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Desertification and Climate Change in Africa1 Policy Brief No. 1 March, 2020 Introduction Desertification as land degradation in arid, semi-arid, and dry sub-humid areas result from many factors, Desertification including climatic variations and human activities. It leads to reduction in crop yields and weakens the and Climate resilience of agricultural and pastoral systems - key livelihood pillars in Africa. Through its effect on vegetation and soils, desertification leads to changes in carbon Change in pools and sinks and release of associated GHGs. It also 1 tends to increase albedo, decrease in energy available Africa at the surface and associated surface temperatures, producing a negative feedback on climate change. Desertification is not limited to irreversible forms of land degradation, nor is it equated to desert expansion, but represents all forms and levels of land degradation occurring in drylands. Two thirds of Africa is classified as drylands, of which 319 million hectares has been estimated to be highly vulnerable to desertification. These areas are concentrated in Sahelian region, Horn of Africa and Kalahari in the south. Increasing concentration of poverty in the drylands of sub-Sahara Africa has been documented, where 41% of the total population Photo credit: https://landportal.org lives in extreme poverty, which is partly attributed to KEY MESSAGES desertification. Drought and desertification are at the core of serious challenges and threats facing 1. Desertification has increased in African sustainable development in Africa, with far reaching drylands in recent decades, led by land use change, climatic variability and poor adverse impacts on human health, food security, land management practices. economic activity, physical infrastructure, natural resources and the environment, with incidence in 2. People living in drylands in Africa are highly national and global security. vulnerable to desertification and climate change, because of their impacts on a There is high confidence that climate change will wide range of livelihood based resources. exacerbate the vulnerability to desertification among dryland populations, and that the combination of 3. Desertification and climate change affect pressure from climate change and desertification will gender disproportionately, with women diminish opportunities for reducing poverty, enhancing and youth being the most affected. food and nutritional security, empowering women, reducing disease burden, improving access to water 4. Without implementation of adequate and sanitation. measures, climate change will exacerbate the vulnerability to desertification among dryland populations in Africa. The process of desertification includes both biological and non-biological processes, and is attributable 5. Policy responses and integrated land to the physical, chemical and biological properties management practices, as well as of terrestrial ecosystems. Some of the key drivers of indigenous and local knowledge are desertification include soil erosion; global warming needed to consider the complex and multi- 1 Based on Chapter 3 of the IPCC Special Report on Climate Change, faceted nature of causes and effects of Desertification, Land degradation, Sustainable Land Managment , Food desertification. Security and Greenhouse gas fluxes in Terrestial Ecosystems, 2019. Policy Brief No. 1 leading to the rise of CO2 levels; sea surface and to rural advisory services, lack of technical temperature anomalies which drive rainfall knowledge and skills, agricultural price distortions, changes; invasive plants which affect ecosystem agricultural support and subsidies contributing to services, wildfire which reduces vegetation cover, desertification, and lack of economic incentives increases runoff and soil erosion, reduces soil for sustainable land management. fertility and affects the soil microbial community. Despite environmental, socio-economic and Anthropogenic drivers of desertification institutional constraints, dryland populations have include: cropland expansion, unsustainable land historically demonstrated remarkable resilience, management practices such as overgrazing ingenuity and innovations, distilled into indigenous by livestock, urban expansion, infrastructure and local knowledge to cope with high climatic development, and extractive industries. High and variability and sustain livelihoods. For example, the growing consumption of land-based resources indigenous and local knowledge across Africa and has also been indicated as the ultimate driver informal community bylaws were successfully used of land degradation, e.g. through deforestation for regulating grazing and controlling rangeland and cropland expansion, escalated by population degradation. Currently, however, indigenous and growth. local knowledge and practices are increasingly lost or can no longer cope with growing demands The institutional, policy and socio-economic drivers for land-based resources. Unsustainable land of desertification include land tenure insecurity, management practices increase the risks from lack of property rights, lack of access to markets, droughts, floods and dust storms. The Status of Desertification in Africa of habitats, reduction in the range of livestock grazing, higher stocking rates are considered to be the main drivers for vegetation structure loss in the rangelands of Kenya. 83.6% Despite desertification in the Sahel being a major of countries in concern since the 1970s, wetting and greening Africa are vulnerable to conditions have been observed in this region over desertification. the last three decades. The Sahara is reported to have expanded by 10% over the 20th Century based on annual rainfall. However, cropland areas in the Sahel region of West Africa have doubled since 1975, with settlement area also increasing by about 46/55 150%. In Burkina Faso, from 1984 to 2013, bare soils and agricultural lands increased by 18.8% and 89.7%, respectively, while woodland, gallery forest, Map: Dryland areas are expected to become more vulnerable to desertification in Africa. tree savannas, shrub savannas and water bodies DESERTIFICATION AND CLIMATE CHANGE IN AFRICA - MARCH, 2020 - MARCH, IN AFRICA CLIMATE CHANGE DESERTIFICATION AND It is estimated that 46 of the 55 countries in Africa decreased by 18.8%, 19.4%, 4.8%, 45.2% and 31.2%, are vulnerable to desertification, with some already respectively. In Fakara region in Niger, a 5% annual feeling the effects. Moderate or higher severity reduction in herbaceous yield between 1994 and degradation over recent decades has been 2006 was largely explained by changes in land identified in many river basins including the Nile use, grazing pressure and soil fertility. Greening (42% of area), Niger (50%), Senegal (51%), Volta has also been observed in parts of southern Africa (67%), Limpopo (66%) and Lake Chad (26%). The but it is relatively weak compared to other regions Horn of Africa is getting drier exacerbating the of the continent. desertification situation. The observed decline in vegetation cover is diminishing ecosystem services. In the Okavango river Basin in southern Africa, Based on Normalized Difference Vegetation Index conversion of land towards higher utilisation (NDVI) residuals, Kenya experienced persistent intensities, unsustainable agricultural practises negative (positive) trends over 21.6% (8.9%) of the and overexploitation of the savanna ecosystems 2 country, for the period 1992–2015. Fragmentation have been observed in recent decades. In the Policy Brief No. 1 arid Algerian High Plateaus, desertification due to Africa suggest that higher temperatures, increase both climatic and human causes led to the loss of in the number of heat-waves, and increasing indigenous plant biodiversity between 1975 and aridity, will affect the rain fed agricultural systems. 2006. Sudan has over 64 Mha being degraded, Without the carbon fertilization effect, climate with the Central North Kordofan State being most change will reduce the mean yields for 11 major affected. However, reforestation measures in global crops – millet, eld pea, sugar beet, sweet the last decade sustained by improved rainfall potato, wheat, rice, maize, soybean, groundnut, conditions have led to low-medium regrowth sunflower and rapeseed – by 15% in Sub-Saharan conditions in about 20% of the area. In Morocco, Africa, 11% in Middle East and North Africa by 2050. areas affected by desertification are predominantly on plains with high population and livestock Desertification has led to reduction in agricultural pressure. The annual costs of soil degradation productivity and incomes; it has also contributed were estimated at about 1% of Gross Domestic to the loss of biodiversity in many dryland regions. Product (GDP) in Algeria and Egypt, and about 0.5% It is further projected to cause reductions in crop in Morocco and Tunisia. Drylands of eastern Africa and livestock productivity, modify the composition currently face growing encroachment of invasive of plant species and reduce biological diversity plant species, such as Prosopis juliflora, which across drylands. In sub-Saharan Africa particularly, constitutes land degradation since it leads to losses crop production may be reduced by 17–22% due to in economic productivity of the affected areas. climate change by 2050. About 821 million people Land degradation through reduction in species globally were food insecure in 2017, of whom 31% richness in central Senegal has also been noted. were in Africa. Sub-Saharan Africa, particularly East Africa, had the highest share
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