The Kogi State Department of Forestry should conduct regular inspections on compliance with afforestation plans, which should be in accordance with international standards.  The Ministry of Transport should check the nature of vehicular traffic and road transportation pattern in the area with respect to transportation safety and vehicular controls.  The Ministry of Works and Infrastructure should conduct normal checks on the nature of infrastructure provided within the duration of the project and the period of assessment.  The Police should ensure that crime and criminal activities are reduced to the barest minimum in order to avoid wrong attachment of such events to the proposed project activities.

6.4.3.3 Institutional and Implementation Actions for the ESMP at the Local Level At this level, the NEWMAP ESMF vests the overall implementation of the ESMP on the Site Monitoring Committee. The Ogane Aji Gully Site Monitoring Committee has already been constituted by the Kogi State NEWMAP and so the committee forms a critical mass source of information and community liaison during the field activities for the preparation of this ESMP. The committee comprises several sub-committees including the women wing and environmental sub-committee.

Crucially, considering the disperse background of the committee members and the need for adequate knowledge on the environmental procedure of the project, the committee and sub-committee members would need further capacity building on environmental and social issues on the implementation of the ESMP at all the stages of the implementation. Consequently, capacity strengthening and sensitization of the Ogane Aji Gully Site Monitoring Committee and the Environmental sub-committee members is recommended because they are critical to the successful implementation of this ESMP. The content of the training should include but not limit to (i) Role of community during construction and post contraction (ii) Sustainable practice to ensure gully stabilization and, (iii) Implementation of the ESMP at the local level.

6.5 Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) The World Bank approach to GRM will apply; alternative conflict resolution and problem-solving mechanism abound at local levels. According to the NEWMAP, in November 2017, 4 levels of grievance resolution mechanism have been established; summary of which have been highlighted below:

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Step 1: Assessment of Risks and Potential Grievances and Disputes; Step 2: Capacity Assessment Step 3: Action Plan Step 4: Follow-up and review

To operationalize the GRM effectively, grievances have to be classified according to their potential severity or complications. One of the most common ground for grievances is land compensation entitlement and disbursement. This is likely going to generate grievances more constantly than any other issues about the project.

More complicated matters like RAP and implementation issues that may involve private sector entities and third-party agencies are likely to require the attention of the PMU. For the GRM to be effective as an all-inclusive engagement instrument that effectively handle the grievances of women, there has to be a deliberate structuring to include Women in Grievance Redress Committee, who will easily be approached by women for the purpose of presenting their grievances.

Grievance Procedures Registration This may be less depending on the severity of the matter under consideration. The first step is the presentation of a grievance at the uptake point at any level. The social contact person will receive grievance from the complainant clarify primary information, register and acknowledge receipt of it to the grievant within two days. The registration will capture the following data: Name of the complainant, Date of the grievance, Category of the grievance, Persons involved, Impact on complainant‟s life, Proofs and witnesses. A registration form will have all these bits of information.

Verification The verification will determine among other things whether the matter has any relationship with the Project and whether the level at which it is presented can handle it. This will mean a quick referral of the case either to the next level or the traditional rulers or to the law enforcement agents. Part of investigation will also be to assess the cost of loss or risk involved in the grievance.

Processing The processing step is when options for the approach to resolving the case are weighed and determined. Parties involved in the case are brought together for a first attempt at resolution with suggestions from the parties by the social contact personnel. The social personnel at a certain level then decide where the case should go to for hearing and resolution if complainant decides to pursue the matter further. This should happen within five days from investigation.

Implementation and case closing Following from the outcome at the processing step, the social contact personnel will then refers the case to the responding authority within the level for GRM implementation. This authority may be the chairman of the GRC or the officers with direct responsibility over the nature of the case within the PMU. Putting this in writing makes the appeal process faster in case of dissatisfaction on the part of the complainant. And in the case of satisfaction, it is an instrument to compel execution of decision. The outcome of the Grievance Redress process is therefore communicated to the complainant and other concerned party. The result of the process can vary. The request of the complainant may be turned down, compensation may be recommended, or Management may simply apologise to the grievant.

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Feedback All responses to the complainant in a grievance redress process that move beyond the unit level must be communicated in writing and/or by verbal presentation to the complainant. This will include a follow up on the corresponding authority where cases are referred to ascertain the status of reported cases. Feedback on outcome of each case should get to the complainant through the social contact person at all levels.

Guiding Principles Having a grievance redress measure connotes a readiness for plain fairness. This GRM has to be based on the following universal principles that guide fairness in these matters: i. Accessibility and social inclusion: The process has to be accessible to everybody that feels aggrieved and affected by the project components in anyway regardless of their age, gender or economic status within the communities. Vulnerable groups including women, children and the physically challenged should have opportunities to present their complaints without complications. ii. Simplicity: the filing of complaints and grievances will be kept simple and the process of redress will be easy to understand by stakeholders. Suggestions complaints and queries may be presented through different accessible channels. iii. Transparency: The system will encourage feedback of any kind (negative or positive) as long as it has bearing on the project. These feedbacks will be made available to all stakeholders to put them abreast of issues that may stall or enhance the sustenance of the project. It is important that representatives of the community be involved in the redress of grievances and everybody kept informed on any progress made on them. iv. Due process and impartiality: Every grievant will have the right to be present and be heard before a duly constituted body saddled with the responsibility of hearing and managing their complaints or grievances. The system will view and analyse all issues with transparent objectivity. This will enhance responsiveness of all parties concerned and build trust. The mechanism will be independent so that it will be perceived as fair by all. v. Quick action: Response to grievance and feedbacks will be prompt and direct to the grievant or the feedback provider. Grievances will be acknowledged at the point of uptake and the ensuing decisions will be communicated within 48 hours of reaching them. vi. People: It is important that all stakeholders, including the project personnel be involved in the process of grievance redress. Grievant lodgers or feedback providers will assume full responsibility for their filings. Personnel that would be involved in grievance redress on the supply side have to possess basic communications skills. Key persons on the redress team will also need to acquire skills for mediation, conciliation and negotiation. Grievance redress policy will be sustained by the commitment of persons involved both on the demand and supply side. There is need for personnel who will be providing grievance redress services to have knowledge of the already disclosed policies guiding resettlement for NEWMAP. vii. Process: The GRM will have a predictable process that will operate in all the intervention sites and in all the components of the project. There will be specified grievance uptake points where grievances/complaints will be lodged. The time frame for a response will be known to the grievant. Investigation and deliberations on the complaint will be open and communicated promptly.

Page | 116 Ogane-Aji Gully Intervention ESMP Final Report Kogi State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (Kogi-NEWMAP) viii. Analysis: In grievance redress it is important for handlers to be clear on all the issues. A first step is an honest appraisal of whether the feedback is proactive or reactive. Facts have to be established against the interest and goal of grievant. Fact-finding is essential for meaningful and sustainable grievance/conflict redress. Grievances spring from differences in expectations, interests, knowledge or lack of it, needs and fears. Questions arise in the process that must be taken into account. Are the complainants digging in or unforgiving or are they unwilling to accept the outcomes?

The handlers of grievance redress also need to appraise the complaints against their relevance to the project and the project policies. This will have to be done with reference to the already prepared RPF, ESMF and the RAP. This requires a thorough knowledge of the various policies and guidelines of NEWMAP. Grievance handlers also need to know the category of grievance involved and treat accordingly. Grievances need to be characterised both for the sake of proper redress and for evaluation purpose.

Kogi State NEWMAP has put in place a Grievance Redress Framework (Annex 7) following the World Bank‟s approach to GRM. The framework has five levels of addressing grievances:  Level 1; Community Level of Grievance Redress,  Level 2; Local Government/ Community Grievance Redress Committee (LGRC),  Level 3; State Grievance Redress Committee (SGRC),  Level 4; National Grievance Redress Committee (NGRC) and  Level 5; is the Courts.

However, all grievances will first of all be addressed at the First Level. It will only move on to Second Level if the first level agreement was not accepted by the parties involved and then to third then to the fourth under similar situation. If a party is not satisfied with the outcomes of Levels I, 2, 3, & 4 then He/She can take the case to the Law Courts (the 5th Level).

6.6 Labour Influx, Child Labour and Gender Based Violence (GBV) 6.6.1 Labour Influx The project might face the problem of an influx of non-local labour and working conditions issues as skilled labourers might not be available in some of the project sites. The project will take concrete measures to mitigate potential labour influx- related risks such as workers‟ sexual relations with minors and resulting pregnancies, presence of sex workers in the community, the spread of HIV/AID, sexual harassment of female employees, child labour and abuse, increased school children dropout rates, inadequate resettlement practices, and fear of retaliation, failure to ensure community participation, poor labour practice, and lack of road safety. These risks require careful consideration to improve social and environmental sustainability, resilience and social cohesion. Therefore, the project will include mitigation measures such as: (a) assessing living conditions of workers‟ camps and ensuring appropriate living conditions; (b) establishing and enforcing a mandatory Code of Conduct for the company, managers and workers, and an Action Plan for implementation; (c) ensuring appropriate location for these camps; (d) taking countermeasures - indicated in the Social Management Plan - to reduce the impact of the labour influx on the public services; and, (e) devising and implementing a strategy for maximizing employment opportunities for local population, including women.

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The following guidelines lay out the principles that are key to proper assessment and management of the risks of adverse impacts on project area communities that may result from temporary NEWMAP induced labour influx.  The SPMU will have to hire, to the maximum extent, skilled and unskilled workers from affected communities in the project area. The SPMU will adopt or implement all possible measures to avoid if not minimize labour influx into the project area.  The SPMU will assess and manage labour influx risk based on appropriate instruments such as those based on risks identified in the ESIA and the Bank‟s sector- specific experience in the country.  Depending on the risk factors and their level, appropriate mitigation instruments would have to be developed; including the ESMP, Site-specific Labour Influx Management Plan and/or a Workers‟ Camp Management Plan2,  Risk factors to the SPMU that should be considered, include, o weak institutional capacity of the implementing agency; o predominant presence of contractors without strong worker management and health and safety policies; o anticipated high volumes of labour influx; o pre-existing social conflicts or tensions; o weak local law enforcement; o prevalence of gender-based violence and social norms towards it in the community (acceptance of gender-based violence); o prevalence of transactional sex; o local prevalence of child and forced labour; o existing conflict situation between communities; o absorption capacity of workers to the community (See http://pubdocs. worldbank.org/en/497851495202591233/Managing-Risk-of-Adverse-impact- from-project-labour-influx.pdf)  The SPMU will be required to incorporate social and environmental mitigation measures into the civil works contract and responsibilities for managing these adverse impacts. This will be a binding contractual obligation on the SPMU, with appropriate mechanisms for addressing non-compliance

The Supervising Consultant shall be responsible for monitoring the contractor‟s performance and adherence to the labour influx guideline and that of its Sexual Exploitation and Abuse (SEA) obligations, with a protocol put in place for immediate, timely, mandatory and confidential reporting in case of incidents to project community. This allows the SPMU to enforce the implementation of such mitigation measures, which are required to ensure the consultant‟s own compliance with Bank policy requirements. While the Bank reviews and clears project-level safeguard instruments such as the ESIA/ESMP, it is the SPMU‟s responsibility to: (i) ensure the safeguard instruments are reflected in the contractor‟s ESMP (CESMP), and (ii) ensure the project is implemented in accordance with the CESMP, safeguard instruments and other relevant contractual provisions.

6.6.2 Child Labour

2 A Labor Influx Management Plan addresses specific activities that will be undertaken to minimize the impact on the local community, including elements such as worker codes of conduct, training programs on HIV/AIDS, etc. A Workers’ Camp Management Plan addre sses specific aspects of the establishment and operation of workers’ camps.

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The project may also face the challenges of child labour and abuse, especially from contractors. This may increase school children dropout rates. The child labour specifically relates to underage workers who should be in schools acquiring knowledge and skills as well as forced labour. The project will establish and enforce a mandatory Code of Conduct for the company, managers and workers, and an Action Plan which will prevent child and forced labour at all the phases of the project. The Supervision Consultant shall be responsible for monitoring the contractor performance and adherence to the child labour obligations. The Kogi State SPMU through the Social Livelihood Officer shall ensure total compliance to the NEWMAP child labour policy of none involvement of underage workers by individual and organizations (contractors and consultants) in the implementation of the proposed intervention.

6.6.3 Gender Based Violence Nigeria has either ratified or acceded to the core international human rights treaties and is a party to the major regional human rights instrument which obliged States to respect, protect and fulfil human rights of all persons within the territory and subject to the jurisdiction of the State, without discrimination. Rape may violate several human rights obligations enshrined in the instruments ratified by Nigeria and is also a form of gender-based violence and a brutal manifestation of violence against women. As a State party to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) and the Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples‟ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa (the “Maputo Protocol”), Nigeria has made legally binding commitments to exercise due diligence to combat gender- based violence and discrimination.

6.6.4 GBV Risk Management Mechanisms A GBV workshop to be conducted to sensitize the Contractors and Supervising Consultant staff on the key principle and specific requirements to address GBV/SEA have been included in the bidding documents („pre-qualification‟ and „employers‟ requirements‟). As such specific measures to reduce and mitigate the risk of GBV/SEA in the project. Such measures will include: i) GBV/SEA assessment of project; ii) mandatory contractors‟ code of conduct on sexual harassment; iii) appointment of NGO to monitor GBV/SEA in NEWMAP-AF; iv) community and workers‟ sensitization on GBV/SEA; v) provision of referral units for survivors of GBV/SEA; vi) provisions in contracts for dedicated payments to contractors for GBV/SEA prevention activities against evidence of completion; vii) contractor and SPMU requirement to ensure a minimum target of female employment with incremental rewards of the obtainment of this target.

Overall, GBV risks in the project target areas might include Intimate Partner Violence (IPV), public harassment such as harassment, verbal insults, physical abuse, rape, harmful widowhood practices and women and child trafficking. Targeted support to women under the program could likely exacerbate these risks. Development and implementation of specific GBV risk prevention and mitigation strategies, tailored to local contexts, will be critical. Guidelines for situation analysis of GBV and safe reporting guidelines in line with international best practices will be implemented. Furthermore, all risks related to labour influx will have to be mitigated by participation of project beneficiaries/communities, and involvement of project

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contractors and contractors‟ workers and consultant employees, in identifying mitigation and implementing measures, including developing mitigation instruments such as “Labour Influx Management Plan” and “Workers Camp Site Management Plan”.

6.6.5 Stakeholder/Citizen Engagement Stakeholders‟ engagement is essential in achieving the major objectives of any project implementation and sustainable development. Participatory approaches in project planning and implementation enhance project policy, ownership and sustainability and also empower targeted beneficiaries. The objectives for stakeholders‟ engagement and sensitization include but not limited to the following; i. To create general public awareness and understanding of the project, and ensure its acceptance; ii. To develop and maintain avenues of communication between the project proponent, stakeholders and PAPs in order to ensure that their views and concerns are incorporated into the project design and implementation with the objectives of reducing, mitigating or offsetting negative impacts and enhancing benefits from the project; iii. To inform and discuss about the nature and scale of possible adverse impacts of the rehabilitation work and to identify and prioritize the mitigation measures for the impacts in a more transparent and direct manner; iv. To document the concerns raised by stakeholders and PAPs so that their views and proposals are mainstreamed to formulate mitigation and benefit enhancement measures; v. To sensitize other MDAs, local authorities, Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs) and Community Based Organizations (CBOs) about the project and solicit their views and discuss their share of responsibility for the smooth functioning of the overall project operations; and vi. Reducing conflict between stakeholders, project proponents PAPs. vii. To develop stakeholder‟s capacity in the areas sustainable project management.

In summary, it goes to spell out the role of stakeholders in the project planning, implementation and monitoring. Involving stakeholders in monitoring service delivery, revenues, budget execution, procurement, contract awards, and reform policies can increase transparency, improve efficiency of service delivery or budget execution, and reduce opportunities for corruption. Some mechanisms for stakeholders-led monitoring include public expenditure tracking surveys, social audits, or stakeholder report cards.

Additional entry points for stakeholder‟s engagement in monitoring include collaboration with local CBOs/NGOs, communities, local academia, or think-tanks in gathering results data and conducting joint evaluations of project results after project completion (including in the preparation of project Implementation Completion Reports). Capacity building will be an integral part of the stakeholder‟s engagements.

Envisaged Benefits The envisaged benefits of Stakeholders engagement and sensitization exercises include;  Provision of opportunities to foresee and/or resolve potential obstacles, constraints and conflicts;

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 Means to identify and address potential negative social and environmental impacts as envisaged by stakeholders;  Opportunities to generate social learning and innovations based on local field experiences;  Means of ensuring that project benefits are distributed equitably, and;  Strengthened working relations between stakeholders; Federal and State Governments, etc., and the World Bank.

6.7 Fundamentals of Stakeholder Engagement Approach Consultations Meaningful consultations can contribute to improved design, implementation, and sustainability of development interventions. The objectives of consultations include receiving input for improved decision-making about the design and implementation arrangements of a development program or project, to contribute to improved results and sustainability. In this context, consultations can potentially give voice to the needs of different population groups, including vulnerable and marginalized groups; improve risk management by identifying opportunities and risks from and to a project; and increase transparency, public understanding, and stakeholder involvement in development decision-making.

Consultations with key stakeholders, including project-affected people and civil society, are mandatory in development projects so as to satisfy “best practices”. Consultation methods include public hearings or meetings, focus group discussions, household surveys and interviews, electronic consultations, and advisory/expert groups. In addition, consultations can include informal structures at the local level, such as village councils and women‟s groups. Good practice approaches to consultation, including closing the feedback loop, need to be applied more systematically.

Collaboration Collaboration with stakeholders in decision-making processes and events can make decisions more responsive to stakeholder needs and improve the sustainability of program and project outcomes through increased ownership by stakeholders. Mechanisms for collaboration include stakeholder/user membership in decision- making bodies, integrity pacts, participatory planning and budgeting, and stakeholders‟ juries.

Collecting, Recording, and Reporting on Inputs from Stakeholders Stakeholder feedback can be collected periodically on the various dimensions of public services provided, such as effectiveness, inclusiveness, quality, delivery time, transaction costs, and targeting, as well as on resource utilization or engagement processes. Tools include satisfaction surveys, focus group discussions, hotlines, community scorecards, stakeholder report cards, or SMS/online feedback

However, the Kogi State NEWMAP has been implementing its Citizen/Stakeholders Engagement Plan since the inception of the Project. Major milestones in the Ogane Aji Gully intervention include: • identification of Project stakeholders; • summary of past consultation efforts from baseline study and GIS mapping; • establishment of site committee; and • formation of the site monitoring committees for Ogane Aji Gully Erosion Site

Other planned consultation efforts to prepare for construction activities include;

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• stakeholder engagement during consultancy services; • stakeholder engagement during construction; • stakeholder engagement during operations; • resources for stakeholder engagement; and • monitoring and reporting on stakeholder engagement.

6.8 Training Programmes The Kogi State NEWMAP should develop, implement, and track training programmes at PMU and community levels. Table 6.4 describes the institutional capacity strengthening plan, which should be followed at the PMU and community levels.

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Table 6.4: Institutional Capacity Strengthening Plan S/N Capacity Needs Participants Subject Resource Person Duration Cost (US $) 1 Personnel requires SPMU Training In-depth consideration Environmental 2 days 4,000 appreciation of WB‟s, PC, Environmental of the mitigation science seminar Federal/State safeguards specialist, measures proffered by specialist environmental policies Project engineer, Social the ESMP. Satellite and standards, as well as, safeguards specialist, Image interpretation of an application of these Livelihood officer and the Ogane Aji policies and standards in other environmental and watershed imagery for implementing the World engineering support staff critical assessment of Bank support for Ogane from the ministry. The changes overtime Aji Gully erosion estimated number of intervention. participants is Ten (10) persons 2 Training on GBV/SEA, Community GBV/SEA, Labour GBV/SEA 1-day 4,000 Labour Influx Issues and Ogane Aji Gully site Influx and Social specialist, Social workshop other Social Safeguards monitoring committee Livelihoods Livelihood and Livelihood Issues as members and PAPs. The Specialist. it affects Ogane Aji gully estimated number of Environmental intervention. participants is Twenty- specialist Five (25) persons. 3 NEWMAP institutional Community General environmental Environmental 1-day 6,000 arrangement as it affects Ogane Aji Gully site awareness; seminars science workshop Ogane Aji gully monitoring committee that will include specialist intervention site members and PAPs, ecological and social Contractors and their science principles, as it staff. The estimated affects the Ogane Aji number of participants is Gully site. Fifty (50) persons. Understanding Environmental Checklist for monitoring contractor‟s compliance to the mitigation measures proffered in the ESMP. Total 14,000

6.9 Implementation Schedule An implementation schedule gives a clear-cut direction on the timeline for the implementation of the stipulated mitigation measures. It is anticipated that each of the stated measures should be time-based for suitable implementation and appropriate monitoring. Table 6.5 documents the schedule for the mitigation measures with respective time lapse.

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Table 6.5: ESMP Implementation Schedule Mitigation Timeline (Monthly) S/N Mitigation measures for: 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21th 22th 23th 24th 1. Pre-construction phase i. Land Acquisition ii. Community sensitivity of the project 2. Construction phase 1. Environmental impacts 2. Biological impacts

3. Socioeconomic impacts 4. Public health

3. Operation and maintenance phase Air quality, noise and vibration, water quality, traffic & transportation, and health and safety

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6.10 ESMP Costing and Cost Analysis The cost analysis illustrated here is structured to ensure that each of the identified mitigation measures is successfully and expertly implemented. It is designed exclusively for each of the activities identified for each of the phases of the Ogane Aji Gully Rehabilitation project as shown in Tables 6.1 to 6.3. Hence, it covers the preconstruction, the construction and the operation phases monitoring of mitigation measures. In addition, the cost is designed for a global spread across the stated measures. Table 6.6 illustrates the synoptic details of the ESMP costing for the Ogane Aji Gully Rehabilitation project with estimation in U.S. Dollar.

Table 6.6: Cost Analysis of the Proposed Project ESMP Implementation S/N ESMP Activities (Monitoring) Cost Estimate ($) 1 Pre-construction Phase 14,750

2 Construction Phase Environmental Impacts 7,700 Biological Impacts 1,950 Socioeconomic Impacts 10,250 Public Health Impacts 5,500 Sub-Total 25,400

3 Operation Phase 8,400 Total for Construction Impact Mitigation Monitoring 33,800

4 Institutional Capacity Reinforcement Programme Kogi State NEWMAP including the purchase of satellite imageries. 6,000 Community 8,000 Total for Institutional Capacity 14,000

Total for Mitigation Monitoring 62,550 10% Contingency 6,255 Grand Total 68,805

6.11 ESMP Disclosures After a review and clearance by the World Bank, the ESMP will be disclosed at the FMEnv, SME and the host LGA offices as well as at the World Bank website. The purpose will be to inform stakeholders about the project activities, impacts, anticipated and proposed environmental management actions as well as to obtain the certificate of conformity from the Federal Ministry of Environment.

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CHAPTER SEVEN SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

7.1 Summary of Findings The Ogane -Aji Gully Erosion site is located in Dekina Local Government Area of Kogi State, Nigeria. The gully erosion site is currently about 1.35 km in length with its width varying from 20m to 25 m. The site has a depth ranging from 8 m to 15 m. Ogane-Aji gully has existed for about twenty-two years and it was caused mainly by unchecked poor drainage control which led to improper diversion of storm water. The gully has developed fingers which are now a threat to surrounding buildings. Also the gully has nearly cut a major road connecting Ogane-Aji and neighbouring communities. The gully sediments drain into the Ojofu River, increasing the sediment load of the river and disrupting its biological ecosystem. Ogane-Aji falls within the climatic environment experiencing rainy season between April and October with annual rainfall and temperature of 1250mm and 35oC respectively. Due to its proximity of the River Niger, the area enjoys an ample of average humidity which ranges between 55% and 85% throughout the year but the month of May to November have higher relative humidity which ranges from 71.8% to 83.3%. The predominant soil types in this area are coarse textured, ranging from loamy to sandy loam in the surface horizons and from sandy loam to coarse clay in the subsurface horizon. The soil pH values range between 4.2 and 6.84 during the time of study. Both the surface water and groundwater need to undergo purification process before they can be used for domestic use as they are out of WHO and FMEnv permissive Limits of 6.5 to 8.5 PH for natural waters. Heavy metal concentrations were generally low in the ground water samples. None of the plant species recorded is in the vulnerable category of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).

The occupation of the respondents includes; daily labourer (28.3%), farming (20.8%), trading and shop keeping (15.1%). The agricultural (farming) activities including those that engage in food crop production, animal rearing, oil palm processing, and nuts (palm kernel and cashew nuts) harvesters. In addition, the observed trading includes road side petty traders such as the road side food vendor. Other occupations of the respondents include artisans and employed (salary earners) and they account for 5.7% each of the total surveyed population. Civil servant and those that indicated other means of livelihood (including commercial motorcycle operators) account for 3.8% each. Meanwhile, unemployed respondents (who are mostly youths) represents 13.2% of the surveyed population. 3.6% of the respondents were indifferent. Other income characteristics include; 20,000 - 35,000 naira (9.4%), 50,000 - 60,000 naira, 60,000 - 70,000 naira (5.7%), while those earning between 70,000 to 100,000 are 1.9%. The most common household size has 11-15 persons (31.9%). This is followed by HH size with 4-6 persons 30.2% and 7-10 persons (29.4%). HH with 1-3 persons have the lowest proportion (8.5%). Some social impact of the gully system includes school children from going to school especially during raining season, promoting Malaria fever and affecting small scale retail business. The most common ailment in the project area is malaria. There are no major cultural issues in the community which may affect the implementation of the project as the area is rapidly urbanizing. However, there are shrines very close to the gully head. The concern of the people includes; Abandonment of the proposed project, Compensation for Resettlement, Sexual relations with underage and married women by contractors‟ staff and respect

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for Shrines and cultural rites. There expectations include, payment of compensation to PAPs, provision of basic amenities and employment opportunities for their youth. 7.2 Conclusion This Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) has provided the necessary guidelines, including the action plans to incorporate environmental and social considerations into the proposed gully rehabilitation project at the Ogane-Aji Gully Site located in Anyigba, Dekina Local Government Area of Kogi State, Nigeria. The biophysical and social baseline information of the proposed intervention site including; air quality, water, soil, vegetation, geology, socio-demographic of the community among others were assessed. The study identified the environmental parameters that may be positively and or negatively impacted upon at the different phases of the project development and developed the appropriate mitigation measures for the identified impacts. The cost implication of monitoring the implementation of the mitigation measures in the ESMP was estimated and presented. Capacity building strategies that will ensure that the Ogane-Aji gully intervention project implementation at all phases is in line with the World Bank Environmental and Social Standards goals of ending extreme poverty and promoting shared prosperity was developed.

7.3 Recommendation The following recommendations are presented for the considerations of the Kogi State NEWMAP SPMU. The recommendations are geared towards ensuring the improvement of decisions and filling of gaps identified by the ESMP study.  Capacity building of the project site committee members, PAP and other stakeholders to ensure effective and efficient contribution;  Complete compliance to the mitigation measures in the ESMP at all stages of project implementation by all actors in project delivery;  Adequate awareness creation in the area of water harvesting as this will reduce surface run-off especially during the rainy season thereby preventing flooding and subsequent erosion;  Continuous awareness creation for the community members on sustainable waste management practices;  Continuous awareness creation for the residents of the community on Sustainable Land Management (SLM) practices that will maintain or improve a balanced soil organic material-nutrient cycle as well as reduce vulnerability to erosion; and  There is also a need to create more awareness on the anthropogenic causes of soil erosion and flooding with a bid to prevent future occurrence after the rehabilitation works.

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ANNEXURE ANNEX I: ESMP QUESTIONNAIRE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (ESMP) QUESTIONNAIRE KOGI STATE NEWMAP OGANE-AJI INTERVENTION PROJECT

Dear Respondent, Thank you for taking the time to complete the following survey. The purpose of this survey is to gain valuable insight on proposed NEWMAP intervention at OGANE-AJI Gully Erosion Site in Kogi State. This provides you the opportunity to contribute to the environmental and social components of the project implementation.

NOTE: Please read each question carefully. Your answers are completely confidential and will be included only in summaries where individual answers cannot be identified. Unless otherwise instructed, please tick appropriate answer category that best describes your opinion. It will take approximately 20 minutes to complete this questionnaire.

SECTION A: Household data 1. Gender of Respondent: (a) Male (b) Female 2. Age: (a) Below 18 yrs (b) 18-45 yrs (c) 46-65 yrs (d) Above 66 yrs 3. Marital Status: (a) Single (b) Married (d) Divorced/Separated (e) Widowed 4. Occupation: (a) Famer (b) Daily Labourer (c) Trading & Shop Keeping (d) Artisans (e) Employed (salary) (f) Retired (g) Civil Servant (h) Unemployed (i) Others specify…………………… 5. Residential Status: (a) Permanent Resident (b) Back Home (Returnee) (c) Non-Resident, Visiting 6. Ethnic Group: (a) Igala (b) Ebira (c) Fulani (d) Okun 7. Religion: (a) Christianity (b) Islam (c) Traditional 8. Relationship to Household Head (HH): (a) Self (b) Spouse (c) Child (d) Parent (e) Other, specify…... 9. Size of the HH …………………………… 10. How long have you been living in this area? (a) 0-2 yrs (b) 3-5 yrs (c) 6-9 yrs (d) 10 yrs and Above 11. If non-resident, please state your actual location: ……………. (Location/LGA/State) 12. Education: (a) NO formal education (b) Primary School (c) Secondary School (d) Tertiary (Excluding University) (e) University Graduate (f) University Post Graduate 13. Are you in anyway affected by the OGANE-AJI Gully Erosion (a) YES (b) NO 14. If question 13 is YES, how (a) Damage to farmland (b) Damage to building/property (c) loss of landed / Building property

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(d) Damage to household utensils/personal belonging (e) economic loss due to inability to access or operate means of livelihoods (f) Damage to Public Infrastructures (f) others specify……… 15. Does OGANE-AJI Gully Erosion prevent children from going to school? (a) YES (b) NO 16. If question 15 is yes, how regular is the occurrence? (a) Often (b) frequently (c) rarely

SECTION B: Health Status 1. Is your present state of health affected in any way by OGANE-AJI Gully Erosion? (a) YES (b) NO 2. If yes, in what way? (a) Skin diseases (b) Cough (c) Catarrh (d) Malaria (e) Water-borne diseases (f) Other, Specify…………… 3. Does the prevalence / occurrence of the disease(s) become severe during erosion periods (a) YES (b) NO 4. How do you manage your health conditions when sick? (a) Attend hospital/clinic (b) Buys drugs from nearby chemist (c) Traditional medicine (d) None (e) Others Specify…………………………. 5. If you do attend hospital/clinic, when last did you visit one? (a) last six months (b) last one year (c) last five years (d) more than five years ago (e) Never visited one. 6. Please tick one or more of the under-mentioned ailment/sickness, you suffer from most accordingly? Ailment Ailment Whooping Cough Rheumatism Tuberculosis Rashes Asthma Eczema Dysentery Ringworm Diarrhoea Eye pains Cholera Cataract Pile Glaucoma Hypertension Typhoid fever Congestive health problem Malaria Pneumonia Sickle cell anaemia Sexually transmitted diseases Epilepsy

7. Do you think your health condition will be affected by the proposed intervention at OGANE-AJI Gully Erosion site? (a) YES (b) NO 8. If yes, how? (a) Contamination of ground water (b) Contamination of surface water (c) Provide breading site for disease vectors (d) Noise/air pollution (e) Others, specify…………………………………… 9. Please suggest how this can be averted during construction and implementation ….……………………………………………………………………………………….

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SECTION C: Standard of Living / Socio-Economic Activities 1. Assets 1.1 What sort of housing does your household live in? a. Construction material - Walls Plastered mud c. Number of rooms 1-2 Cement blocks 3-4 Other (specify) Other (specify) b. Construction material - Corrugated roofing d. Other structures Animal Pen roofing Aluminium on plot Granary Asbestos Shops

Tile Kiosks Other (specify) Other (specify) e. Construction material - floor Earthen Concretes Tiles Other (specify) f. Toilet Facility Pit latrine Water closet Toilet facility outside dwelling Pier latrine Other (specify) None g. Tenure of housing Owned Rented Occupied rent free Other h. Tenure of land Owned Rented Occupied rent free Lease hold Others specify

2. Indicate household refuse disposal for solid waste? (Multiple options) (a) Depositing refuse at backyard of the house (b) Dumping in water body (c) Dumping in community refuse/garbage pit/dumpsite (d) Burning after gathering together (e) Waste collector (f) Other specify………

2.0 Household Services 2.1 Rank in order of availability and usability the source(s) of lighting for the household? (please use 1, 2,...in hierarchical order with 1 indicating the most available and used source) (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) Palm (f) (g) (h) (i) Gas PHCN Generator Lantern Candle Oil Torchlight Wood Kerosene Lamp Battery

2.2 Using the method in 2.1, indicate major source of energy for cooking? (a) Fire (b) Coal (c) (d) (e) Animal (f) Gas (g) Crop Others Wood Kerosene Electricity dropping Residue/saw dust

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3.0 Sources of Water for drinking for cooking for bathing and a. Well washing b. Borehole/Water pump c. Community tap d. Piped water outside dwelling e. River f. Rain harvesting g. Water vendor h. Tanked water i. Other (specify)

4.0 Income State your main income per month N

4.1 Remittances 1. Does anyone in the family who lives elsewhere send money to you? 1 YES 2 NO

2. If yes, how much (per month) N

5. In your opinion, how has the standard of living of your household changed over the previous three years? (a) Same (b) Better (c) Worse 6. Is the option in 5 propelled by the Gully Erosion problem (a) YES (b) NO 7. If 6 is YES, do you think the proposed intervention will improve the situation? (a) YES (b) NO 8. If 7 is YES specify how the project will improve the situation ………………………

SECTION D: Gender-Based Violence/Sexual Exploitation and Abuse 1. Are there any provisions which restrict women‟s access to health and other social services? In particular, which: (Please specify in the space provided for this purpose "yes" or "no") ( ) require the consent of a male relative/husband for a married woman‟s medical examination or treatment or access to contraceptives or abortion, ( ) require parental consent in case of adolescents‟ access to contraceptives or abortion; ( ) allow medical practitioners to refuse provision of a legal medical service on grounds of conscientious objection ( ) prohibit certain medical services, or require that they be authorized by a physician, even where no medical procedure is required; in particular: ( ) IUDs (intrauterine devices) or hormonal contraceptives ( ) Emergency contraceptives, including the morning-after pill, ( ) Sterilization on request; ( ) Early abortion (in first trimester of pregnancy) at the pregnant woman‟s request ( ) Medically assisted reproduction (e.g., in vitro fertilization)

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2. Are the following acts criminalized? (Please specify in the space provided for this purpose "yes" or "no") ( ) transmission of HIV or other venereal diseases by women only ( ) female genital mutilation ( ) child marriage ( ) home births with an obstetrician or midwife ( ) abortion

3. Are the following acts criminalized? (Please specify in the space provided for this purpose "yes" or "no") ( ) adultery ( ) prostitution (If yes, who is criminally responsible – please circle the appropriate answer: the sex worker, the procurer and/or the customer) ( ) sexual orientation and gender identity (homosexuality, lesbianism, transgender, etc.) ( ) violations of modesty or indecent assault (e.g. not following dress code)

4. If yes, does it cover: (Please specify in the space provided for this purpose "yes" or "no") ( ) prevention of sexually transmitted diseases ( ) prevention of unwanted pregnancies ( ) promotion of a healthy lifestyle, including prevention of dietary disorders of teenage girls, including anorexia and bulimia ( ) psychological/psychiatric training on self-control of aggression, including sexual aggression 5. Are there any measures and programs undertaken in order to increase women‟s safety e.g. in public urban spaces, in public transportation, etc.? YES ( ) NO ( )

6. Are there specific training programs for medical and legal professionals on the issue of gender-based discrimination in the area of health and safety? YES ( ) NO ( )

7. Do they cover: (Please specify in the space provided for this purpose "yes" or "no") ( ) the issues connected with specific women‟s needs in area of health ( ) specific women‟s vulnerability to be victims of gender-based violence or specific crimes ( ) the nature of gender-based violence, ( ) its occurrences and symptoms ( ) methods of detection ( ) medical protocols ( ) influence of gender-based violence, in particular of sexual violence on the future behaviors of victims (post-traumatic stress symptoms etc.)

8. How do you ensure gender equity in the community? (a) Women are elected in public office (b) Females are given equal opportunity and access to education and employment (c) Quotas on genders are ensures in leadership of community-based organizations

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(d) Others specify……………………………… SECTION E: Resources/ Cultural Property 1. Please indicate the environmental problems which your settlement/community experiences and whose cause can be linked to OGANE-AJI Gully Erosion? (a) Soil infertility (b) Poor drainage system (c) Bad road (d) Bad lands (e) environmental degradation (f) Degraded land (i) Destruction of infrastructures (j) Others (specify) ……………………………...

2. Please indicate the environmental problems which your settlement/community would likely experience and whose cause can be linked to the proposed intervention project during construction? (a) Soil infertility (b) Poor drainage system (c) Bad road (d) Low visibility (e) Erosion Problems (f) Flooding (g) Environmental degradation (g) Destruction of infrastructures (h) encroachment of land properties (i) Pollution (air, surface water, ground water, noise) (j) Others (specify) ……

3. Please indicate the environmental problems which your settlement/community would likely experience and whose cause can be linked to the proposed intervention project during operation? (a) Soil infertility (b) Poor drainage system (c) Bad road (d) Low visibility (e) Erosion Problems (f) Flooding (g) Environmental degradation (h) Destruction of infrastructures (i) encroachment of land properties (j) Pollution (air, surface water, ground water, noise) (k) Others (specify) …………………………..

4. Do you think the proposed intervention project will affect any valued resource/cultural/archaeological property in your area? (a) YES (b) NO

5. If yes mention the name(s) of the valued resource/cultural/archaeological property ………………………… 6. How will valued resource/cultural/archaeological property be affected? (a) Displacement of such valued cultural properties (b) Vandalisation of sacred items/locations (c) Possible theft of sacred/archaeological items (d) Others, specify: ………………

SECTION F: Intervention Project Activities Impact Evaluation 1. Are you aware of the proposed intervention by NEWMAP (a) YES (b) NO 2. If yes, from which source (a) Community meetings (b) Media (TV, Radio, Newspaper, Internet) (c) Others specify……………………………. 3. Do you think the project can cause restiveness in your community? (a) YES (b) NO 4. If 3 is yes how will the proposed intervention result in restiveness? (a) Disrespect of norms and culture by contractors (b) loss of farmland / Property (c) Possible theft of sacred/archaeological items (d) local people not employed during construction (e) Others, specify: …………………………… 5. How will the proposed intervention project impact on your livelihood and environment? Positive impacts Negative impacts

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(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f)

6. Can you name some of the animals and other habitat at the gully erosion site that may be affected by the proposed intervention project? …………………………………………………………………………………………

7. What do you expect from the activities of NEWMAP intervention? (a) employment of Locals during construction (b) compensation for those whose properties will be affected (c) capacity building for maintenance during implementation (d) community input into final engineering design (e) Others please specify……………………..

8. Are there any other issue(s) of concerned as regards the intervention project in your area, please state clearly? ……………………...…………………………………………………………………

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ANNEX II: List of Persons Met S/N NAMES Position Phone No. 1 Mallam Haruna Musa Chairman Waste Mgt & Community 08075229836 PRO 2 Chief Mohammed Yakubu PRO Site committee 07052199645 Shuiabu 3 Chief Michael Atumeyi Gago/Chairman site monitoring 07055647649 committee 4 Dr Adah Nda David ICDA chairman 08161250889 5 Chief Usman Umupah Madaki Ogane Aji 08066511600 6 Mr Abdul Hamid Abdulahi Nurse 07067178636 7 Ali Ibrahim Youth leader 08050845227

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ANNEX III: ATTENDANCE

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ANNEX IV: PHOTOS

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ANNEX V: Summary of World Bank Environmental and Social Safeguards  ESS1 Assessment and Management of Environmental and Social Risks and Impacts sets out the Borrower‟s responsibilities for assessing, managing and monitoring environmental and social risks and impacts associated with each stage of a project supported by the Bank through Investment Project Financing (IPF), in order to achieve environmental and social outcomes consistent with the Environmental and Social Standards (ESSs).

 ESS2 Labor and Working Conditions recognizes the importance of employment creation and income generation in the pursuit of poverty reduction and inclusive economic growth. Borrowers can promote sound worker-management relationships and enhance the development benefits of a project by treating workers in the project fairly and providing safe and healthy working conditions.

 ESS3 Resource Efficiency and Pollution Prevention and Management recognizes that economic activity and urbanization often generate pollution to air, water, and land, and consume finite resources that may threaten people, ecosystem services and the environment at the local, regional, and global levels. This ESS sets out the requirements to address resource efficiency and pollution prevention and management throughout the project life-cycle.

 ESS4: Community Health and Safety addresses the health, safety, and security risks and impacts on project-affected communities and the corresponding responsibility of Borrowers to avoid or minimize such risks and impacts, with particular attention to people who, because of their particular circumstances, may be vulnerable.

 ESS5: Land Acquisition, Restrictions on Land Use and Involuntary Resettlement - involuntary resettlement should be avoided. Where involuntary resettlement is unavoidable, it will be minimized and appropriate measures to mitigate adverse impacts on displaced persons (and on host communities receiving displaced persons) will be carefully planned and implemented.

 ESS7: Indigenous Peoples/Sub-Saharan African Historically Underserved Traditional Local Communities ensures that the development process fosters full respect for the human rights, dignity, aspirations, identity, culture, and natural resource-based livelihoods of Indigenous Peoples/Sub-Saharan African Historically Underserved Traditional Local Communities. ESS7 is also meant to avoid adverse impacts of projects on Indigenous Peoples/Sub-Saharan African Historically Underserved Traditional Local Communities, or when avoidance is not possible, to minimize, mitigate and/or compensate for such impacts.

 ESS8: Cultural Heritage recognizes that cultural heritage provides continuity in tangible and intangible forms between the past, present and future. ESS8 sets out measures designed to protect cultural heritage throughout the project life-cycle.

 ESS9: Financial Intermediaries (FIs) recognizes that strong domestic capital and financial markets and access to finance are important for economic development, growth and poverty reduction. FIs are required to monitor and manage the environmental and social risks and impacts of their portfolio and FI subprojects, and monitor portfolio risk, as appropriate to the nature of intermediated financing. The way in which the FI will manage its portfolio will take various forms, depending on a number of considerations, including the capacity of the FI and the nature and scope of the funding to be provided by the FI.

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 ESS10: Stakeholder Engagement and Information Disclosure recognizes the importance of open and transparent engagement between the Borrower and project stakeholders as an essential element of good international practice. Effective stakeholder engagement can improve the environmental and social sustainability of projects, enhance project acceptance, and make a significant contribution to successful project design and implementation.

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ANNEX VI: General Environmental Management Conditions for Construction Contracts/ Civil Works 1. In addition to these general conditions, the Contractor shall comply with any specific Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for the works he is responsible for. The Contractor shall inform himself about such an ESMP, and prepare his work strategy and plan to fully take into account relevant provisions of that ESMP. If the Contractor fails to implement the approved ESMP after written instruction by the Supervising Engineer (SE) to fulfil his obligation within the requested time, the Owner reserves the right to arrange through the SE for execution of the missing action by a third party on account of the Contractor. 2. Notwithstanding the Contractor‟s obligation under the above clause, the Contractor shall implement all measures necessary to avoid undesirable adverse environmental and social impacts wherever possible, restore work sites to acceptable standards, and abide by any environmental performance requirements specified in an ESMP. In general, these measures shall include but not be limited to: a) Minimize the effect of dust on the surrounding environment resulting from earth mixing sites, asphalt mixing sites, dispersing coal ashes, vibrating equipment, temporary access roads, etc. to ensure safety, health and the protection of workers and communities living in the vicinity of dust producing activities. b) Ensure that noise levels emanating from machinery, vehicles and noisy construction activities (e.g. excavation, blasting) are kept at a minimum for the safety, health and protection of workers within the vicinity of high noise levels and nearby communities. c) Ensure that existing water flow regimes in rivers, streams and other natural or irrigation channels is maintained and/or re-established where they are disrupted due to works being carried out. d) Prevent bitumen, oils, lubricants and waste water used or produced during the execution of works from entering into rivers, streams, irrigation channels and other natural water bodies/reservoirs, and also ensure that stagnant water in uncovered borrow pits is treated in the best way to avoid creating possible breeding grounds for mosquitoes. e) Prevent and minimize the impacts of quarrying, earth borrowing, piling and building of temporary construction camps and access roads on the biophysical environment including protected areas and arable lands; local communities and their settlements. In as much as possible restore/rehabilitate all sites to acceptable standards. f) Upon discovery of ancient heritage, relics or anything that might or believed to be of archaeological or historical importance during the execution of works, immediately report such findings to the SE so that the appropriate authorities may be expeditiously contacted for fulfilment of the measures aimed at protecting such historical or archaeological resources. g) Discourage construction workers from engaging in the exploitation of natural resources such as hunting, fishing, and collection of forest products or any other activity that might have a negative impact on the social and economic welfare of the local communities.

Page | 148 Ogane-Aji Gully Intervention ESMP Final Report Kogi State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (Kogi-NEWMAP) h) Implement soil erosion control measures in order to avoid surface run off and prevents siltation, i) Ensure that garbage, sanitation and drinking water facilities are provided in construction worker scamps. j) Ensure that, in as much as possible, local materials are used to avoid importation of foreign material and long-distance transportation. k) Ensure public safety, and meet traffic safety requirements for the operation of work to avoid accidents. 3. The Contractor shall indicate the period within which he/she shall maintain status on site after completion of civil works to ensure that significant adverse impacts arising from such works have been appropriately addressed. 4. The Contractor shall adhere to the proposed activity implementation schedule and the monitoring plan / strategy to ensure effective feedback of monitoring information to project management so that impact management can be implemented properly, and if necessary, adapt to changing and unforeseen conditions. 5. Besides the regular inspection of the sites by the Supervising Engineer for adherence to the contract conditions and specifications, the Owner may appoint an Inspector to oversee the compliance with these environmental conditions and any proposed mitigation measures. State environmental authorities may carry out similar inspection duties. In all cases, as directed by the SE, the Contractor shall comply with directives from such inspectors to implement measures required to ensure the adequacy rehabilitation measures carried out on the bio-physical environment and compensation for socio-economic disruption resulting from implementation of any works. 6. All vessels (drums, containers, bags, etc.) containing oil/fuel/surfacing materials and other hazardous chemicals shall be bonded in order to contain spillage. All waste containers, litter and any other waste generated during the construction shall be collected and disposed-off at designated disposal sites in line with applicable government waste management regulations. 7. All drainage and effluent from storage areas, workshops and camp sites shall be captured and treated before being discharged into the drainage system in line with applicable government water pollution control regulations. 8. Used oil from maintenance shall be collected and disposed-off appropriately at designated sites or be reused or sold for re-use locally. 9. Entry of runoff to the site shall be restricted by constructing diversion channels or holding structures such as banks, drains, dams, etc. to reduce the potential of soil erosion and water pollution. 10. Construction waste shall not be left in stockpiles along the road, but removed and reused or disposed of on a daily basis. 11. If disposal sites for clean spoil are necessary, they shall be located in areas, approved by the SE, of low land use value and where they will not result in material being easily washed into drainage channels. Whenever possible, spoil materials should be placed in low-lying areas and should be compacted and planted with species indigenous to the locality.

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12. The Contractor shall obtain appropriate licenses/permits from relevant authorities to operate quarries or borrow areas. 13. The location of quarries and borrow areas shall be subject to approval by relevant local and national authorities, including traditional authorities if the land on which the quarry or borrow areas fall in traditional land. 14. New extraction sites: a) Shall not be located in the vicinity of settlement areas, cultural sites, wetlands or any other valued ecosystem component, or on high or steep ground or in areas of high scenic value, and shall not be located less than 1km from such areas. b) Shall not be located adjacent to stream channels wherever possible to avoid siltation of river channels. c) Where they are located near water sources, borrow pits and perimeter drains shall surround quarry sites. d) Shall not be located in archaeological areas. Excavations in the vicinity of such areas shall proceed with great care and shall be done in the presence of government authorities having a mandate for their protection. e) Shall not be located in forest reserves. However, where there are no other alternatives, permission shall be obtained from the appropriate authorities and an environmental impact study shall be conducted. f) Shall be easily rehabilitated. Areas with minimal vegetation cover such as flat and bare ground, or areas covered with grass only or covered with shrubs less than 1.5m in height, are preferred. g) Shall have clearly demarcated and marked boundaries to minimize vegetation clearing. 15. Vegetation clearing shall be restricted to the area required for safe operation of construction work. Vegetation clearing shall not be done more than two months in advance of operations. 16. Stockpile areas shall be located in areas where trees can act as buffers to prevent dust pollution. Perimeter drains shall be built around stockpile areas. Sediment and other pollutant traps shall be located at drainage exits from workings. 17. The Contractor shall deposit any excess material in accordance with the principles of these general conditions, and any applicable ESMP, in areas approved by local authorities and/or the SE. 18. Areas for depositing hazardous materials such as contaminated liquid and solid materials shall be approved by the SE and appropriate local and/or national authorities before the commencement of work. Use of existing, approved sites shall be preferred over the establishment of new sites. 19. To the extent practicable, the Contractor shall rehabilitate the site progressively so that the rate of rehabilitation is similar to the rate of construction. 20. Always remove and retain topsoil for subsequent rehabilitation. Soils shall not be stripped when they are wet as this can lead to soil compaction and loss of structure.

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21. Topsoil shall not be stored in large heaps. Low mounds of no more than 1 to 2m high are recommended. 22. Re-vegetate stockpiles to protect the soil from erosion, discourage weeds and maintain an active population of beneficial soil microbes. 23. Locate stockpiles where they will not be disturbed by future construction activities. 24. To the extent practicable, reinstate natural drainage patterns where they have been altered or impaired. 25. Remove toxic materials and dispose of them in designated sites. Backfill excavated areas with soils or overburden that is free of foreign material that could pollute groundwater and soil. 26. Identify potentially toxic overburden and screen with suitable material to prevent mobilization of toxins. 27. Ensure reshaped land is formed so as to be inherently stable, adequately drained and suitable for the desired long-term land use, and allow natural regeneration of vegetation. 28. Minimize the long-term visual impact by creating landforms that are compatible with the adjacent landscape. 29. Minimize erosion by wind and water both during and after the process of reinstatement. 30. Compacted surfaces shall be deep ripped to relieve compaction unless subsurface conditions dictate otherwise. 31. Re-vegetate with plant species that will control erosion, provide vegetative diversity and, through succession, contribute to a resilient ecosystem. The choice of plant species for rehabilitation shall be done in consultation with local research institutions, forest department and the local people. Water Resources Management 32. The Contractor shall at all costs avoid conflicting with water demands of local communities. 33. Abstraction of both surface and underground water shall only be done with the consultation of the local community and after obtaining a permit from the relevant Water Authority. 34. Abstraction of water from wetlands shall be avoided. Where necessary, authority has to be obtained from relevant authorities. 35. Temporary damming of streams and rivers shall be done in such a way avoids disrupting water supplies to communities downstream, and maintains the ecological balance of the river system. 36. No construction water containing spoils or site effluent, especially cement and oil, shall be allowed to flow into natural water drainage courses. 37. Wash water from washing out of equipment shall not be discharged into water courses or road drains.

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38. Site spoils and temporary stockpiles shall be located away from the drainage system, and surface run off shall be directed away from stockpiles to prevent erosion. 39. Location of access roads/detours shall be done in consultation with the local community especially in important or sensitive environments. Access roads shall not traverse wetland areas. 40. Upon the completion of civil works, all access roads shall be ripped and rehabilitated. 41. Access roads shall be sprinkled with water at least five times a day in settled areas, and three times in unsettled areas, to suppress dust emissions. 42. Blasting activities shall not take place less than 2km from settlement areas, cultural sites, or wetlands without the permission of the SE. 43. Blasting activities shall be done during working hours, and local communities shall be consulted on the proposed blasting times. 44. Noise levels reaching the communities from blasting activities shall not exceed 90 decibels. 45. Unusable materials and construction elements such as electro-mechanical equipment, pipes, accessories and demolished structures will be disposed of in a manner approved by the SE. The Contractor has to agree with the SE which elements are to be surrendered to the Client‟s premises, which will be recycled or reused, and which will be disposed of at approved landfill sites. 46. As far as possible, abandoned pipelines shall remain in place. Where for any reason no alternative alignment for the new pipeline is possible, the old pipes shall be safely removed and stored at a safe place to be agreed upon with the SE and the local authorities concerned. 47. AC-pipes as well as broken parts thereof have to be treated as hazardous material and disposed of as specified above. 48. Unsuitable and demolished elements shall be dismantled to a size fitting on ordinary trucks for transport. 49. In advance of the construction work, the Contractor shall mount an awareness and hygiene campaign. Workers and local residents shall be sensitized on health risks particularly of AIDS. 50. Adequate road signs to warn pedestrians and motorists of construction activities, diversions, etc. shall be provided at appropriate points. 51. Construction vehicles shall not exceed maximum speed limit of 40km per hour. 52. Should the Contractor, deliberately or accidentally, damage private property, he shall repair the property to the owner‟s satisfaction and at his own cost. For each repair, the Contractor shall obtain from the owner a certificate that the damage has been made good satisfactorily in order to indemnify the Client from subsequent claims. 53. In cases where compensation for inconveniences, damage of crops etc. are claimed by the owner, the Client has to be informed by the Contractor through the SE. This compensation is in general settled under the responsibility of the Client before signing

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the Contract. In unforeseeable cases, the respective administrative entities of the Client will take care of compensation. 54. Within 6 weeks of signing the Contract, the Contractor shall prepare an EHS-MP to ensure the adequate management of the health, safety, environmental and social aspects of the works, including implementation of the requirements of these general conditions and any specific requirements of an EMP for the works. The Contractor‟s EHS-MP will serve two main purposes: • For the Contractor, for internal purposes, to ensure that all measures are in place for adequate HSE management, and as an operational manual for his staff. • For the Client, supported where necessary by a SE, to ensure that the Contractor is fully prepared for the adequate management of the HSE aspects of the project, and as a basis for monitoring of the Contractor‟s HSE performance. 55. The Contractor‟s EHS-MP shall provide at least: • A description of procedures and methods for complying with these general environmental management conditions, and any specific conditions specified in an EMP; • A description of specific mitigation measures that will be implemented in order to minimize adverse impacts; • A description of all planned monitoring activities (e.g. sediment discharges from borrow areas) and the reporting thereof; and • The internal organizational, management and reporting mechanisms put in place for such. 56. The Contractor‟s EHS-MP will be reviewed and approved by the Client before start of the works. This review should demonstrate if the Contractor‟s EHS-MP covers all of the identified impacts, and has defined appropriate measures to counteract any potential impacts. 57. The Contractor shall prepare bi-weekly progress reports to the SE on compliance with these general conditions, the project EMP if any, and his own EHS-MP. An example format for a Contractor HSE report is given below. It is expected that the Contractor‟s reports will include information on: • HSE management actions/measures taken, including approvals sought from local or national authorities; • Problems encountered in relation to HSE aspects (incidents, including delays, cost consequences, etc. as a result thereof); • Lack of compliance with contract requirements on the part of the Contractor; • Changes of assumptions, conditions, measures, designs and actual works in relation to HSE aspects; and • Observations, concerns raised and/or decisions taken with regard to HSE management during site meetings. 58. It is advisable that reporting of significant HSE incidents be done “as soon as practicable”. Such incident reporting shall therefore be done individually. Also, it is advisable that the Contractor keeps his own records on health, safety and welfare of persons, and damage to property. It is advisable to include such records, as well as

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copies of incident reports, as appendices to the bi-weekly reports. Example formats for an incident notification and detailed report are given below. Details of HSE performance will be reported to the Client through the SE‟s reports to the Client 59. The Contractor shall provide sufficient training to his own personnel to ensure that they are all aware of the relevant aspects of these general conditions, any project EMP, and his own EHSMP, and are able to fulfill their expected roles and functions. Specific training should be provided to those employees that have particular responsibilities associated with the implementation of the EHS-MP. General topics should be: • Occupational Health and Safety Basics • Occupational Health and Safety in water supply pipeline installation • Safety Practices in Borehole installation and Aquifer Abstraction • Electrical Safety Basics • Hazard Identification and Control • Hazard Communication Program • Accident Investigation • Asbestos Management • Safe work Procedures • Fall Protection • Noise Management Program • Workers Respiratory Program • Work place Violence Management • Fire Safety • Emergency Management; and • Social and cultural awareness 60. It is expected that compliance with these conditions is already part of standard good workmanship and state of the art as generally required under this Contract. The item “Compliance with Environmental Management Conditions” in the Bill of Quantities covers these costs. No other payments will be made to the Contractor for compliance with any request to avoid and/or mitigate an avoidable HSE impact.

Example Format: HSE Report Contract: Period of reporting: HSE management actions/measures: Summarize HSE management actions/measures taken during period of reporting, including planning and management activities (e.g. risk and impact assessments), HSE training, specific design and work measures taken, etc.

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HSE incidents: Report on any problems encountered in relation to HSE aspects, including its consequences (delays, costs) and corrective measures taken. Include relevant incident reports.

HSE compliance: Report on compliance with Contract HSE conditions, including any cases of non-compliance.

Changes: Report on any changes of assumptions, conditions, measures, designs and actual works in relation to HSE aspects.

Concerns and observations: Report on any observations, concerns raised and/or decisions taken with regard to HSE management during site meetings and visits.

Signature (Name, Title Date): Contractor‟s Representative

Example Format: HSE Incident Notification Provide within 24 hrs to the Supervising Engineer

Originators Reference No: Date of Incident: Time: Location of incident: Name of Person(s) involved: Employing Company: Type of Incident:

Description of Incident: Where, when, what, how, who, operation in progress at the time (only factual)

Immediate Action: Immediate remedial action and actions taken to prevent reoccurrence or escalation

Signature (Name, Title, Date): Contractor‟s Representative

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ANNEX VII: GRIEVANCE REDRESS FRAMEWORK FOR KOGI STATE NEWMAP a. FIRST Level of Grievance Redress in Kogi NEWMAP Community Level of Grievance Redress in Kogi NEWMAP

Members i. One Representative of the Ogane Aji (Community head) ii. One Representative of the Women group iii. One Representative of the Focal NGO iv. One Representative of Community Association (CA) v. Four Representative from Site Committee (SC) vi. Secretary Site Committee as Secretary vii. Chairman Site Committee as Coordinator b. Second Level of Grievance Redress in Kogi NEWMAP Local Government/ Community Grievance Redress Committee (LGRC) Members viii. One Representative of the CAs ix. One Representative of the Host Communities King x. One Representative of the LGA (Technical Officer) xi. One Representative of the Ministry of Lands (NEWMAP Technical Committee Member from Lands) xii. Assist. Social Livelihood Officer (Kogi State NEWMAP) as Secretary xiii. Environmental Safeguard Officer (Kogi State NEWMAP) xiv. Social Livelihood Officer (Kogi State NEWMAP) xv. Focal NGO as Coordinator c. Third Level of Grievance Redress in Kogi NEWMAP State Grievance Redress Committee (SGRC) Members i. One Representative of the Ecology Department (Ministry of Environment) ii. One Representative of the Ministry of Lands iii. One Representative of the Ministry of Justice iv. The Project Accountant (Kogi NEWMAP) v. Focal NGO vi. Social Livelihood Officer (Kogi State NEWMAP) as Secretary vii. Project Coordinator (Kogi NEWMAP) as Coordinator d. Fourth Level of Grievance Redress in Kogi NEWMAP National Grievance Redress Committee (NGRC) Members i. The Permanent Secretary Ministry of Environment ii. Focal NGO iii. Social Livelihood Officer (Kogi State NEWMAP) iv. Social Livelihood Specialist (Federal NEWMAP) v. Two Representative of Project Affected Persons (PAPs) vi. Social Livelihood Officer (From Ondo and Delta NEWMAP) as Secretary vii. Project Coordinator (Kogi NEWMAP) viii. Umbrella NGO as Coordinator

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e. Fifth Level of Grievance Redress in Kogi NEWMAP The Courts NOTE: All grievances will first of all be address as the First Level. It will only move on to Second Level if the first level agreement was not accepted by the party involved and then to third then to the fourth under similar situation.

If a party is not satisfied with the outcomes of Levels I, 2, 3 & 4, then He/she can take the case to the Law Courts (the Fifth Level).

ANNEX VIII: LANDMARK IN THE PROJECT AREA S/N Name X Y Type Owner 1 ABS Clinics 7.518813 7.170902 Health Private 2 Warehouse 7.516535 7.167550 Commercial Private 3 Anyigba market 7.512619 7.171991 Communal Public 4 Anyigba cow slaughter 7.512626 7.171905 Communal Public 5 Rukefa clinic & maternity 7.517483 7.169927 Health Private 6 Assemblies of God school 7.515105 7.170135 Educational Private 7 CMML Sec school 7.523102 7.170334 Educational Private 8 LGE Primary School 7.521284 7.162789 Educational Public 9 Ojofu River 7.528764 7.174551 Communal Public 10 Isepa shrine I 7.518487 7.172417 Communal Private 11 Iye shrine I 7.518727 7.172317 Communal Private 12 Car wash 7.518311 7.171965 Commercial Private 13 Crown Trust Oil Nig. 7.517212 7.172254 Commercial Private 14 Isepa shrine II 7.518390 7.172610 Communal Private 15 Paul Gowon 7.515635 7.169262 Commercial Private 16 Idrinana Comfort Resort 7.519445 7.171264 Commercial Private

ANNEX IX: MAJOR ROADS IN THE PROJECT AREA S/N Name X Y Type Status 1 Agala road 7.514349 7.171597 Single lane Tarred 2 Dekina road 7.518555 7.171974 Single lane Tarred 3 Eti-aja road 7.513579 7.171966 Single lane Tarred 4 Ojofu road 7.520463 7.174020 Single lane Untarred 5 Ogane Aji road 7.516160 7.169312 Single lane Tarred

APPENDIX X: RESPONDENTS’ COMMON HEALTH CHALLENGE Ailment Respondents (%) Ailment Respondents (%) Whooping Cough 20.8 Rheumatism 23.9 Tuberculosis 3.8 Rashes 18.9 Asthma 5.7 Eczema 13.2 Dysentery 5.7 Ringworm 13.2 Diarrhea 3.8 Eye pains 22.6 Cholera 5.7 Cataract 7.5 Pile 0 Glaucoma 3.8 Hypertension 3.8 Typhoid fever 26.4 Congestive health problem 1.9 Malaria 79.2 Pneumonia 1.9 Sickle cell 0% Sexually transmitted diseases 3.8 anaemiaEpilepsy 0%

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