DOCSLIB.ORG

A Molecular Phylogeny and a New Classification of Parmelioid Lichens Con- Taining Xanthoparmelia-Type Lichenan (Ascomycota: Lecanorales)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Molecular Phylogeny and a New Classification of Parmelioid Lichens Con- Taining Xanthoparmelia-Type Lichenan (Ascomycota: Lecanorales) 53 (4) • November 2004: 959–975 Blanco & al. • Molecular phylogeny of parmelioid lichens A molecular phylogeny and a new classification of parmelioid lichens con- taining Xanthoparmelia-type lichenan (Ascomycota: Lecanorales) Oscar Blanco1, Ana Crespo1, John A. Elix2, David L. Hawksworth1 & H. Thorsten Lumbsch3 1 Departamento de Biología Vegetal II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain. [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] 2 Australian National University, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia. [email protected] 3 Department of Botany, Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 South Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60605, U.S.A. [email protected] Generic concepts in the parmelioid lichens have been discussed intensively over the past three decades with- out reaching a broad consensus. We have now employed molecular data from three genes to provide a basis for a revised generic concept of the parmelioid lichens containing Xanthoparmelia-type lichenan. The phy- logeny of the parmelioid lichens containing Xanthoparmelia-type lichenan was reconstructed using a com- bined Bayesian analysis of nuclear ITS, LSU rDNA and mitochondrial SSU rDNA sequences, and a maximum parsimony analysis was also made for comparison. 179 new partial sequences of 58 taxa were generated and 12 sequences were downloaded from GenBank. Our results indicate that the lichens containing Xanthoparmelia-type lichenan form a monophyletic group. However, the segregates proposed earlier do not form distinct clades within the group. Alternative hypotheses of monophyletic Karoowia and Neofuscelia that are not nested within Xanthoparmelia were rejected with our dataset; Karoowia is polyphyletic, and Neofuscelia is reduced to synonymy under Xanthoparmelia. Xanthomaculina convoluta also belongs to Xanthoparmelia. Since we were unable to sequence the umbilicate type species of Xanthomaculina, we refrain from synonymizing that genus with Xanthoparmelia here. The synonymy of Chondropsis and Paraparmelia under Xanthoparmelia already proposed is supported. The revised and enlarged genus Xanthoparmelia includes species that have cell walls with Xanthoparmelia-type lichenan, a palisade plectenchyma with a pored epicortex, lack pseudocyphellae, with usually simple rhizines, generally bifusiform conidia, and medullary chemical diversity. Ten new names are proposed, and 129 new combinations are made into Xanthoparmelia. KEYWORDS: Bayesian statistics, combined analysis, Chondropsis, Karoowia, Neofuscelia, Paraparmelia, Parmelia, Parmeliaceae, phylogeny, Xanthomaculina, Xanthoparmelia. have recognized the new genera proposed in recent INTRODUCTION decades in this family by M. E. Hale and others, they Perhaps in no other group of lichenized ascomycetes have not been fully accepted by numerous European has the generic concept been so vigorously debated as in workers (e.g., Poelt & Vezda, 1981; Santesson, 1984; the parmelioid lichens. The generic concepts in lichen- Clauzade & Roux, 1986; Eriksson & Hawksworth, 1986, forming fungi in general have been in a state of flux since 1992, 1998; Purvis & al. 1992; Nimis, 1993; Llimona & the late 1960s (Nimis, 1998; DePriest, 1999; Rambold & Hladun, 2001). Triebel, 1999). While in crustose groups, ascomatal char- Xanthoparmelia (Hale, 1974, 1990; Elix & al., acter, such as ascus-type, ascoma and ascospore devel- 1986a) is the largest genus of foliose lichens worldwide; opment, and hamathecial characters, are utilized to cir- it includes more than 600 species and is recognized by cumscribe segregate genera, these characters are rela- the presence of usnic or isousnic acid in the upper cortex tively uniform or cryptic in the family Parmeliaceae, and hence a yellowish-green colour, and the polysaccha- which includes mainly macrolichens. The parmelioid ride Xanthoparmelia-type lichenan in the hyphal cell lichens in Parmeliaceae encompass both foliose to sub- walls (Elix, 1993, 1994). The genus is characterized by a crustose species, in total approximately 1500 taxa (Hale lack of pseudocyphellae, mainly simple rhizines, eciliate & DePriest, 1999). In view of the shortage of other char- lobes, short bifusiform (4–9 µm) or rarely bacilliform acters, vegetative morphological and chemical characters (4–14 µm) conidia, an upper cortex consisting of pal- have generally been employed to segregate genera in isade plectenchyma with a pored epicortex, and rather these lichens. While most non-European lichenologists high medullary chemical diversity. Most species occur 959.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Xanthoparmelia Elixii (Lichens), a New Species from Australia and New Zealand
    Brunonia, 1984, 7, 203-5 Xanthoparmelia elixii (Lichens), a New Species from Australia and New Zealand Rex B. Filson National Herbarium of Victoria, South Yarra, Vic. 3141 Abstract Filson, Rex B. Xanthoparmelia elixir (lichens), a new species from Australia and New Zealand. Brunonra 7: 203-5 (1984). The new lichen Xanthoparmelia elixii R. Filson in the lichen family Parmeliaceae is described from Southern Australia and New Zealand. Xanthoparmelia elixii R. Filson, sp. nov. Parmelia hypoclystoides sensu Filson & Rogers, Lichens of South Australia: 122. 1979. Thallus in substrato modice adhaerens, saxicolous; superficies superior laevis, sorediis isidiisque destituta, medulla alba, superficies inferior pallidofuscescens, sparsim rhizinata. Apothecia adnata, 3.0-8.0 mm diametro, margine undulata, disco nigro-fusco, hymenium 45 pm altum, sporae 8-12 X 5-7 pm. Thallus K-; medulla K+ primum flavens deinde rubescens, C-, P+ intense lutescens. Holotypus: 3 km north of Carey Gully, Mount Lofty Ranges, South Australia, 22.v.1976, J. A. Elix 2290 (MEL 1042956). Thallus foliose, saxicolous, moderately adnate to the substrate, up to 16 cm diam.; lobes imbricate and entangled, 1 .5-2.5(-5.0) mm wide, secondary lobes narrower overlaying the marginal lobes, irregularly rotund; upper surface yellow-green to yellow- blue-green, darkening with age, smooth and slightly shining at the margins becoming dull and wrinkled towards the centre of the thallus, lobes often with black margins, soredia and isidia absent; lower surface pale ivory to pale brown with a darker zone at the margins of the lobes, smooth to minutely wrinkled, sparsely rhizinate right to the margins of the lobes; rhizines simple; medulla white.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Species of Lecanora S. Lat., Growing on Lasallia Pustulata
    The Lichenologist 40(2): 111–118 (2008) 2008 British Lichen Society doi:10.1017/S0024282908007469 Printed in the United Kingdom A new species of Lecanora s. lat., growing on Lasallia pustulata Sergio PEuREZ-ORTEGA and Javier ETAYO Abstract: The new species Lecanora lasalliae Pe´rez-Ortega & Etayo is described from Spain. It is included provisionally in Lecanora s. lat as characters such as Lecanora-type ascus, exciple composed of thick radiating hyphae and the usual presence of algal cells in the excipulum or its lichenicolous habitus on Lasallia pustulata, do not fit well within any known genus of lichenicolous or lichenized fungi. Its taxonomic affinities with several taxa are discussed, including the parasitic Lecanora gyrophorina. Key words: Carbonea, Lecidea, lichenicolous fungi, Nesolechia, Phacopsis, Protoparmelia, Ramboldia, Scoliciosporum, Spain Introduction and compare it to other genera with licheni- The umbilicate genus Lasallia Me´rat does colous species with Lecanora-type ascus with not host many species of fungi; so we were which the species could be related or surprised to find several healthy thalli of confused. Lasallia pustulata (L.) Me´rat. with small patches of apothecia growing on the thallus Material and Methods margins, mainly mixed with clusters of isidia. Because of the frequent presence of The material was examined using standard micro- scopical techniques. Photographs were taken with a dispersed algae in the exciple, thick excipu- Leica Mz75 stereomicroscope and a Zeiss Axioskop2 lar hyphae, the nature of the pigments in Plus microscope equipped with differential contrast. paraphyses and excipulum, and the Amyloid reactions were tested with Lugol’s reagent, Lecanora-type ascus, we hesitated to include either without or with a pre-treatment with KOH (I and K/I respectively).
    [Show full text]
  • H. Thorsten Lumbsch VP, Science & Education the Field Museum 1400
    H. Thorsten Lumbsch VP, Science & Education The Field Museum 1400 S. Lake Shore Drive Chicago, Illinois 60605 USA Tel: 1-312-665-7881 E-mail: [email protected] Research interests Evolution and Systematics of Fungi Biogeography and Diversification Rates of Fungi Species delimitation Diversity of lichen-forming fungi Professional Experience Since 2017 Vice President, Science & Education, The Field Museum, Chicago. USA 2014-2017 Director, Integrative Research Center, Science & Education, The Field Museum, Chicago, USA. Since 2014 Curator, Integrative Research Center, Science & Education, The Field Museum, Chicago, USA. 2013-2014 Associate Director, Integrative Research Center, Science & Education, The Field Museum, Chicago, USA. 2009-2013 Chair, Dept. of Botany, The Field Museum, Chicago, USA. Since 2011 MacArthur Associate Curator, Dept. of Botany, The Field Museum, Chicago, USA. 2006-2014 Associate Curator, Dept. of Botany, The Field Museum, Chicago, USA. 2005-2009 Head of Cryptogams, Dept. of Botany, The Field Museum, Chicago, USA. Since 2004 Member, Committee on Evolutionary Biology, University of Chicago. Courses: BIOS 430 Evolution (UIC), BIOS 23410 Complex Interactions: Coevolution, Parasites, Mutualists, and Cheaters (U of C) Reading group: Phylogenetic methods. 2003-2006 Assistant Curator, Dept. of Botany, The Field Museum, Chicago, USA. 1998-2003 Privatdozent (Assistant Professor), Botanical Institute, University – GHS - Essen. Lectures: General Botany, Evolution of lower plants, Photosynthesis, Courses: Cryptogams, Biology
    [Show full text]
  • Redalyc.AISLAMIENTO DEL ÁCIDO ÚSNICO DE FLAVOPARMELIA
    Revista de la Sociedad Química del Perú ISSN: 1810-634X [email protected] Sociedad Química del Perú Perú Castro Mandujano, Olivio Nino AISLAMIENTO DEL ÁCIDO ÚSNICO DE FLAVOPARMELIA CAPERATA Y SU DETERMINACIÓN CUANTITATIVA POR ESPECTROSCOPÍA UV, EN DIEZ LÍQUENES Revista de la Sociedad Química del Perú, vol. 76, núm. 4, octubre-diciembre, 2010, pp. 389-399 Sociedad Química del Perú Lima, Perú Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=371937619009 Cómo citar el artículo Número completo Sistema de Información Científica Más información del artículo Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal Página de la revista en redalyc.org Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto Recibidoel27-10-2010 389 AISLAMIENTODEL ÁCIDOÚSNICODE Flavoparmeliacaperata Y SUDETERMINACIÓNCUANTITATIVA PORESPECTROSCOPÍA UV,ENDIEZLÍQUENES OlivioNinoCastroMandujano1* RESUMEN El aislamiento del ácido úsnico se realizó a partir del liquen Flavoparmelia caperata, mediante extracción por maceración usando cloroformo a temperatura ambiente. El compuesto aislado denominado S2 fue purificado mediante técnicas cromatográficas y subsecuentes recristalizaciones, obteniendo el ácido úsnico puro. La elucidación del ácido fue realizada por técnicas espectroscópicas IR, H-NMR,1 C13–NMR y EM. La cuantificación de este ácido fue evaluado por espectroscopía ultravioleta-visible, y fue aplicada a los siguientes líquenes: Flavoparmelia caperata, Flavoparmelia cucullata, Xanthoparmelia conspersa, Alectoria
    [Show full text]
  • Species in Mexican Xerophytic Scrub Vegetation, Evidenced by Molecular, Morphological and Chemistry Data
    Anales del Jardín Botánico de Madrid 78 (1): e107 https://doi.org/10.3989/ajbm.2564 ISSN-L: 0211-1322 Diversity of Xanthoparmelia (Parmeliaceae) species in Mexican xerophytic scrub vegetation, evidenced by molecular, morphological and chemistry data Alejandrina BARCENAS-PEÑA1,*, Steven D. LEAVITT2, Felix GREWE3, H. Thorsten LUMBSCH4 1,3,4The Grainger Bioinformatics Center & Negaunee Integrative Research Center, Science & Education, The Field Museum, 1400 South Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605-2496, USA. 2Department of Biology and M.L. Bean Life Science Museum, Brigham Young University, 4102 Life Science Building, Provo, UT 84602, USA. *Correspondence: [email protected] 1https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1674-1164, 2https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5034-9724 3https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2805-5930, 4https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1512-835X Abstract. The genus Xanthoparmelia is the largest genus of lichen- Resumen. Xanthoparmelia es el género más grande de hongos liqueniza- forming fungi with about 800 species worldwide. Xanthoparmelia is dos, con alrededor de 800 especies en todo el mundo. Xanthoparmelia es also common in the deserts of central Mexico, but only a few molecular común en los desiertos del centro de México, pero existen pocos estudios studies exist on its species’ diversity in this region. In this study, we moleculares sobre la diversidad de especies en esta región. En este estu- sampled 38 Xanthoparmelia species from around the world including dio, muestreamos 38 especies de Xanthoparmelia de diferentes partes del species from the xerophytic scrubs of central Mexico to assess the di- mundo, incluidas especies de los matorrales xerófilos del centro de Méxi- versity using an integrative approach.
    [Show full text]
  • Lichens of Alaska
    A Genus Key To The LICHENS OF ALASKA By Linda Hasselbach and Peter Neitlich January 1998 National Park Service Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve 201 First Avenue Fairbanks, AK 99701 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We would like to acknowledge the following Individuals for their kind assistance: Jim Riley generously provided lichen photographs, with the exception of three copyrighted photos, Alectoria sarmentosa, Peltigera neopolydactyla and P. membranaceae, which are courtesy of Steve and Sylvia Sharnoff, and Neph­ roma arctica by Shelli Swanson. The line drawing on the cover, as well as those for Psoroma hypnarum and the 'lung-like' illustration, are the work of Alexander Mikulin as found In Lichens of Southeastern Alaska by Gelser, Dillman, Derr, and Stensvold. 'Cyphellae' and 'pseudocyphellae' are also by Alexander Mikulin as appear In Macrolichens of the Pacific Northwest by McCune and Gelser. The Cladonia apothecia drawing is the work of Bruce McCune from Macrolichens of the Northern Rocky Mountains by McCune and Goward. Drawings of Brodoa oroarcttca, Physcia aipolia apothecia, and Peltigera veins are the work of Trevor Goward as found in The Lichens of British Columbia. Part I - Foliose and Squamulose Species by Goward, McCune and Meldlnger. And the drawings of Masonhalea and Cetraria ericitorum are the work of Bethia Brehmer as found In Thomson's American Arctic Macrolichens. All photographs and line drawings were used by permission. Chiska Derr, Walter Neitlich, Roger Rosentreter, Thetus Smith, and Shelli Swanson provided valuable editing and draft comments. Thanks to Patty Rost and the staff of Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve for making this project possible.
    [Show full text]
  • Kingdom Fungi
    Fungi, Galls, Lichens, Prokaryotes and Protists of Elm Fork Preserve These lists contain the oddballs that do not fit within the plant or animal categories. They include the other three kingdoms aside from Plantae and Animalia, as well as lichens and galls best examined as individual categories. The comments column lists remarks in the following manner: 1Interesting facts and natural history concerning the organism. Place of origin is also listed if it is an alien. 2 Edible, medicinal or other useful qualities of the organism for humans. The potential for poisoning or otherwise injuring humans is also listed here. 3Ecological importance. The organisms interaction with the local ecology. 4Identifying features are noted, especially differences between similar species. 5Date sighted, location and observations such as quantity or stage of development are noted here. Some locations lend themselves to description -- close proximity to a readily identifiable marker, such as a trail juncture or near a numbered tree sign. Other locations that are more difficult to define have been noted using numbers from the location map. Global Positioning System (GPS) coordinates are only included for those organisms that are unusual or rare and are likely to be observed again in the same place. 6 Synonyms; outdated or recently changed scientific names are inserted here. 7 Control measures. The date, method and reason for any selective elimination. 8 Intentional Introductions. The date, source and reason for any introductions. 9 Identification references. Species identifications were made by the author unless otherwise noted. Identifications were verified using the reference material cited. 10Accession made. A notation is made if the organism was photographed, collected for pressing or a spore print was obtained.
    [Show full text]
  • Distribution of Chemistry and Sexual Fecundity in the Lichenized-Fungi, Xanthoparmelia Cumberlandia and Xanthoparmelia Coloradoe
    Brigham Young University BYU ScholarsArchive Theses and Dissertations 2004-12-01 Distribution of chemistry and sexual fecundity in the lichenized- fungi, Xanthoparmelia cumberlandia and Xanthoparmelia coloradoensis on Boulder Mountain, Aquarius Plateau, UT Heather Bird Jackson Brigham Young University - Provo Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd Part of the Biology Commons BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Jackson, Heather Bird, "Distribution of chemistry and sexual fecundity in the lichenized-fungi, Xanthoparmelia cumberlandia and Xanthoparmelia coloradoensis on Boulder Mountain, Aquarius Plateau, UT" (2004). Theses and Dissertations. 206. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/206 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. DISTRIBUTION OF CHEMISTRY AND SEXUAL FECUNDITY IN THE LICHENIZED-FUNGI, XANTHOPARMELIA CUMBERLANDIA AND XANTHOPARMELIA COLORADOËNSIS, ON BOULDER MOUNTAIN, AQUARIUS PLATEAU, UT by Heather Bird Jackson A thesis submitted to the faculty of Brigham Young University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Department of Integrative Biology Brigham Young University December 2004 BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY GRADUATE COMMITTEE APPROVAL of dissertation submitted by Heather Bird Jackson This dissertation has been read by each
    [Show full text]
  • Field Oriented Keys to the Florida Lichens
    Field oriented keys to the Florida lichens Roger Rosentreter, Ann M. DeBolt, & Barry Kaminsky December 12, 2015 Version Boise State University Field oriented keys to Florida Lichens Roger Rosentreter Department of Biology Boise State University 1910 University Drive Boise, ID 83725 [email protected] Barry Kaminsky University of Florida Gainesville, FL [email protected] [email protected] Ann DeBolt Natural Plant Communities Specialist Idaho Botanical Garden 2355 Old Penitentiary Rd. Boise, ID 83712 [email protected] [email protected] Table of Contents Introduction: Keys to genera and groups Keys to species Bulbothrix Candelaria Canoparmelia Cladonia Coccocarpia Coenogonium Collema see Leptogium key below. Crocynia Dirinaria Heterodermia Hyperphyscia Hypotrachyna Leptogium Lobaria Myelochroa Nephroma Normandina Pannaria Parmelinopsis Parmeliopsis Parmotrema Peltigera Phaeophyscia Physciella see Phaeophyscia key Physcia Physma Pseudocyphellaria Pseudoparmelia Punctelia Pyxine Ramalina Relicina Sticta Teloschistes Tuckermanella Usnea Vulpicida Xanthoparmelia Audience: Ecologists, Fieldwork technicians, Citizen Scientists, Naturalists, Lichenologists, general Botanists Potential Reviewers: Doug Ladd Rick Demmer Dr. Bruce McCune James Lendemer Richard Harris Introduction: There is still much to learn about Florida macrolichens. Macrolichen diversity was first catalogued by Moore (1968), followed by Harris (1990, 1995). “Lichens of North America” also contains photographs and descriptions of many of Florida’s macrolichens (Brodo et al. 2001). The aim of this book is to compliment these other resources and provide more field oriented keys to the macrolichen diversity. We hope to encourage the incorporation of lichens into field oriented ecological studies. Many of the species included in the keys are based lists and information from Harris (1990, 1995). In a few cases with a few rare Genera, Harris’ key very similar.
    [Show full text]
  • New Species and New Records of American Lichenicolous Fungi
    DHerzogiaIEDERICH 16: New(2003): species 41–90 and new records of American lichenicolous fungi 41 New species and new records of American lichenicolous fungi Paul DIEDERICH Abstract: DIEDERICH, P. 2003. New species and new records of American lichenicolous fungi. – Herzogia 16: 41–90. A total of 153 species of lichenicolous fungi are reported from America. Five species are described as new: Abrothallus pezizicola (on Cladonia peziziformis, USA), Lichenodiplis dendrographae (on Dendrographa, USA), Muellerella lecanactidis (on Lecanactis, USA), Stigmidium pseudopeltideae (on Peltigera, Europe and USA) and Tremella lethariae (on Letharia vulpina, Canada and USA). Six new combinations are proposed: Carbonea aggregantula (= Lecidea aggregantula), Lichenodiplis fallaciosa (= Laeviomyces fallaciosus), L. lecanoricola (= Laeviomyces lecanoricola), L. opegraphae (= Laeviomyces opegraphae), L. pertusariicola (= Spilomium pertusariicola, Laeviomyces pertusariicola) and Phacopsis fusca (= Phacopsis oxyspora var. fusca). The genus Laeviomyces is considered to be a synonym of Lichenodiplis, and a key to all known species of Lichenodiplis and Minutoexcipula is given. The genus Xenonectriella is regarded as monotypic, and all species except the type are provisionally kept in Pronectria. A study of the apothecial pigments does not support the distinction of Nesolechia and Phacopsis. The following 29 species are new for America: Abrothallus suecicus, Arthonia farinacea, Arthophacopsis parmeliarum, Carbonea supersparsa, Coniambigua phaeographidis, Diplolaeviopsis
    [Show full text]
  • Aislamiento Del Ácido Úsnico De
    Recibidoel27-10-2010 389 AISLAMIENTODEL ÁCIDOÚSNICODE Flavoparmeliacaperata Y SUDETERMINACIÓNCUANTITATIVA PORESPECTROSCOPÍA UV,ENDIEZLÍQUENES OlivioNinoCastroMandujano1* RESUMEN El aislamiento del ácido úsnico se realizó a partir del liquen Flavoparmelia caperata, mediante extracción por maceración usando cloroformo a temperatura ambiente. El compuesto aislado denominado S2 fue purificado mediante técnicas cromatográficas y subsecuentes recristalizaciones, obteniendo el ácido úsnico puro. La elucidación del ácido fue realizada por técnicas espectroscópicas IR, H-NMR,1 C13–NMR y EM. La cuantificación de este ácido fue evaluado por espectroscopía ultravioleta-visible, y fue aplicada a los siguientes líquenes: Flavoparmelia caperata, Flavoparmelia cucullata, Xanthoparmelia conspersa, Alectoria ochrolechia, Hypotrachyna paramense, Psiloparmelia denotata, Psiloparmelia distincta (familia parmeliaceae); Thamnolia vermicularissubsp . Vermicularis, Thamnolia vermicularissubsp . Solida ( familia siphulaceae); Cladina arbusculata( familia cladoniaceae) y Stereocaulon vesuvianum (familia stereocaulaceae). Palabras clave: Liquen, Flavoparmelia caperata, ácido úsnico, espectroscopía UV. ISOLATIONOF THEUSNIC ACIDOF Flavoparmeliacaperata AND CUANTITATIVE DETERMINATIONBY UV SPECTROSCOPIC, OFTEN LICHENS ABSTRACTS The isolation of the usnic acid was realized from the lichen Flavoparmelia caperata by extraction – maceration with chloroform at room temperature. The isolated compound called S2 was purificated by chromatography techniques and several recristalizations.
    [Show full text]
  • Lichens and Air Quality in the Agua Tibia Wilderness, California
    LICHENS AND AIR QUALITY IN THE AGUA TIBIA WILDERNESS, CALIFORNIA: A BASELINE STUDY Bruce D. Ryan Department of Botany Arizona State University Tempe, AZ 85287 May 1990 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study was funded by the U.S. Forest Service, through an agreement with Arizona State University. Thanks go to Lisa Croft for assisting in the fieldwork, and to Bob Doty and Thomas Nash III for their help. INTRODUCTION Little information on the lichens of San Diego County is available from previous studies. Hasse (1913) mentioned only a few species, mostly from the coastal areas in the vicinity of San Diego itself, and Sigal & Nash (1983) described some of the foliose and fruticose species found on conifers in Cuyamaca State Park (ca.70 km southeast of the Agua Tibia Wilderness) and Palomar Mountain (ca.4 km. southeast of the Wilderness). The present study, focusing on the Aqua Tibia Wilderness, is the first detailed investigation of the lichen flora of this area of California. STUDY SITE The Agua Tibia Wilderness, in the Cleveland National Forest, is located in one of the Peninsular Ranges, ca. 30 mi north-northeast of Escondido. The southern part is in San Diego County, while the northern part is in Riverside County. Most of the rocks in the Agua Tibia Wilderness are'mesozoic igneous (and metamorphic) rocks of the southern California batholith (including quartz diorite and various granitic rocks), with smaller areas of pre-batholith metamorphic and igneous rocks and Quaternary and Teritary sedimentary and volcanic rocks (Oakeshott, 1971). Vascular Vegetation The vascular flora of San Diego County has recently been described by Beauchamp (1986).
    [Show full text]