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A Review on Insect Pest Complex of Oats (Avena Sativa L.)

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A Review on Insect Pest Complex of Oats (Avena Sativa L.) Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(12): 525-534 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 6 Number 12 (2017) pp. 525-534 Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Review Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.612.064 A Review on Insect Pest Complex of Oats (Avena sativa L.) Ritesh Kumar1*, Ishtiyaq Ahad1, Stanzin Dorjey2, Uzma Arifie1 and Sheikh Aafreen Rehman1 1Division of Entomology, 2Division of Plant Pathology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Wadura Sopore, 193201, Kashmir, India *Corresponding author A BSTRACT The oat (Avena sativa L.), is a species of cereal grain grown for human K e yw or ds consumption as oatmeal and one of the most common uses is as livestock feed. Fodder, Oats, Pest, Winter fodder scarcity is one of the major problems in feeding management for Fluctuation , ruminants in India and other country. Some of the improved fodders are Infestation . introduced at farmer’s level but appropriate technology is not yet established. Moreover there is a risk of fluctuation in the production potential of such fodder Article Info due to insect pest and climatic variability across the location. Oats crops are Accepted: heavily attacked by armyworm, cereal leaf beetle, cutworm, wheat aphid, plant 07 October 2017 bug, grasshopper, oat thrips, wireworm, cockchafer, fruit fly, and cyst nematode. Available Online: 10 December 2017 This review endeavors to piece together all known information about the insect that attacked on oats. Introduction Oats rank sixth in the world cereal production provides palatable, succulent and nutritious statistics following wheat, maize, rice, barley green fodder (Singh et al., 1989).It is and sorghum. It is an important livestock feed cultivated in Punjab, Haryana, West Bengal, and is a good source of protein, fiber and Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttar minerals. This crop is considered to be a rich Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and source of protein, equal to meat, milk, and Maharashtra. The total area covered under egg protein. As food oats are mostly preferred oats cultivation in the country is about 5 lakh in breakfast, moreover it is viewed by ha. The crop occupies maximum area in Uttar consumers as one of the wholesome, Pradesh (34 per cent), followed by Punjab (20 healthiest, natural food with the result there is per cent), Bihar (16 per cent), Haryana (9 per rising global food demand for oats. Out of cent) and Madhya Pradesh (6 per cent) cereals, the highest amounts of β-glycan are (Pandey and Roy, 2011).India ranks first found in barley and oats grains (Ahmad and among the major livestock holding countries Zaffar, 2014). It has wider adaptability having about 15% livestock population of the because of its excellent growth habits, quick world, however, milk production of our regrowth, and better yield potential and country are about 17%. Total livestock 525 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(12): 525-534 population of India is 512 million. The greenbug, Schizaphis graminum Rondani; the present availability of green fodder is chinch bug, Blissus leucopterus leucopterus about400 million tonnes projecting a deficit Say; and the cereal cyst nematode, of 63.50 % and that of dry fodder is around Heterodera avenae Wollenweber; most oats 466 million tonnes against the requirement of pests are only occasional pests and cause 609 million tonnes (Verma et al., 2016). The economic damage sporadically when climatic fodder production in India is insufficient to conditions are favorable for outbreaks. meet the requirements of growing livestock Examples of occasional pests in the USA are population and country faces a net deficit of the armyworm, Pseudaletiauni puncta 61.1% in green fodder, 21.9% in dry crop Haworth; cutworms, Agrotis or Thogonia residues and 64% in feeds (Agarwal et al., Morrison; Apamea amputatrix Fitch; 2008). Chorizogrotis auxiliaries Grote; Crymodes devoststor Brace; Euxoao chrogaster Guenee; In agronomy, an insect is classified as a pest Peridroma margoritosa Haw; cereal leaf if the damage it causes to a crop is sufficient beetle, Oulema melanopus L. and to reduce the yield or the quality of the grasshoppers viz. Melanoplus spp and harvested product by an amount that is Schistocerca americana Drury (Young and unacceptable to the farmer (Dent, 2000). Teetes, 1977). Armyworm, cutworm, wheat Injury is the effect of pest activities on host aphid, plant bug, grasshopper, oat thrips, physiology, which is usually deleterious, wireworm, cockchafer, fruit fly are the most while damage is a measurable loss host yield commonly attacking pest of oats crop (Lone quantity or quality. Globally, all crop et al., 2009) (Table 1). production practices are being highly challenged by biotic and abiotic stresses. Sucking insect pests Biotic stress especially insect pests and diseases cause devastating damage in terms of Aphids yield and quality. On average pests causes 20- 37% yield losses worldwide which translating Oats crop is invaded by different pests among to approximately $70billion annually which with specific agronomic importance. (Pimentel et al., 1997).Various arthropods There are six species of aphids that damage and nematodes cause damage to oats (Avena oats crop. These species include sativa L. and A. byzantino K.) plants Rhopalosiphum padi, Schizaphis graminurn, throughout their life and no stage of the crop R. Maidis, Metopoliphiurn dirhodum, is free from damage. Crops can be affected Sitobion avenae and Diuraphis noxia. Two of from the seedling stage until the grain is the species commonly known as Russian harvested. Pests of oats are either Wheat Aphid (D. noxia) and Bird Cherry-Oat polyphagous (damaging a wide range of Aphid (R. padi) are considered notorious for plants) or oligophagous (feeding on only a their direct and indirect losses. In favorable few plant species) and it is very rare, any climate conditions they are reproducing in insect found to be monophagous to oats crop. great number and cause significant damages Hundreds of arthropod species feed on oats to the crop by decreasing the yield (Vasilina cultivated in the USA and other countries. et al., 2009). In addition to this some aphid Low infestations of certain pests in cereals species inject toxins during their feeding as may stimulate growth and tillers, and actually well as transmit viral diseases (Maneva et al., increase yields (Southwood and Norton, 2008). 1973). Examples of such pests are the 526 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(12): 525-534 Bird cherry oat aphids Prairie Provinces during 1988(Morrison et al., 1988). RWA is present in almost all Bird cherry oat aphids can saliently be significant wheat producing areas of the characterized due to their high adaptive world except Australia (Hughes and biological plasticity and transmission of viral Maywald, 1990). RWA attacks most of the diseases Barley yellow Dwarf (BYD) virus in cereals including wheat, barley, triticale, rye particular (Stern, 1967). Bird cherry oat aphid and oats. Alternate hosts for RWA are cool is native to almost all over the world and is season (crested) and wheat grasses abundantly found in Northern Europe, North (Agropyron spp.). The economic impact of America, and New Zealand. Bird cherry oat RWA include direct and indirect losses that aphid can adopt a number of species as an have been estimated to be $893 million in alternate host including oats, wheat, cereal Western United states during 1987 to and other grasses and even on species of 1993(Morrison and Peairs, 1998) families Juncaceae or and Cyperaceae whereas37% yield losses in winter wheat (Rautapaa, 1970) with primary host being have been reported in Canadian Prairies Bird Cherry (Prunus padus L.) and closely (Butts et al., 1997). Direct losses have also related tree species. Yield losses caused by been assessed as an increased input cost due Bird cherry oat aphid can vary greatly to insecticides and indirect losses include depending upon the time of infestation in reduced yield due to RWA infestation. relation to plant growth. It is one of the serious pests in wheat growing areas of the Greenbug world due to: Schizaphis graminum Rondanior greenbug is Its longest span of presence from early spring a warm season perennial pest, causing to late autumn substantial losses to cereal crops and wheat in particular. Greenbug was first reported on Ability to overwinter as an egg and/or oats during early20th century and also has parthenogenetic individuals and colonized successfully in sorghum during 1960 (Harvey and Hackerott, 1969). Vectoring the Barley yellow Dwarf (BYD) Greenbug is known to be originated from virus. Virginia, North America (Hunter, 1909) with a contradictory report that it might have Russian Wheat Aphid (RWA) originated from Italy. Webster and Amosson (1995) reported 41% dry land and 93% Russian Wheat Aphid (RWA) is known to be irrigated area under wheat cultivation in a sporadic insect causing significant yield Western US was infested with green bug. A losses by spreading out from its origin. The notorious periodic outbreak during 1976 in center of origin for RWA is considered to be Oklahoma caused estimated losses exceeding the central Asian mountains of Caucasus and $80 million (Starks and Burton, 1977). Large Tian Shan. The specie could now be found in populations of greenbug shift onto sorghum South Africa, Western United States, Central during summer when wheat is harvested and and Southern Europe and Middle East colonize in masses. In absence of sorghum, (Berzonsky et al., 2003).The RWA was first they can shift to wild grasses which can rarely reported in South Africa in 1978 (Walters, accommodate larger populations (Anstead et 1984), in Mexico during 1980(Gilchrist et al., al., 2003). 1984), in United States in 1986 and Canadian 527 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(12): 525-534 Leafhoppers and. S.
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