Arid Republic of Kenya and Sлmi
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MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE .
ARID AND SËMI- ARID LANDS BRANCH LÀIKIPIA DISTRICT
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A PRE-INVESTMENT STUDY
HUMAN AND NATURAL RESOURCES
VOLUME VI
Chapter 10 - Forestry C hapter 11 - Ag ronorny
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ISRIC LIBRARY IE£ . ^^ J Wageningen, The Netherlands
MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE
ARID AND SEMI-ARID LANDS BRANCH LAIKIPIA DISTRICT
A PRE-INVESTMENT STUDY OF HUMAN AND NATURAL RESOURCES
VOLUME VI
Chapter 10 - Forestry Chapter 11 - Agronomy
1983 iSSV, CHAPTER 10
FORESTRY AND AGROFORECÏRY
Scanned from original by ISRIC - World Soil Information, as ICSU World Data Centre for Soils. The purpose is to make a safe depository for endangered documents and to make the accrued information available for consultation, following Fair Use Guidelines. Every effort is taken to respect Copyright of the materials within the archives where the identification of the Copyright holder is clear and, where feasible, to contact the originators. For questions please contact soil.isricgDwur.nl ndicating the item reference number concerned. 10-i TAELE OF CONTENTS Page
10.1 Introduction 10-1 10.2. Description of Forests and Bushlands 10-8 10.3 Forest Survey of Lands, the Species 10-10 and Volumes in Rift Valley Province and Laikipia District in Particular ?.. 10.3.1 Western Laikipia Indigenous 10-11 Forests and its Exotic Forest Plantations Areas and Volumes 10.4 Supply and Demand for Wood Including 10-17 Fuelv/ood Based on Present and Future Population 10.5 Lumber Production and Demand Laikipia 10-14 District-West 10.6 Forest Industry in Laikipia-East and the 10-25 Total Population Supported by Forest Industry of Laikipia District 3 0.7 Summary of Forest Fuelwood Situation 10-?7 for Laikipia District 10.8 Marketing for Saw Timber 10-30 10.9 Associated Forestxy Programme 10-31 10.10 Reforestation Programme Planned by ':::.; t 10-33 Forest Department 198 3 10.11 Forest Stand Improvement: Thinning, 10-34 Pruning, Pine, Cypress 10.12 Forest Management 10-35 10.13 Forest Nurseries -. 10-36 10.14 Protection Forests -" Mukogodo Forest 10-40 and Ewaso Narok Forest 10.15 Fire Protection for Western Laikipia 10-41 Forests 10.16 Energy Consumption in Kenya 10-43 10.17 Ecological Aspects of Laikipia District 10-44 10-ii
Table of Contents (Cont'd) Page 10.18 Agroforestry in Laikipia District 10-4 7 10.19 Recommendation on Agroforestry 10-58 10.20 Agroforestry Implementations 10-58 10.20.1 Other Species 10-61 10.21 Suggested Projects in Forestry and 10-63 Agro Forestry—Laikipia District 10.22 Cost Estimates by Projects 10-66 Bibliography 10-82 Appendices 10-84 10-iii
LIST OF TABLES Page
3 Forest Areas by Province and District 10-2 (Forest Dept.) I Laikipia District Forests 10-6
7 Indigenous Forests Gross Standing Timber 10-13 Volumes - (Round Wood Vol.) Marmanet, 01 Arabel, Lariak Forests
8 The 1980 Estimated Gross Standing Volume 10-14 Marmanet, 01 Arabel, Lariak and I Rumuruti Forests Based on Areas Developed by Forest Dept. and KREMU_
4 Forest Department Plantation Inventory 10-15 Report for North and South Marmanet Forest Districts June - September 1975 Period
5 Estimated Grov/ing Stock in Plantations 10-16 in North and South Marmanet Forests Baced on Current Hectares Planted to 1982 10 Estimated Sustained Annual Ttield of 10-3 8 Forest Fuelwood - Western Laikipia District 1980 in Cubic Metres
II Estimated Annual Sustained Yield of 10-19 Fuelwood Western Laikipia Forests in Tonnes
12 Estimated Gross Tonnes of Fuelwood - 10-19 Laikipia District Forests 13 Laikipia Forest District Revenue Data - 10-19 1977-81 Timber 15 Laikipia District Forestry Office 10-23 19 Forest Fuelwood Supply Against Demand 10-28 by Location 18 Suitabilities of Soils for Agroforestry 10-49 and Crops 10-iv
LIST OF MAPS Page
10-1 Forest Areas ' 10-3
10-2 Marmanet, Rumuruti and UASO Narok Forests 10-5 Management Map
10-3 Forest Nursery Locations 10-37 10-v
APPENDICES
Page
Appendix A Arid and Semi Arid Species Laikipia District 10-8
Appendix B Eucalyptus for Planting 10-8
Appendix C Species Recorded from Inventory of Marmanet, Lariak, 01 Arabel Indigenous Forests 1970 10-8
Appendix D Timsales Limited Up-country Yards Prices in Kenya Certs Per Running Metre 10-8
Appendix E Distribution of Species in Plantations - Laikipia District 10-8
Appendix F Laikipia District 10-8
Appendix G Arid and Semi Arid Species Laikipia District 10-9
Appendix H List of Tree Seeds Recommended for Afforestation/Reforestation in the Semi-Arid/Arid Zones of Kenya 10-9 10-1
10.1 INTRODUCTION
Kenya is a country of grand resources and great opportu nity and we think the Laikipia District is one of its best and most favoured pieces of real estate. This District includes coniferous forests, productive range lands and ranches, clear streams, abundant plains game and wildlife and also it has an abundance of hard working people. A resource formula for success in a highly competitive world, hard working people and plenty of good soil> water, grass, forests and animal life.
The forest (see Map 10-i) and agro-forestry resource is discussed in this section of the report since other chapters will be devoted to range land, livestock, soil and water, wildlife, people etc., their use and needs and the impact on the present and futute population of Laikipia's people.
The indigenous forests of Marmanet, Al Arabel, Lariak, Rumuriti and Ewaso Narok in western Laikipia and Mukogodo forest in eastern Laikipia make up 36,000 hectares of available timber and fuelwood producing land. These lands were gazetted (set aside as National forest lands by an act of Parliament) early in Kenya's history and new play an important part in the lives of 900 forest workers and their 7,000 dependants. The Laikipia District timber resource is expected to furnish about 70,000 to 120,000 cubic metres/ annually (Laikipia, Nyandarua and the Mt. Kenya Forests) of logs to forest industries each year on a sustained yield basis and actually, with improvement and development of the saw mill industries, eventually employ 5,000 workers and support about 50,000 dependants in western and eastern Laikipia. The Laikipia population between 1980 and 1990 may nearly double so the increased forest employment will be essential to the well being of about a third of the future population of farmers - forest industry workers. •P M l/l CU CO CU > • >-i O «3« O U Pu
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This bush-charcoal making is considered as only a temporary solution to the needs of the local population and if the District population nearly doubles then the deficit for fuelwood and charcoal could reach 80,000 tonnes per year. These figures are based on current production of charcoal at one tonne to eleven tonnes of fuelwood, however, with modern kilns this can be cut in half arid with improved stoves (jikos) a further i5%-50%, saving can bo made, in fact must be made to stretch the fuelwood supply for 'che District and the Nation. Recognizing the need f-.or fuelwocd we have recommended planting 4,000 hectares:- of fuelwood on the gazet ted forest lands, of Western Laikipia over the next ten years. Thi3 can be accomplished on solected sites showr: on the Forest Management Map 10-2 and by planting 620 km of the forest fire breaks, which average 40 metres wide, with fast growing eucalyptus and harvesting it on a 5-7 year rotation. It will also be necessary for the small and large farmers to plant trees for fuel, fodder, honey and shade around the boundaries of their plots and also interspace some of their crop's land with trees or shrubs which will produce fuel, fodder, fertilizer etc. (Leucaena, Prospopis, Acacias, etc). Farming, livestock production and forestry can be married in a harmonious package to produce crops, meat, fuel, fruit, honey, timber, etc., and make the small farms viable for their owners and families. 10-5 2 > 3: r- TJ > > s.zo yz O > TD 1 z NJ m > 3C ,-H D ** l/> > Z w- X —i 5 c zo " = O— 2 > -J) -o > c o O -< (S z 3J —i trt ° C m °* o> —1 -o S _ m —. TO 7 O n" 2 > m >-nS > m z »-4 o O z o Z <- >' n -« c m< z > in 3' —i > o 2 TO z m S- T3 z r~ > *3> 3) -( m > O •X. en >-< —i > -n C i o o IS) m3) -< - -H 1 10-6 Fire protection of the forests is absolutely essential and is a major problem and expense to the forest Department. It requires modernizing and training the fire fighting orga nization and equipping it with a communication network (radio, telephones, lookouts, aircraft, etc.). Fire-fighting machines (cats tankers, pumps, and aircraft) in the next five to ten years. The ecological and environmental values of Laikipia's forests are hard to measure at this time, but the value of water produced on the forests is invaluable to the downstream users. The beneficial effect of forest on climate is recognized and measured in the soil and water section. The value for recreation of these forests will be particu larly important in the future as local and national populations increase. The medical and other values of the indigenous forests have not been fully exploded and it is strongly recommended research and development. The actual forect area of Laikipra' is listed at 36,c,60 hectares of a total District area of 972 km2 or 3«°"'% of th3 total land area. Forest areas ?re listed below as inventoried in 1981 by KREMU, "Forest Inventory of Kenya Using Remote Sensing": see Map 10-2 for locations. Table 10-1: LAIKIPIA DISTRICT FORESTS Forest Hectares of Forest Status Gazetted Area Lariak 2,510 G 5,714 Marmanet 14,120 G 20,852 Melwa 1,150 P — Mlima Tatu 1,330 P _ Mukogodo 5,130 G 28,872 Ndare 285 G 28 5 01 Arabel 5,035 G 9,365 Rumuruti 5,205 G 6,218 Uaso Narok 1,795 G 2,053 TOTAL 36,560 72,819 G - Gazetted P - Private 10-7 The major forests are Luriak, 01 Arabe1, Marmanet, Rumuruti and Uaso Narok in western Laikipia and Mukogodo Protection Forest in eastern Laikipia. Melwa and Mlima Tatu are private forests and provide grazing and some firewood locally. Mukogodo is protection forest which is mostly a grazing area and watershed protection area which may also provide firewood and poles for the resident population. The major forest areas have been inventoried in 1963-67, 1970 and 1973. It was necessary to extrapolate the data up to 1980 for purposes of current production, use and future yields. Projected tables of volumes are shown on subsequent pages. The species composition of the major forest areas is made up of species considered commercial and non-commercial as follows in Te.ble 10-2. Table 10-2 Latin Neme Common Name Symbol Com -Ncn Com Juniperus procera Cedar Ce r> Premna maxima Muchichi MCH C Dombeya Goetzenii Muke M KO c Teclea nobilis Munderendu MNO c Ekebergia rueppeliana Munuga MNG c Celtis africana Murundu MRD c Olea Hochstetterii Musharagi MSH c Prunus africanum Mueri MW c Podocarpus gracilior Pod o G PG c Podocarpus milanj ianus Podo M MP c Maytenus undatus Muhtethioi MI NC Croton megalocarpus Musine MSN NC Polyscias Kikuyuensis Mutati MTI C - NC Ficus spp Mugumo MUG C - NC Albizia gummifera etc Mukurwe MKW NC 10-8 The 1963-67 inventory further broke down areas into cutting or harvesting sizes or classes as follows: Cutting Class III Polewood Cutting Class IV Merchantable small size trees Cutting Class V Mature timber Cutting Class VI Overmature and cut over. Of the inventories commercial timber 68.6% was cedar 15.9% was Podo M, 8.2% Podo G, for cover types with utili- zable volume of over 2,000 cubic feet per acre. This inventory was made by Spartan Air Services 1963-67. There have been major changes in the above information since 1967 because of timber harvest, fires, land excisions etc., which now will require a new forest inventory and management plan. The 1980 volumes developed in this report must be considered as only the best available projections of what :nay be standing volumes on the ground. 10.2 DESCRIPTION OF FORESTS AND BUSHLAwDS A. Marmanet, Lariak, 01 Arabel, Rumuruti Forests B. Mukogcdo Protection Forest C. Ewaso Narok Protection Forest A volume compilation of the first four forests has been made based on information from the 1963-67 inventory by Spartan Air Services Ltd., the KREMU Surveys of Kenya forest using ERTZ satellite information 1980, "The Inventory of Biomass, February 1982" and the Beijer Institute report, "Energy Development in Kenya - Problems and Opportunities." All of this along with inventories of Marmanet Forest 1970 by the Kenya Forest Department and their Management Plan of 10-9 Marraanet Forest along with the authors' field observations, measurements and discussions with the Nyahururu (Laikipia) District Forest Officer and his Forestry staff have provided the listing of forest species, volumes and demand for timber, poles and fuelwood. Forest here will be considered as perennial plants; trees and shrubs having an 80% crown closure and usually developing in rainfall zones of 1,000 mm or more. The KREMU rangeland survey shows 87% of Kenya in the Arid and Semi Arid areas which supports 600 million oven dry tonnes of wood or 690 million tonnes of air dry wood, (15% MC). The annual sustainable yield amounts only to 14 million oven dry or 16 million air dry tonnes. It is also important to note that 30% of the population live in the arid and semi arid lands. (Total tu3lwood demands have been estimated at 18 million tonnes for Kenya by Professor Cppenshaw of the Beijer Institute; Reporting "Inventory of Biomass" 1982). "Seventy percent of the population live on the 13% high potential agricultural and, forest lands, therefore most of the rangelands with their fuelwood are out of practical reach for the bulk of the population. Transport distance for fuelwood is considered economical for only 50-100 km and 200-300 km for charcoal. Much of the rangelands lie outside this economic radius and therefore exploitation of this resource is not economical at this point in time. Increment on most rangelands is rarely more than 1.3 cubic metres/hectare/year and usually on the order of 1/10 of that amount. The rangeland areas are also considered as fragile ecozones and can easily be damaged by over exploitation. This is evident in roadside and other accessible areas where desirable trees have been overcut by charcoal makers. There is a need for control of indiscriminate burning of rangelands where pastoralists burn out the grasslands to destroy the 10-9a Marmanet Forest, a 22 year old Cypress stand pruned to height of 10 metres. The estimated volumes at this time is over 400 cubic metres of wood. The area between the road and the stand has been heavely grazed by cattle and sheep. ;«iftJH** .*> *-* Rumuruti forest, an overstory of over mature Cedar, Juniperus procera with understory of Olive and other species. Typical of the Rumuruti, 01 Arabel and Lariak Forests. An elephant barrier ditch runs between the field and the forest to protect the farmer.;crops and livestock. * 10-10 woody biomass in order to encourage growth of grass, and to eliminate the tsetse fly. Therefore though the rangelands could supply most of Kenya's 18 million tonnes of needed fuelwood most of the area is either inaccessible or the stocking density too low to make it economically exploitable. Therefore most of the country's fuel will come from the forests, tree cover on the agricultural lands, urban tree cover and in some areas agricultural waste," Oppenshaw 1982. 10.3 FOREST SURVEY OF LANDS, THE SPECIES ÄND VOLUMES IN RIFT VALLEY PROVINCE AND LAIKIPIA DISTRICT IN PARTICULAR The forest areas figures come from Kenya Department of Forests Inventory Division and the recent KREMU Ertz Satellite survey of actual forest area (including plantation areas). • The planted areas are classified as land planted to Eucalyptus and wattle, termed woodlots and other areas planted mainly to pines and cypross, termed plantations. Growing within the indigenous forests are three categories of wood biomass: '. 1 ) Ccmmarical tree species; (2) non-cop.uTiercial species; (3) Bamboo or shrubs. We have therefore compiled areas of commercial, non commercial, planted and natural forest species and by exploitable areas, protection areas and national parks as shown in Table 10-7, 10-8 and 10-9. 10-11 Indigenous species of importance are Cedar, Juniperus procera; Podocarpus milanjianus, and Podocarpus gracilior. Olea hockstetterii and Olea african, Prunus african and Dombeya goetzenii. Other species are on an attached list of the 1970 inventory in the appendix.* 10.3.1 Western Laikipia Indigenous Forests and its Exotic Forest Plantations Areas and Volumes Table 10-4 and 10-5 show hectarage and round wood volumes in cubic metres of wood for the pine and cypress plantations. The volumes shown are considered as very conservative since most of the stands have been planted since 1975. Future production is estimated at 13 cubic metres/ hectare. This does not include thinnings so the actual production may be between 17 to 20 cubic metres/hectare/year. * Type maps made by the 19 63-67 Survey and the 1.970 surveys which showed timber types by area, volume and location c»re now no obsolete that we see no need to include them in this report, Ä new forest survey will be needed before a complete management plan can be developed for use in accurately projecting the allowable cut (Harvest/annually) and the potential development of the forest industry ?n Laikipia District. 10-12 Table 10-6 is the expected plantation clearfells on Marmanent Forest during the 1982-1991 ten year period. This includes both cypress and pine on a total of 177.6 hectares for an estimated volume of 701,000 cubic metres.* Or an average of 70,000 cubic metres annually produced, while the current estimated sawmill demand is for about 17-2100 cubic metres. This indicates a need for at least four hundred percent increase in local mill capacity for processing plant ation logs or the need for finding new markets for pine and cypress logs. < Table 10-7 projects indigenous forest areas and timber (round wood) volumes from 1967-73 showing the decline in commercial volume and total net volume. Table 10-8 projects the 1973 inventories volumes to 1980 by considering harvest of com.Tierci al species,• reduction of hectars.ge - fire logs and planting of cutover tirea. Hectares are reduced by about 3,000 hectares and an empirical estimate of 17% reduction of 1973 volume for Marmanet, Lariak and 01 Arabel with an estimated volume included for Rumuruti Forest. These figures should be considered as projections. * Metric system of round wood measurement in cubic metres. The lumber equivalent may be only half of that figure, and indicate the need for a new inventory of these forests before new management plans can be made for the forest. 10-13 Table 10-7: INDIGENOUS FORESTS GROSS STANDING TIMBER VOLUMES (Round Wood Vol.) MARMANET, OL ARABEL,' LARIAK FORESTS* Acres Hectares of Vol M3 Vol M3 Gross Vo1 Net Vo1 Forest Forest Commercial Non Com M-* ^3 1967 43,227 17,500 2,552,352 686,000 3,238,352 2,305,176 1970 Marmanet Forest Inventory on 4071 Hectares 10,060 4,071 569,437 191,131 760,568 380,284 1973* Marmanet, Ol Arabel, Lariak Inventory Gross 33,700 1,884,000 686,000 2,570,000 1,285,000 Net Merchantable Strata 17,500 1,844,000 686,000 2,570,000* 1,285,000 Gross Volume h.^s about 50i defect according to 1967 iuventciy report. 1973 Av Vol Coram 107.65 cubic metres/hectares rW Vol Non COTOÛ 39.2 cubic metras/hectares "Inventory does not include Run'uruti Forest Volumes. 10-14 Table 10-8: THE 1980 ESTIMATED GROSS STANDING VOLUME MARMANET, OL ARABEL, LARIAK AND RUMURUTI FORESTS BASED ON AREAS DEVELOPED BY FOREST DEPT. AND KREMU. Volume M3* (Round Wood) Area Commercial and Non Commercial Gross Vol. Net Vol Marmanet 14,120 ha 860,046 313,159 1,173,205 01 Arabel 9,110 ha 547,302 164,120 712,422 Lariak 2,510 ha 156,372 56,938 213,310 Rumuriti 5,206 ha 736,354 226,570 962,925 TOTALS 30,946 ha 2,300,074 761,787 3,061,862 1,530,931 Decrease 1973 Volume by 17% plus Rumuruti Volumes and Excise 3200 hectares from gazetted area of Rumuriti, Marmanet and 01 Arabel. Excised Forest Lands Forest Hectares Year Note Rumuruti 149.1 1980 (Not gazetted) exchange Matmanet 1,773.5 1981 Not gazetted, settled in 1975-76 Ol Arabel 703.7 1981 Settled in 1975--76 Ol Arabel *I8.1 1981 Land Exchange TOTAL 3,24 4.4 ha Table 10-9: PROJECTED 1980 ANNUAL SUSTAINED GFOSS TIMBER YIELD FROM FORESTS IN WESTERN LAIKIPTA Cubic Metres (Round Wood) Planted Forests Natural Forest Unit s M3 Forest Woodlot Plantation Comm. Non Ccmm. Total Ex ploitable Marmanet 37,612 21,501 7,829 35,001 35,001" Ol Arabel 13,862 4,128 17,990 17,990 Lariak 3,909 1,423 5,332 5,332 Rumuruti (46000)* 18,408 5,664 24,072 24,072 Grand TOTAL (46000) 37,612 57,680 19,044 114,336 114,336 Net Commercial Sustained Yield 37,612 29,840 66,452 66,452 * 152 Hectares of Eucalyptus plantations. 10-15 Table 10-9 projects 1973 volumes up to 1980 and break down the data by forests showing the estimated Annual Sustained Gross Yield in cubic metres of wood. A net figure based on 50% defect is also shown for purpose of exploitation and development. Table 10-10 shows the cubic metres of fuelwood available on an annual basis by forest areas. This includes planta tions and indigenous forest in Western Laikipia District. Table 10-11 The sustained fuelv/ood yield for the western forests (Laikipia) includes plantations, indigenous forests, the commercial and non commercial species and limb wood. This is the annual sustained yield in tonnes of fuelwood. Table 10-12 breaks down gross standing fuelwood (tonnes") based on total standing stock volumes in plantations and indigenous forest \'ith allowance of 35% of standing planta tion volumes, 35% of commercial indigenous volume and 80% of non corjnercial standing volume as suitable for fuelwood. In addition to this limb wood volume is considered as 20% of the standing stem volume Lo make up the total gross tonnes of fuelwood currently standing in Western Laikipia Forests. Table 10-4: FOREST DEPARTMENT PLANTATION INVENTORY REPORT FOR NORTH & SOUTH MARMANET FOREST DISTRICTS JUNE - SEPTEMBER 1975 PERIOD. (Growing Stock in Plantations (round Wood) Cubic Metres of 15 cm Top) 3 3 3 Forest Area ha Cypress m3 P radiata m P.patulam Totalm North Marmanet 753.6 38,939 20,523 20,707 80,169 South Marmanet 571.1 28,061 31,544 30,955 90,560 01 Arabel 102 - - - Grand Totals 1324.7 67,000 52,067 51,662 170,729 10-16 Current Av annual yield on 1,325 hectares of plantation *26,500 *Volume/Hectare standing growing stock is 129 cubic metres/hectare Table 10-5: ESTIMATED GROWING STOCK IN PLANTATIONS IN NORTH & SOUTH MARMANET FORESTS BASED ON CURRENT HECTARES PLANTED TO 1982. (Round Wood Basis) Ha Planted Total Plantation Forest Cypress Pines Hectares M3-1982 South Marmanet 1,429.6 863 2,292.6 North Marmanet 1,060.6 462 1,522.6 252 7 1,314.1 Gitandaga 1,061.4 1,577. 7 5,129.3 355,000 Totals 3,551.6 Computed Annual Yield on 1,325 hectares with current average of 24,500 cubic metres/year. The residual 3,80-i ha will not have any measureable volume for three m^re years (1985) the annual yield may be 68,000 m3 on 5129 ha of plantation. Table 10-6: TOTAL PLANTATION CLEftRFELLS EXPECTED 1983-1991* Forest Hectares Volume M3 S. Marmanet 7Q7 313,020 524.2 210,580 450.3 177,900 Totals 1,771.5 791,500 ?96 ni3/ha * From Forest Department Management Plan for Marmanet and Rumuriti Forests 1982-91. 10-16a A clear felling area of Eucalyptus maculata, about 30 years old stacked and ready for charcoal makina. Eucalyptus saligna poles being cut, ricked and ready for charcoal making. 10-17 The commercial volume is considered for commercial products such as lumber, doors, window frames, flooring, paneling, furniture, pencils, poles etc., and it is assumed that natural regeneration will take place or the area will be planted so that there is a sustained yield of timber. An additional twenty percent of this volume is the limb wood and it can be used as fuelwood. Thirty-five percent of the stem volume is also considered as fuel in the form of sawdust, slabs, edgings, trimmings and defective boards. The estimated annual increment has been considered as l/40th of the standing volume for indigenous species and l/30th for plantations of pine and cypress. 10.4 . SUPPLY AND DEMAND FOR WOOD INCLUDING FUELWOOD BASED ON PRESENT AND FUTURE POPULATION The 1980 estimated population for Laikipia is 139,000. It has been increasing at the rate of l.b% from 1969 to 1979 with immigration coming in from the surrounding Districts. By 1985 this figure will approscn 204,000 people and 300,000 by 1990. The demand for fuelwood and construction wood will increase accordingly. Presently 60% of the population of Laikipia District is on the west side of the District and mostly in Rumuruti and Ngarua Divisions, which includes the forested area and the high potential agricultural lands. The remaining 40% of the pupulation is in Mukogodo and Central Divisions. This popu lation factor automatically places the most stress for fire wood, poles, posts, and sawn timber on the local forests of Rumuruti Division. In addition, the population of Nyahururu Town will draw directly on the forest for wood and fuel. Current demands for timber, fuelwood, posts and miscellaneous receipts is shown in the Table 10-13 which was furnished by the District Forest Officer Laikipia District, Nyahururu. 10-18 Considering there is 1 tonne per capita of fuelwood used per year and that the population of Rumuruti and Ngarua Divisions is 84,000 people we can assume the current direct need is for the equivalent of 84,000 tonnes of fuelwood per year in these two divisions. The population of Marmanet locations which includes half of Nyahururu Town is 25,655 people and these people are directly dependent upon the forest for fuelwood and charcoal. The other half of Nyahururu Town or an additional 5,000 people which means the urban demand for fuelwood for the population in and immedi- atley adjacent to the Marmanet forests, is about 31,000 tonnes per year. This can be met from current forest produc tion. The additional 32,000 tonnes needed for Rumuruti and Ngarua Divisions will have to come from the arid and semi- arid bush lands of Sumuruti and Ngarua Divisions or reduce the forest capital. Table 10-10 ESTIMATED SUSTAINED ANNUAL YIELD OF FOREST FUELWOOD" - WESTERN LAIIUPT.A DISTRICT 1S80 IN CUBIC METERS (KOUNP WOOD) Planned Forest Natural Forest M2 Forest Woe'.'lot Pia*nation Comm. Non Corùm, Total Exploitable Marmanet 13,614 75">5 6263 15780 15780 01 Arabel 4852 3302 8154 8154 Lariak 1368 1138 2506 2506 Rumuruti 6442 4531 .10973 10973 TOTALS 13,614 20187 15234 43121 43121 Additional Limb Wood 7,572 4,036 3,047 14,605 14,605 Thirty five percent of the gross standing merchantable'is considered as available fuelwood as shown in Table 10-9. Same for plantations. Eighty percent of the non-commercial is considered suitable and is available fuelwood as shown in Table 10-9. 10-19 FUELWOOD TONNES PER CUBIC METRE CONVERSION TABLES - Oppenshaw 1982 Eucalyptus 0.79 tonnes = I cubic metre Wattle - 0.73 Pines/Cypres 0.51 Commercial Species 0.71 Non Commercial Species 0.71 Table 10-11: ESTIMATED ANNUAL SUSTAINED YIELD OF FUELWOOD WESTERN LAIKIPIA FORESTS IN TONNES Forest Planted Forest Natural Forest Tonnes Woodlot Plantation Comra. Non Comm. Total Exp loitable Marmanet 7,020 5,794 4,447 17,261 17,261 01 Arabel 3,736 2,344 6,030 6,080 Lariak 1,053 308 1,861 1,861 Rumuruti 4,960 3,217 8,177 8,177 TOTALS 7,020 15,544 10,816 33,386 33,386 Limb Wood 7,522 8,882 2,704 19,108 19,108 Grand TOTAL 14,54 2 24,417 13,520 52,479 52,479 Tab.ie 10-12 ESTIMATED ^ROSS TONNES OF TUELWOOD - LAIKIPIA DISTRICT FORESTS (WESTERN SIDE) Gvooo Tonnes Annual Sustained Yield Tonnes Pine/Cypress 87,072 7,058 Comm Species 1,771,057 15,496 Non Comm Species 5 40,8 39 10,817 Limb Wood 19,108 TOTAL 2,499,018 52,479 Table 10-13: LAIKIPIA FOREST DISTRICT REVENUE DATA - 197 7-81 TIMBER YEAR TOTAL VOLUME ROYALTY (Kshs) 197 7 16,393.849 Cubic metres 412,179 10 1978 13,326.850 Cubic metres 607,010 10 1979 8,995.797 Cubic metres 308,428 40 1980 4,910.283 Cubic metres 208,682, 6G 1981 2,192.837 Cubic metres 171,203.75 10-20 FUËLWOOD (OLIVE AND OTHERS) TOTAL VOLUMES 1977 16,571.9 Cubic metres 52,921.30 1978 32,408.15 Cubic metres 90,124.20 1979 16,791.7 Cubic metres 68,609.15 1980 4,498.74 Cubic metres 46,195.40 1981 5,970.73 Cubic metres 93,554.40 G. F. LICENSES 4/- (4 Kshs monthly fuelwood license) NO. OF RECEIPTS 1977 4,866 19,464.00 1978 5,964 23,856.00 1979 2,6 76 10,704.00 1980 3,098 12,392.00 1981 4,023 16,092.00 MISCELLANEOUS RECEI PTS * • Various Dimensional Measurement! ROYALTY (Kshs) 1977 153 ,124 .55 1978 136 ,341 .50 1979 56 ,800 ,40 1980 160 ,092 .30 1981 210 ,308 .15 *Plants, murram, grazing fees, etc. YEAR NO. OF POSTS SOLD (AS PART OF MISCELLANEOUS) (Kshs.) 1977 1,498 16,764.00 1978 16,889 • 31,565.00 1979 2,278 36,242.75 1980 4,338 73,561.70 1981 74,173 133,718,40 Ple.ase note that the size of former division has changed. 1977 1978 1979 - July Nyandarua District was excised 1980 - July Samburu District was excised *Source: District Forest Officer, Laikipia District. 10-21 Forest records in Table 10-13 indicates sale in 1981 of 2,192.8 cubic metres of timber and 5,970 cubic metres of fuelwood (or 4518.7 tonnes) were made on the District. The general license fees in 1981 which shows 4,023 permits issued and converted can mean from 1/2 tonne to 2 tonne permit or 2,000 to 8,000 tonnes of licensed fuelwood being removed from the forest in 1981. The sale of posts in 1981 was 74,173 or 157,988 metres of wood or an estimated 6086 cubic metres used for fencing or construction (and removed from the forest). The total removal of 22,249 cubic metres is the equiva lent of cutting 179.0 hectares of forest land and if we consider minimum sustained annual yield it will require the planting of 197 hectares to fast growing species to balance out the current fuel wood, posts and poles demand on the forests. Future demand will require oither additional hectares of forest land to be plancod or the equivalent hectares of farra lands in the forin of wood3ots especially around the major population centres like Nanyuki.- Rumuruti, Nyahururu, etc). 10-21a Tractor hauling cypress logs to the mill at Nyahururu- Logs come from a thinning or ore sale coeration. Manually moving small logs toward the log carriage to be sawn into lumber, dimensions stock, off cuts. 10-21b A typical small sawmill in Eastern Laikipia cutting cedar from Mt Kenya forests. Estimated f. ; ' r ~> n3 r~.z*r- •^ i. S— --A M *~ >— -1. —'il G t*S er da-, machiner'/, lo; ging anci on-miiiin; i i g met no-; s thus ^reductions z: be increased creati • ; ^ - 7 r ^ -~. \ and employ many more people. Pencil slats stacked at the pencil mill in Nyahururu material must be clear, but-knot free 7 cm x 18.5 cm. 10-22 Table 10-14 CUT CUBIC YEAR HECTARES CUBIC METRES *TONNES-FUELWOOD METRES 1981 197 1982 227 1983 260 1984 300 1985 344 1986 396 19,306 15,251 19,306 1987 456 22,246 17,574 22,246 1988 524 25,480 20,129 25,480 1989 602 29,400 23,226 29,400 1990 693 72,454 55,787 72,450 TOTAL 3,802 Total from first 5 year rotations 133,410 168,885 Total from second 5 year rotation 266,838 337,770 *Eucalyptus species *Metric System measures trees in cubic metres. To convert M3 to lumber there is a loss of about 35-50% for sawdust, slabs, edgings, trim allowance, etc. The amount of lumber produced will depend upon the sawyers aoility, width of saw.kerf, thickness of slabs, edging and trimming allowances * The above hectarage and production will meet the ten year demand for f'uelwood for the Rumuruti and Ngarua Divisions. The programmed planting by Forest Department shown on Table 10-15 will meet needs of Rumuruti Division« 10.5 LUMBER PRODUCTION AND DEMAND LAIKIPIA DISTRICT - WEST Most of the forest production of Laikipia District comes from the Western forests of Marmanet, 01 Arabel, Rumuruti and Lariak Forests. Some timber comes from private lands, and forest lands recently excised from the gazetted forests and the Aberdare forest of Nyandarua District. There is a demand for pencil cedar by the Pencil Mill and factory in Nyahururu with current demand stated at 5,000 to 10,000 cubic metres per year by the general manager. He expressed the thought that this mill would need 30,000 cubic 10-22a Maina Saw Mill lumber yard outside Nyahururu, Cypress lumber, dimension stock and prefab housing available here. co o o o o O o o o o o o o z o o o o o o o o o o o M o o o o o o o o o o o 1-1 1-3 < Q oo o o co V£> o o o o o o En tu o o co CO m m in o o m O w m m n m co CM m *— f— a\ E" co *— o O m in o < n co CO CO M co \ o o o U eu z o o o ir< Cd o o o CU CU M fe o O o o CU Q o o o o CO eu cu CO CJ < w M M CO co Cü co CU Ci. (N o o o o CU O CO co z o o oj o CS o o o o o Ci. >H o n o a co QO E- 2: ru co tu CO Q cu CU co « o co. f» E CM E o m ! c (3 co O M t-l en <->| O z! c -! CC! ~i O; o ; O O O O O o Oj ^| Ijj ! GOOG O o 'J °J «I z* * c i-i ei: co i m in m o o un eu cu CM ro <— ,— <— j O to En o < co en CM te m RUMUR U LAMUR I KALAL U DO L D O NANYU K EH En CU Z Zeu M « OS OS OS < •J < < < D O CU M s S S metres by 1987. This of course means that the mill will also be using cypress and pine from the plantations. The mill can use cypress quite well and also pinus patulla for pencil slats. Pinus radiata is not currently considered desirable or usable for pencils because of grain, warping etc. Current forest production of cedar is estimated at 20,000 cubic metres from a total gross commercial annual yield of 58,000 cubic metres. Pencil stock requires clear knotless, straight grain slates. The present old growth cedar is considered as being only 35% suitable for pencil stock at this time because of heart rot, butt rot and poor form. Thece are about six small mills in or around Nyahururu with average daily production of six tonnes per day (one half to 12 nt3j^ They are cui-.ting some old growth cedar but mostly plantation cypress. Managers say they are capable of cutting about 6,000 to 20,000 cubic metres annually. The estimated current plantation production is 68,000 cubic metres per year and the indigenous forest production of merchantable net growth is considered as 29,000 cubic metres or total merchan table production is 97,000 cubic metres/annum. This indicA- ted that mill capacity at Nyahururu can be expanded about 400%- 500% of the present estimated production in the next five to ten years. This calls for improving present mill efficiency or increasing the number of mills or introducing new industry like a match factory which uses pine timber. Present lumber production at Nyahururu is considered as sub standard in quality of manufacture. Boards are not cut uniformly (thickness varies) and sometimes width and length will also vary. Considering National demand as being currently supplied to Nairobi, Mombasa and the local market it is apparent that the excess lumber should be exported. If production were increased 500% there would 80,000 m3 (round 10-25 wood equivalent) lumber available for export to adjacent countries, the Middle East or Indian Ocean country markets. 10.6 FOREST INDUSTRY IN LAIKIPIA-EAST AND THE TOTAL POPULATION SUPPORTED BY FOREST INDUSTRY OF LAIKIPIA DISTRICT There are over 600 woods and sawmill workers in western Laikipia employed presently in mills, pencil factories and the forests. They are harvesting about 20,000 cubic metres of timber from Laikipia forests, its private lands and Nyandarua's timber which comes to Nyahururu and this supports approximately 5-6,000 people. The forest issued between 4-6,000 firewood permits which would provide 8-12,000 cubic metres cf fuelwood to about 1,700 families or fuelwood for about 12,000 people. There were 12,335 licensed cattle, 5,700 sheep and 155 donkeys grazed on the forests in 1980 by approximately 1,100 herders. These livestock provide partial support for 10,000 people living on and off the forest. The western Laikipia Forest Department employs 1,000 staff workers and labourers. They live on the forest and support a total of 10,000 people including retirees. The forest and forest industry are employing 2,700 people who may support 19,000 others which makes the forest a major support system for 23% of the population of Rumuruti Division. If forest industry were expanded 4 - 600% as suggested by improved milling practices, new mills and the pencil factory it is estimated that 3,600 people could be employed by industry and support furnished for 3,000 more people in the Division and District. 10-26 In eastern Laikipia there is a sawmill and manufacturing centre in Nanyuki Town which is employing about 200 sawmill, wood workers and carpenter furniture makers. The rural afforestation workers along with forestry employees of Mukogodo Forest number about 100 workers. It is estimated these 300 District forest workers support about 2,500 people in Nanyuki and Central Division. Timber for Nanyuki mills comes from outside the District, from the Mt. Kenya forest which is in Nyeri and Meru Districts; however most of the forest industry income is in Laikipia District. We estimate that east Laikipia forest products of about 15 million shillings of retail income to manufacturers whii^ the income fron wages is around three million shillings. The sawmills produce 4-6 tonnes of lumber daily and need twice this much in log volume or about 17,000 cubic metres of cypress, pine and inôi.gonojs species logs, fur their yearly operation. (All of which comes from Mt. Kenya forests outside cf Laikipia District). The sawmill industry in Nanyuki as in Nyahururu is in need of new mcciern macninery which will cut quality lumber which can be sold in country or exported to help with the national foreign exchange - balance of payments. Lumber cut at three of the mills might pass for export, but in the others some sawn boards are cut 1/2" on one end and 1-1/2 on the other. There is need to cut all logs into uniform lumber which will save timber in the long run and also produce a standard product. About 80 - 85% of the lumber and manufac tured furniture, doors, and blockwood doors, table tops, chairs, desks, etc., go to Nairobi. A retail price list from Timsales Limited of Nanyuki gives prices for up country lumber as Ksh. 3/- 60 from 50mm x lm to 163/38 for 300 x 300mm x lm or about $ 100 per thousand up to $825/thousand board feet for 12 x 12 timbers. 10-263 Rumuruti Forest, Eucalyptus Saligna plantation cut two and half years ago and now coppicing nicely. It will produce twice as much fuel wood, posts, poles as the first rotation or about 200m3/hectare. District Forest Officer R. Gikonyo in rear, says the shoots will be thinned to 2-3 shoots/ stump. 10-27 10.7 SUMMARY OF FOREST FUELWOOD SITUATION FOR LAIKIPIA DISTRICT Western Laikipia, the Rumuruti and Ngarua Divisions are fortunate in having the Marmanet, Al Arabel, Lariak and Rumuruti Forests plus private forests Mliraa Tatu and Melwa. All of these make up an area of 31,430 hectares of actual forest land inside gazetted forest boundaries of 43,947 hectares. Present fuelwood production is estimated at 52,000 tonnes where the total need is for 84,000 tonnes. The difference of 32,000 tonnes can come from reduction of forest capital, but more than likely from range- lands where the bush is ueed for fuel or tsiere is one other possibility, the excision of 3,244 bo stores of forest lands from Rumuruti (149 hectares) Marmc.net (2,477) and 01 Arabel (618 hectares) in the patit two years. These icrest areas are being converted to agriculture and the woody biomass is being seid for cimoer, fuelwood, posts and charcoal. Tnis area could conservatively produce 500,000 tonnes of fuel wood, poles, posts and timber over the next few years. Much of the fuelwood used in the urban areas is in the form of charcoal. Charcoal making locally takes about 11 tonnes of fuelwood for a single tonne of charcoal. On this basis Nyahururu Town and Rumuruti Town would need about 1,600 tonnes of charcoal. It is assumed that one tonne/year is used by a family of seven, Kamweti D.M., 1982. Considering the charcoal factor in fuelwood terms as 18,000 tonnes and fuelwood demand at 59,000 tonnes the total demand then is 77,000 gross tonnes and the supply is still 52,000 tonnes which leaves a current deficit of 25,000 tonnes of fuelwood from the forests. We can assume currently that the deficit can be met from bush lands and the excised forest o o o O o o o o o o 3 'H o o o o o o 00 CM CM . . in CM m 00 r- CN CM rH 0 o 1 > g Pu (O ^ r-i in •P -H 0 Cn H f> P- 10 )H -P n 0 EH ^ 31 0) eu to un M < CO n eu 3 U 0 •n u >i S O «H c 0 rH «0 •H •H" m e X en T3 JH 0 o 0) -Ö -O (U u m 10 0 eu lu fi -H 0 to •eH D •—1 U £ •H (H 'S O 0 O o o o rH o ft rH O EH 0 O o o o 0x eu X a) C. i 0 O o o o r—! •r! CM Tj 3 eu •* X T» MH ld >1 Q VC o o fi 4-i O I "* r »0 VD 00 in o (0 0 O vJ E-: ce U .1) CO e •0 Öl Cn ß Q CO M C ß x: •H •H •ri u «0 H rH VH -p I g 0} X! 1 •d to o to •P ^ CU •H Q m m • rö TJ eu Pq Ê ß ß M e 0 e (Ö to •H 3 Cn en-H CT>rH -P EH m CO u fi ß -P ß 0 fi fi •H ••H o •H -p Cn MH 3 O O Q) 3 (U to 0 U eu O -H •H XI XJT) XI eu >i 3 CO CQ 0 u U eu PM X! •H •H -P +j u -P 0 0 -P IÖ > > •H •H eu •H UH eu m >1 •H •H Ü Ü Ü x: O Q -H •H TJ •H (U -P •eH «H m eu m -p -P CM rö O eu (U -p •ä •ri •H •H Cr> -P -P •H •P M •H to -P 10 m O fi ß rH ß 04 A: U (0 •H eu eu (U 3 O > tn >i o 3 u u eu M to XI rH o •H u u > M 3 ß •p Q ta 3 3 3 rH tO 3 m K1 m ta U ox: CJ &. < EH -P •H •H s H •K B 3 u >i -P * * o U 3 fi c * * * (0 e3 area. Future demand can only be met if the planting program for fuelwood were to begin immediately and continue with 3,800 hectares planted with fast growing eucalyptus in the next ten years and supplemented by a Rural Afforestation Extension Service programme on the small and large farms. In Eastern Laikipia the fuelwood and charcoal picture appears to be different from western Laikipia. Fuelwood comes from Mt. Kenya Forests and from the bush grasslands west of Nanyuki according to the extension forester. The rangelands having a good cover of acacias, which makes good charcoal, are supposed to furnish Nanyuki's 19,000 people with charcoal and some fuelwood. Assuming that 7 5% of the population relies on charcoal for cooking and uses 1,000 kg per year par family of sev»n then Nanyuki needs 2,100 tonnes of charcoal per year which whan converted to wood is 23,000 tonnes of fuelwccd or 30,234 cubic metres of wood v/hich must come from *-.he rangelands of Laikipia. This requires clearing abouc 2,000 hactares cf bush to make charcoal p-jr year at the present population needs. In ten years the figure will have increased 79% or 3,600 hectares per year and the price or charcoal can go from present 35/- per bag to over 100/- per bag. On the above basis we would have to recommend that fuelwood plantations be established adjacent to Nanyuki Town. The District Development Committee could set aside an area of 215 hectares per year for ten years and if planted to fast growing eucalyptus it could be managed on a seven year rotation and would meet Nanyuki Town's fuel needs. The 10 year value of charcoal from this 215 hectares/year is 25,500 tonnes of fuelwood or 58,000 bags of (40 kg) charcoal or Ksh. 5,795,454 (at 100/- per bag). Initial planting cost if in grasslands would be minimal, if clearing bush it could be 250 - 500/- per hectare, seedlings planted 9' x 9' or 1,600 per hectare and supplied by the extension forester at 2/- per 50 seedlings make the planting of a community wood lot a very profitable venture. 10-30 10.8 MARKETING FOR SAW TIMBER Present sawmill capacity locally around Nyahururu is not considered sufficient to meet the sustained production from the present plantations. Therefore there will have to be an increase in the sawmill capacity or the introduction of other manufacturing processes such as plywood, chipboard manufac ture, match factory or possibly the shipment of logs out of the District to Nakuru, Eldoret or Nanyuki mills. Conservatively it is estimated the average sustained yield for 5,129 hectares of cypress and pine plantations is 68,000 cubic metres for the Marmanet forest plantations and from commercial indigenous forests there may be an additional 57,680 cubic metres. This .l.attev- figure must be discounted by at least 50% for defect (35% can be considered fcr fuel- wood) leaving possibly 28,800 cicic metres v.-hich can be manufactured into lumber. At: the present 'cirac t>>e..:e is a stop order on harvesting in the indigenous forests of Western Laikipia so at this point tne 68,000 cubic metree of plantation logs are available to supply the mills, eventually this will be raised to 907,000 cubic metres/arnum. Present mill production for Nyahururu and vicinity is about 17,000 cubic metres/annum (Round Wood equivalent). This output would require 17,000 cubic metres of logs, leaving 81,000 cubic metres (Round Wood equivalent) which could be exported outside the country. If additional mill capacity does not become available there is alternative mill capacity being built at Nakuru. Another possibility is for shipping pruned logs to Eldoret Rai Plywood mill for high quality plywood facing. This may be important for utilizing some of the pine plantations (Pinus Radiata) of Marmanet forest, which are now unsaleable to local sawmills. The local people demand cypress and refuse to buy pine lumber. 10-31 About 85% of the lumber milled in western Laikipia goes to Nairobi with only 15% used locally. The demand for off cuts (slabs) exceeds production according to most mill operators, which would indicate the need for cheap lumber locally. On the National scene Nairobi and Mombasa are using the majority of the sawn lumber volume. From the stand point of exporting lumber, "Kenya has a strong locational advantage for shipping lumber to Sudan, Uganda, Burundi and Rwanda. It should have an advantage over other soft wood producers in the Indian Ocean, Japan and the growing Middle East markets. Unfortunately the lumber producers have not attempted to develop these markets. It is estimated that Kenya will have a surplus of production potential until the year 2,000 when demand will exceed supply. To supply these, export markets would require that the reality of the lumber be more uniform tnar. is now produced in most of the small mills. A trade afeoc".^tion would have to be formed and large orders organised for chipping, otherwise the JocationaJ advantage is loct àirice small orders will pay 66% higher transportation cost", according to a World Bank report (1982). "Kenya is now self sufficient in forest products and exports a small amount to neighbouring and Indian Ocean countries. The domestic market now consumes (on a round wood equivalent basis) about 520,000 cubic metres of lumber 325,000 cubic metres of paper products and 80,000 cubic metres of panel products. Population rate is growing 3.4. - 3.9% consequently growth in demand is expected to average 4.8% for lumber, 5% for paper and 4.5% for panel products over the rest of the century," according to World Bank (1982). 10.9 ASSOCIATED FORESTRY PROGRAMME The World Bank IBRD and IDA has proposed a third phase forestry programme for Kenya which would propose to improve forest department management of softwood plantations and to increase cost recovery, provide financial support for new plantings and maintenance for existing plantations. The 10-32 Operation of Forest Department nurseries would be expected to improve and a forest extension service established. These objectives are in line with government policy and in particular with promoting a programme of integrated harvesting. The project is to be carried out over a four-year period 1983-1987 by the Forest Department through which all funds would be channelled. Project activities would include direct support for plantations and extension forestry plus a number of Forest Department activities. Funds would be available to establish 6,400 hectares of plantations per ye^r, most of this gazetted forest clearfells or cleaffells not planted in the socond phase project. They would be divided as follows: Rotation •- CC 1,800 hectares (28%) ir. the pulpwood working circle mostly pine, cypress and eucalyptus 10 - 20 yrs. 300 hectares (5%) eucalyptus for poles and building materials 8 yrs. 3,200 hectares (50%) cypress sawlogs 30 yrs. 850 hectares (13%) pine sawlogs 30 yrs. 250 hectares (4%) Meru oak veneer 50 yrs. Total direct costs to Forest Department estimated at 249.8 million shillings (U.S. $30.3 million dollars) while total project costs Ksh 651.7 million (U.S. $79.0 million) is estimated for the four-year period. Government of Switzerland will contribute Ksh 57.7 million (U.S. $7 million) which will finance 91% of the extension forestry project on a parallel basis, World Bank Report Third Phase Forestry, Unpublished 1982. 10-33 Kenya Government contribution Ksh 109 million (U.S. $13.3 million equivalent) all in local currency accounting for 18% total project costs. 10.10 REFORESTATION PROGRAMME PLANNED BY FOREST DEPARTMENT 19 8 3 This program centres around the shamba system. After timber cutting on an area is completed and the logging debris burned or made into charcoal the area is then planted to maize or maize and beans by a forest worker (1-2 acres per worker). After two years the forest worker plants trees between the maize rows. This is an effective planting system since the trees are then protected for the first critical two years. There may bo some draw backs to this system in the removal of nutrients from the site, but the protection and cultivation of the trees is a maior factor in the plantation's survival. The Forest Department reforestation program ?.l the present time (1982) calls fc~ planting 376 hectr.ireô of cypress with 601,600 seedlings; 94 hectares of nine with 150,500 seddlings and 115 hectares of hardwoods, principally eucalyptus for fuelwood, with 184,000 seedlings. There are also 400,000 seedlings to be produced in the nurseries for sale of free issue to farmers and ranchers as shown on Table 11 from RAES nurseries. The total number of trees programmed for planting in 1982 is 2,286,000 on about 1,400 hectares throughout Laikipia District. This is a substantial program which may keep up with timber demands, but it will fall short of fuelwood needs for the present and the future. Our estimated area for fuelwood planting is more than double the programmed 115 hectares for 1982 with increases of 15% annually in order to keep up with population increases and tree mortality. The need for fuelwood and charcoal should take precedence in planting for 10-34 the next ten years if the local demand is to be met. Production of charcoal for export outside the District could also furnish several million shillings if fuelwood plantings are started now. If the rural afforestation programme were completely successful and if the trees planted were for fuelwood then there would be 600 hectares of potential fuelwood production as 12,000 cubic metres or 9,500 tonnes per year. Seen in this light the rural afforestation programme is a very necessary adjunct to the reforestation programme. Realistically the success of this programme may be between 10 - 50% since trees are used for shade, and fences, as well as fuelwood. In dryland situations the survival r^.te may only be 10 -30%. All of these factors reduce the potential fuelwood yield from the Rural Afforestation Extension Service (RAES) programme. 10.11 FOPEST STAND IMPROVEMENT; THINNING, PRUNING, PINE, CYPRESS Fcrsot Management for pine and cypress stands are well planned, however programming and implementation do not always coincide with the plan and thinning and pruning schedules may be delayed for a number cf reasons, but principally coming back to lack of money, good organization and programming, fire emergencies, etc. Pine stands are planted with about 1,600 seedlings per hectare and are to be thinned in the 9th, 17th and 22nd year ending up with about 266 trees/hectares which is considered full stocking oh a 30 year rotation with the stand clear felled at that time. These provide around 400 cubic metres/ha of timber (logs) at time of clear felling. The 17th year and 22nd year thinnings are commercial and can be sold to local small sawmills. Foresters mark the trees to be cut and then the other operator fells, decks and hauls the 10-35 logs to the mill where they are measured. The operator then pays the Forest Department for the scaled timber (logs). Cypress stands are now planted 1100 seedlings/hectare and thinned 7-12-17-22 years. The 7 year old thinnings are concidered non commercial, but 12, 17 and 22 year thin nings are marketable for lumber or pulp wood. If done correctly thinnings transfer growth from a larger number of small stems to fewer but larger stems thus increasing the size and value of the timber. Pruning may be started by the fourth year after planting followed by further pruning at 2-4-6-8 and possibly 10th year with pruned logs running from 4 metres to 9.4 metres. These pruned logs increase the stumpage value by as much as 400% because of improved quality and the clear lu*nber or the plywood they produce. (Stumpage price 66/60 for unpruned logs to 264/10 per cubj c metre for prcn&c1 legs), 10.12 FOREST MANAGEMENT Generally at this point in time Nyahururu-Marmanet forests are receiving their share of management under the present District Forest Officer. This does not mean it is good or bad but under present organization and financing it appears to be adequate. The major areas in which management and development are needed sometimes fall outside the scope of a District Forest officer's duties, and one major need is to develop the milling and manufacturing sector for pine logs in particular. This is part of another sector that requires building a market for pine lumber; plywood, pulp, manufactured products, etc. Presently pine is considered inferior by the local saw millers and the public. Properly sawn and dried pine lumber is considered very desirable in the rest of the world. These 10-36 problems may be too big for District personnel; so should be considered by headquarters and the Ministry for further study and development. The management of indigenous forests lags and we believe there ic a need for a strong research program to study the silvics of the indigenous forests. There are many other things to be learned here including medical-drug values, fuelwood production soil-tree shrub relationships, forest climate relationships, forest-wildlife-watershed values, Forest-gene pool relationships, etc. 10.13 FOREST NURSERIES These are five forests department nurseries (South Karmanet, North Marmanet, Gitundaga, 01 Arabsl, Nycihururu) which currently are producing about 1,500,000 seedlings annually for reforestation of the gazetted forests. The bulk of seedling production is of Cuprosaus lusxtanica (600,000) next Pinus patuïa (150,000) and various hardwood (150,000) and sale and free issue seedlings for local people (400,000) the latter include Eucalyptus for fuel, Aberia for hedges, cypress for posts and poles, bottlebrush and pepper tree for shade and ornamentals, mexican green ash, leuceana and other hard woods for tool handles, fodder and fuelwood. The Rural Afforestation Extension Services Nurseries are located at Nanyuki, Rumuruti, Kalalu, Lamuria and Dol Dol producing another million seedlings for the local people and the small and large scale farmers. The species grown and primarily for fuel, hedges, shade and ornamentals for town and farm. The RAES forester says that demand exceeds present supply. He also says that most of the seedlings go to Nyeri, Meru, Embu, and Nyandarua Districts at this time. This picture may change when some of the big ranches are subdivi ded and developed by small holders. There is a need, recog- 10-37 DOl. DOL O ANANDGURU® (% 31 AR A lit L O RUMURUTI 0GITUNDAGA NORTH S0ÜTH ) MARMANET® AMARMANE1 KAl.ALU-0 f REMOLE ® NARO MORU LEGEND ... FOREST NURSERY LOCATIONS o—•• « FOREST EXTENSIONS NURSERIES ®.... • . CHIEF NURSERIES L.iikipia Fuc-tt Nursery Locations Rur;il Atior^si.iii* n E*Urôion Nursery Locations 10-38 nized by the District Forest Officer and the extension forester for small nurseries to be located in each location. The President has ordered that all location's chiefs will develop nurseries for the local people; the idea is fine, however no funds have ben allocated for these projects to date. If small nurseries can be developed by the chiefs the extension forester will place a man with each one to develop and supervise nursery production. Forest Nurseries and Rural Afforestation Extension Nurseries For the gazetted forests four nurseries are shown below on Tables 10-16 and 10-17. Table 10-16 PRESENT' TARGET NURSERY AREA - HA PRODUCTION GOAL North Karmanet 3 205,701 340,000 South Maruanet 3 54 4,051 380,000 Gitundaga 2 346,721 300,000 01 Arabel 2 148,853 388,000 Nyahururu 1 80,000 150,000 There are five RAES Nurseries with production as follows: 10-39 Table 10-17 1 PRESENT TARGET RAES NURSERY AREA HA PRODUCTION GOAL Nanyuki 160,000 250,000 Rumuruti 339,000 350,000 Lamuria 536,474 100,000 Dol Do.l 18,592 100,000 Kalalu 116,021 150,000 Most of the forest' nursery production (80%) now is Cupressus Lusitanica (Mexica.i cypress) with Pi nus patula (Mexican Pine) secondary or about 15%. The other 5% is in hardwoods, hedge material and ornamentals. The RAES nurseries are catering to the farmers' needs and producing some Eucalyptus, Mexican ash, Aberia, Bottlebrush and Pepper tr^a, Mexican Cypress, Pirns s patul-?., Croton megalocarpus, Gravi Ilea >:otusta and various other species like Leucaer.a leucicephala, Caueorina cquisitifolia etc. Farmers from Nyeri, Meru, Embu, and Nye.r.darua Districts are taking most of the nursey seedlings at this time. As the Laikipia District farm develops they will need fuelwood species like Eucalyptus or wattle for boundary planting and the leguminous species such as Leucaena, Prosopis and the Acacias for internal planting to furnish fodder, fuel, erosion control an soil nutrients. The Ministry of Agriculture has a citrus nursery at Nanyuki which is producing orange and lemon grafted plants for the farmers. These are presently in great demand in Laikipia District. 10-39a Rumuruti Nursery, one of the foremost Rural Afforestation nurseries producing 350,000 seedlings and trees per year. This Nursery can be expanded since it has excellent soil and water facilities. 10-40 The production of fruit.and nut trees would seem to be a reasonable recommendation for the Ministry of Agriculture nursery. There is a real need for trial plantings to determine site suitability for fruit and nut production in Laikipia District. The President has ordered all chiefs to start tree nurseries in their locations however, there has been no funds allocated for this so it will be slow in developing. We did see two chiefs' nurseries which have been started at Naro Moro and Anadangura and the extension forester has posted a nursery man at each one of them. The extension forester and the District Forest Officer both recognise the need for nurseries in all locations so that the people c^n have cheap seedlings readily available. The forest department subsidi zes the cost of these give away ^oedlinçs in order to get the trees planted. There is a need nowever to teach farmers how to plant and care fcr their tre^u. 'presently i.o.ere ''.&• only one Extension Forester for the Dircvict ba.se I in Haoyuki. Another one is recommended for Laikipia west and at least 1--2 assistants for each of them to show the farmers vhat, where, when to plant, also survival rates checked at the end of first year and a report made to the Chief Forester. Tree survival in the field is an important patt of this programme. Attention is also needed to establishing guidelines which help the farmers produce fruit and nut trees. 10.14 PROTECTION FORESTS - MUKQGODO FOREST AND EWASO NAROK FOREST Mukogodo Forest in North Eastern Laikipia is a protection forest of stunted cedar, Olive and other species. The forest is considered a protection forest with value primarily for water shed. Of the 28,000 hectares of gazetted forest only 5,300 hectares are in woodland forests. The remainder in grass-bush land has been over grazed and has 10-41 lost soil as well as vegetation and this modifies its value as watershed. The Mukogodo Forest is a source of building material and fuelwood f.or the Ndorobo people of the Division. The 1979 census shows 10,381 people in this Division which could mean that there is need for 13 - 15,000 cubic metres of fuelwood annually. The production from the forest could just meet this amount of fuelwood however, there are indications that local settlers are clearing patches of woodland around their shambas and in effect reducing the hectarage of this forest. Ewaso Narok Forest - 2;553 hectares of nature reserve and protection watershed forest Northeast of Nynhururu has been reserved and will be left in its present uncut status. It provided sanctuary for the indigenous vftgetatio.i and wild life as well as actina e.s a waterrhed Cor che Ewaso Narok River. Estimates of Wuter production are carried in the so::l and water section of this report, 10.15 FIRE PROTECTION FOR WESTERN LAIKIPIA FORESTS Marmanet, 01 Arabel, Lariak, Ewaso Narok and Rumuruti Forests are prone to forest fires which are started from three major sources (1) honey hunters burning out bee trees (2) charcoal making on the forest (3) fires escaping from trash burning on shambas adjacent to the forest. These three sources during the dry season running from December through March are causing excessive losses to these forests especially to the old over mature indigenous cedar forests. Losses for the last two years were as follows: 1980 - 913 hectares of indigenous forests 1981 - 2,375 hectares indigenous forest and 78 hectares plantations. 10-42 The District Forest Officer says that the fire cycle appears to run on a 10 year cycle with major fire years coming 1971 and 1981 when fire danger was extreme and when the forest experienced ground and crown fires. The Forest Department fire fighters are equipped locally with hand tools for 985 workers and some back pack pumps and power saws, these tools can be used to cut or scrape a fire line for the control of ground fires. There are also two tankers available: One - 720 gallon tanker at Nyeri, one - 1500 gallon tanker in Nanyuki which can be called on for support of fire crews. There are no Caterpillar tractors with blades nov? available for heavy forest firelink construction. These would be key pieces of equipment for rapid fire line building in heavy cover. A road grader is available in i.he District aaci it aan be used in open country or iigLL bu^.h land to build a fire line, It is however, no substitute for a caterpillar tractor in heavy bush or forest land. As far as can be determined there is little or no fire fighting training for fire crews or overhead. This presup- pression training can be especially important before periods of high fire danger when trained crews could be stationed at high hazard, high risk areas to take immediate action on any reported fires. This leads to the problem of detection. There are fire lookouts, but there is no major communication network between lookout and headquarters. It is absolutely essential to have communications by phone or radio if there is to be an effective fire protection organization. Firemen patrol roads but again have no radios to communicate with headquarters when a fire is spotted. Often the difference in controlling a small fire and having a large uncontrolled fire 10-43 is to have immediate contact with headquarters for suppression action when the fire is first discovered and when assistance can be sent from headquarters or adjacent stations. 10.16 ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN KENYA* Kenya's final energy requirement for 1980 is 417 x 1012 PJ (66,736 million barrels of oil equivalent). Seventy-four per cent of this energy comes from non-commercial resources, basically wood and agricultural waste products. Wood as both a commercial and non-commercial source accounts for 75% of the energy resources based in Kenya. The structure of enduse demand gives the following estimates: Comip.ercir.l (IS) agriculture (2%) urban households (6%) transportation (15%) industry (24£) and rural household (52%). Clearly the £crraulation of energy policy must take close account of the dynamics of the rural household sector whtre regardless of income woody biomasc constitutes the overwhel ming basis of energy consumption. In effect only the sources of energy are significant. Oil and wood together account for 96% of primary energy requirement. "Total wood demand of Kenya is 18.7 million tonnes while only 13.0 million tonnes is obtained from sustained annual yield, the remainder 5.7 million tonnes is supplied from forest capital". "Total energy demand is projected to grow at an annual rate of 4.7%. Wood and charcoal enduse consumption at an annual rate of 3.6% and 6.7% respectively. Oil consumption 10-44 grows 3.9%/annum and goes from 15 million barrels in 1980 to 55 million in year 2000. "Electricity demand is projected at 3.5%/year. Serious problems began to emerge in the mid 1970's", Beijher Institute, Energy Development in Kenya (1982). The Alternatives - a major emphasis on agroforestry - periurban plantations - industrial plantations - replanted forests - onhanced management of natural forest Sample targets. Specific targets: 1.5 million u^ctares in agroforestry by year 2000 yield 12 million tonnes/annum; 200,000 hectares periurban plantations yeild 1.5 million tonnes/annum; 400,000 hectares sustained yield from plantation forestry by 2000 yield 8.6 million tonnes/annum; and 300,000 hectares more intensive management of natural forests by year 2000 yield 1.7 million tonnes/annum. 10.17 ECOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LAIKIPIA DISTRICT Other than commercial values the forests of western and eastern Laikipia produces some equally important ecological values like water, wildlife, climatic controls, recreation, deep soils and clean air. Water from the forests area of 73,000 hectares is estimated at over 100,000 hectare/metres 10-45 and of this total about 33% flows downstream and is used for irrigation, drinking water, water for livestock and wildlife and rural consumption. This is probably the most important product of the forest for without it there is no life or settlement, including, downstream farms and food production ,, The Ewaso Narok and Mukogodo forest are primary watershedr and as such are major water producers. Marmanet forest with its 5,000 hectares of plantation and 16,000 hectares of forest lands is also a major water production area as is 01 Arabel Forest with cheir streams flowing to Nyahururu and Rumuruti Towns-. The Ewaso Narok river eventually irrigates downstream lands and passes into the main Ewaso Nyiro river. Planted forests initially appear to provide as much watershed protection and water production as the indigenous forests. Trees with their tap roots reach down into the subsoil and extract deep moisture and minerals vhich are brought to the crowri.j, the moisture is then transpired arid provides cooling effect. They may also effect the formation of clouds and eventually rainfall precipitation. soils are improved by the increased organic rnatLer-humus formed from leaves and needles and the dead branches which rot down and accumulate litter and humus during the life of the forest. Grass and bush may form good watershed protection, but they are unable to extract the deep moisture ^nd subsiol minerals that trees can. This soil building process is very important for not only trees, but also shrubs and forbs which become food and habitat for forest birds and animals. Unlike plants the animals can move around to different areas, but the whole ecological cycle depends upon the green plant. The herbivores feed on the plants and the carnivores feed on the herbivores. When the carnivore dies the carcass eventually goes back to the soil to nourish other green plants and the cycle continues unbroken until man or other large animal (Elephant, Buffalo especially) removes the habitat, the green plant which provides the food and cover. The forests are 10-46 home for elephants, buffalo, the leopard, hyena, the rare bongo the small antelopes, rabbits, rodents and many birds. These herbivores and carnivores make their home in or at the edge of the forest. Elephants are major ecological elements in forest development. Since they browse trees and shrubs. They are also a problem in the regeneration of a forest when they trample plantations and also destroy some mature or immature trees. This has happened in the pine and eucalyptus plant ations in Rumuruti forest. Buffalo are also a problem in plantation areas where they trample or browse seedlings. At the other end of the scale are rats and white ants that destory young seedlings when first planted. The small forest antelopes are also browsers of the tree seedlings and they and the hares end rats muet sometimes be controlled if forest trees and shrubs are to become established. Livestock grazing by cattle and sheep should be controlled in plantation airoas* until seedlings have reached a height of two metres or iiiore usually about three ytars. The grazing by sheep and cattlo may then be used to reduce grass and weed competition to the trees. Forest recreation such as camping picnicing, fruit gathering wildlife photography, etc., will develop in the next few years as more people get away from the land and settle in the cities. The rare and endangered species of wildlife will also become a special tourist attraction. Climatic effects of forest are well known and the effect on surrounding areas and the clean air produced by the trees are very definite values for the nation. 10-46a The shamba system of growing trees with crops (maize). The trees have been thinned and pruned to about 5 metres. 10-47 It should be noted that the indigenous forests of cedar and hardwoods probably produce a more balanced effect on soils than pure plantation of conifers. The indigenous hardwoods some of which are leguminous produce a greater fertilizer effect and fix more nitrogen in the soil than monoculture, pure stands of coniferous trees. Eventually plantations should be rotated or fertilization may be necessary to maintain high growth rates. 10.18 AGROFORESTR? IN LAIKIPIA DISTRICT According to the 1979 - 83 District Development Plan, Laikipia Oistrict has an area of 9,723 square kixometres, 75% of this a:-rea 7;492 kilometres2 ia suitable for ranching and only 25%, 2,530 - k\lomotxes2 ':.s suitable for agriculture end forests. There are 114 large ranches with an area oJJ 655,438 hectares, of these 114 rancher, 89 have recently been bought by Cooperatives and individuals for subdivision into email farms and shambas. There are 4,500 small scale holders on 22,500 hectares of land ranging in size from one to twenty hectares. There are 102 large scale mixed farms ranging from 20-40,000 hectares some of these include the large ranches, some cooperatives and companies. Agriculture is practiced in the better rainfall areas of Agro-climatic II and III in western Laikipia. It is in these 10-47a Small shamba owner SW of Nyahururu on Nyeri road has to collect firewood about 3 km from home - a day's work or more every week. 10-48 areas where agroforestry could best be applied. However, Agro-climatic zone IV and part of V where there is suitable soils will maintain some trees and fodder producing shrubs. A soil type tree, shrub and crop Table 10-18 is included here and also in the chapter on Soils. In western Laikipia the Marmanet and Lariak development schemes are ACZ 11,-5 areas and on these small shambas we can recommend the planting of wind breaks, fence lines, small wood lots and in areas where there is need for erosion control and soil protection, hillsides can be contour strip planted to trees or fodder shrubs. Since most of this area receives 900 millimetres or more of precipitation there is good reason to believe that both fuelwood, fodder and shade trees wil J do v:ell v/ith cirops, after the trees and fodder shrubs c«re initial]/ established. Seedlings encapsulated in po.lyurethene Lubes can be transported and planted before or during the rainy s^son in April especially on the deep red sandy soils. During extended dry-drought periods the 33feulinQs should be watered until they éuv established (Probably the first to third year). In this high rainfall area the eucalyptus species are recommended for fuelwood and also shade; mexican cypress (Cupressus lusitanica) can be planted with the Eucalyptus to form a windbrake and also for a future supply of posts; for fodder and fuelwood Leucacna Leucocephala Acacia alDida, Atriplex species and Prosopis juliflora will provide fodder, fuel and also is a soil builder. Acacia tortilis and other indigenous species may provide fodder, fuel and soil building. There are also other species which may do as well as these and they are fully listed in the appendix. See the Agro-climatic map Appendix I for soil area considered suitable for trees and shrubs for fuel and fodder in A-C Zone IV and V. rH "O "Ö --, 0) * id ai ai tn-H +j co 4.J rH o. 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Id • 01 r-l f.' • t* wawwrJadjrjiMj wwwwrHWKirf: G < i/i G o >i m •oH 'd I co •H N qW it) >, > I - Cl r-l-H H +•> •d a OHH O H O "d r-H IB r-l O H •aH O) u 3 -H -H m 01 XI 01 -r-l •ri H j-i C >i ui "O -•-! 4J .^ G n) a a u •H * t) ß ß £ ld M H H IB - i/) «In c i( 3 E H .H iB t-l >M O Ë H r-l O ai H U ld O 0 H M r-l >-l M U T M n u ri CJ m m m u M «: m <: ta os lu 0. rJ 10-54 Laikipia District has not really gone in for agro- forestry to date, but with the fuel shortages predicted in other parts of this report we believe it is esential that the small holders start to plant trees which will supply them with fuelwood to cook their food and also supply heat for the cool periods and shade and windbreaks for his buildings, crops, and livestock. Currently the forests are supplying most of the fuelwood while bushlands are supplyng wood and charcoal. The heavy drain on both forest and bush-woodlands, in the light of predicted population increases in Laikipia and also the nation, make it imperative that the rural small holder start to plant fodder shrubs and fast growing fuelwood species to provide the needed fuel energy and fodder for livestock during the dry season. In. the Agro Climatic Zone V of both western and eastern Laikipia whars rainfall varies from 450 - 900 millimetres and v;here the larce ranches are being subdivided into small plots it is Hi3stionaPl8 that these small landholders can succeed with only farninp 3-5 hectares. Initially to Lhese plots there will probably be enough fuelwood for a few years. Assuming that eventually these small shambas may be consoli dated into subdivisions of 100 - 300 hectares which could allow for livestock ranching (cattle, sheep, goats, chickens, rabbits and bees) along with dry lands farming, the problems of fuelwood will still have to be solved by fuel, fodder, post, poles etc., on the individual ranches. At this point in time we know that agroforestry is being practiced by the forest department on the gazetted forest lands of Agro-Climatic Zone II and III where after timber harvest, and clearing the land of debris the area is then planted to maize, beans, potatoes and pine or cypress seedlings in between the rows. In the high potential 1,000 millimetres precipitation areas this is an accomplished 10-55 measure. However, in the arid and semi arid lands of Laikipia we do not have examples or trials of crops and trees (Agroforestry) nor the potential productivity upon which to base final recommendations for the area. Recommendations based on the characteristics of site for certain trees or shrubs have been made but in the final analysis there should be field trials made to determine suitability and productivity of species for given sites with specific crops, fodder shrubs and fuelwood trees. The International Centre for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF) have started some trials in Machakos and hopefully they will be expanded to other areas and sites so that information can then be disseminated to the small land owner. At this f'.me recommendations for central Laikipia for fuel wood planting, includes Eucalyptus maculata, Eucalyptus paniculata, Eucalyptus camaldu.lensis.- Acaóirachta indica, casuarina equiset if oli:-i, Acacia' tort Hi s, A. :nearnsii, A. seyal, A. s-enegal, Schin.ts molle, Grevilla robur.ta. Acacia obyrsinicca ; Jacarsnrla rriiiucsif olia, Crotcn megalocarpus, Grtsvillea and Jacaranda for shade and fuelwood; for fcdder and fuelv.ood Leuoaen? leucocephala, Prosopis juliflora, Atriplex numiiai-ia ar.d some other Leguminosae (Mimosoideae ) are suggested where livestock are part of the farm operation. In the more arid areas Prosopis cineria, P. chilensis, P. juliflora should be tried for fuel, fodder and soil building along with indigenous Acacia tortilis, A. seyal, A. Senegal. As previously noted agroforestry has not been tried in the semi arid areas of Laikipia where some of the bush grass rangelands have Acacia drepanalobium-Themeda triandra (Red Oat grass) dominants on heavy soils (Black Cotton). It is possible with special treatment, by introducing organic matter in planting that fuelwood species are Eucalyptus and 10-56 wattle, (acacia mearnsii) would survive and produce fuel wood and tanbark. If as little as 1 - 2% of the area of a 5 hectare/shamba were planted to trees outside windbreak and inside erosion controls or for shade it is estimated that they would produce 1-4 cubic metres of fuelwood annually including the limbs and body wood or enough for a family of five people. As much as 15 - 20% of the internal area can be planted to leguminous trees or shrubs (fodder and fuel) and only 7.5 - 10m2 of the land occupiea; by the trees. This is l/180th of the crown area and with these leguminous species the nitrogen content of the soil is improved and also crop production increased as well. Under certain tree species like Balanites, the Acacias and even comiphora it has been noted on rangalands thst grass grows more vigorously and stays green lor.gei: in ACZ-*'. Agrcforesc::y can be maae to pay in both crops and fuelwood, poses, pels:? and so.ae lumber along with crops, for example the Forest Lopartiusrit figures in 1^63 show 200,000 bags of ir.ai.zu. 14,330 tonnes of potatoes (30% of Kenya's total production) were produced on forest reserve lands where, agroforestry i.= ^ standard practice for planting and establishing a stand of forest trees. In west Laikipia much of the maize, beans and potatoes are produced on forest reserve lands to feed the local population. For small farms which are also large enough to have livestock with crop lands, agroforestry can be very important. The use of fuelwood windbreaks formed by Eucalyptus species and (cypress) Cupressus lusitanica planted around grass pastures can provide protection for cattle, sheep and goats during the calving and lambing periods, an important factor during wet or cold periods. 10-57 The saving of such indigenous species as Acacia tortillis, A. seyal, A. hockii, A. gerardii, A. abyssinica on the land will provide shade, improve soil structure, increase grass vigor under the trees and also produce fodder for the livestock. Introduced species like Acacia albida, Leucaena leucucephala and Prosopis juliflora, etc., provide fodder, fuel, and soil improvement by fixing soil nitrogen and can improve pasture production and subsequent meat and milk production from livestock. To succeed the small farmer must produce his own" fuel supply along with crops to feed his family. Conservative estimates of one tonne of fuelwood per family member per year is needed. th\s can he achieved by planting the external boundaries or about ?% of the land to provide fuel from fast growing fuelwood trees and planting fodder shrubs such as Leucaera leucoo.ephalr; as an inter planting between rov/s of maize (4 rows of r^aise, .1 row OJ: Leucaena) er o ;her crops. The Leucaena can be cut foL fodder when it reaches 1-2 metres in height and the leaves used to feed livestock or left on the ground to provide green manure. It is a very good fertilizer producing 17 - 20 tonnes of herbage per hectare/ year on favourable sites. The stems can also ba burned as fuelwood. Leucaena or other leguminous species should be tried along with agricultural crops and some livestock including cattle, sheep, goats, chickens, rabbits and bees). The Machakos farmers admit that farming provides them subsistence, but livestock is their money crop. On this basis it is recommended that an agroforestry system which will combine crops, fodder and fuelwood considering livestock especially small stock (sheep and goats) chickens and bees as part of the crop. There is a list of species which should be given trials in Laikipia District in Appendix A, B, G, H. 10-58 10.19 RECOMMENDATION ON AGROFORESTRY 1. Research trials of plants such as Leucaena leucocephala, Prosopis juliflora, Acacia albida, Grevillia robusta, Jacaranda and Eucalyptus species need to be made and studied to determine the production of fuel, fodder, and mulch in combination with various crops like millet, sorghum, maize, beans, peas, potatoes and other crop production (including livestock - cattle, sheep, goats, chickens, rabbits and bees) in the semi arid lands of Laikipia District. 2. A branch of agroforestry research is needed to carry out research in the joint area of trees, fodder shrubs, crops and livestock for the small and medium farmer. 3. It is recommended that field trial planting!? be wor'xed out with small farruers to determine methods of producing fuelwood, fodder, -r.d mulch from trees or shrubs in th<* C3ia.l arid area« 4. A potential crop producing both beans and fuel lo the pigeon pea, Cajanus cajan. The combination of this crop wich other crops may be a possibility for the small farms of Laikipj'a. There is record of 4 hectares only being planted in Ngarua Division of Laikipia District. It i.s also reported that elephants like the pigeon peas and are a source of damage to this crop. 10.20 AGROFORESTRY IMPLEMENTATIONS As previously mentioned in this report there is little research now on going or maybe more importantly field trials of pure Agroforestry which is considered to be the growing of a combination of trees and shrubs in a complimentary pattern with some agricultural crops, presently in East Africa and specifically Laikipia District in Kenya. 10-59 More recently the Katumani Research Centre and the ICRAF pilot planting project both near Machakos are making an effort to develop some research in Agroforestry. Dr. Larry Ulsaker and Dr. Sit? of the Katumani Research Station are now experimenting witli Leucaena leucicephala and maize and Leucaena and Panicum fodder plants. Dr. Ulsaker has planted and established leucaena on 2.25 M wide contour bands and interplanted three rows of Maize between the Leucaena. The Leucaena are first established by planting seed before the short rains and then maize inter planted before the long rains. The experiment objectives, are to determine if the two plants can be grown compatibly; to determine maize yield/ha to determine fodder yield/ha of Leucaena and also to determine whether Leucaena would decrease or increase maize yield. So far the experiment indicates production of 1-1/4-2/tonnes of maize grown per hectare/ year and thref; tonnes of Leucaena fcdder/year which can be fed to livestock along with the mai?;a stalks OL useci as green, manure. The average shamba yield of maize in the area is about one naif tonne per hectare/year without fertilizer. It must be noted that the Leucaena, maize yield here includes use of 20 kilogrammes nitrogen and 20 kilogrammes of super phosphates per hectare. Leucaena is principally a tropical plant suited mainly to lowland areas of 5,000' or less elevation. It will grow at higher elevations, but without its lowland vigor according to the literature. Machakos area where trials are being conducted is at 5,500* or 1,666 metres elevation with average rainfall of 500 millimetres or less per year. 10-60 The Laikipia District's semi arid area ranges from 3,000 - 6,500' or 900 - 1970 metres in elevation. At this point we believe that there should be some field trials made in Laikipia District especially in Agro-Climatic Zone IV and V - Temperature Zones 4 and 5 with this plant as a potential source of fodder and fuelwood for small shambas. Leucaena is also a soil builder which fixes nitrogen and it is also thought to release some phosphates. Its foliage rivals manure in nitrogen content and natural leaf drop returns this to the soil beneath the plant. Its agressive root system breaks up impervious subsoil layers, thus improving moisture penetration and decreasing surface run off. It will grow on 500 - 1,7C0 millimetres or lese cf precipitation. lis root system will tolerate soils froip reel; to heavy clay to coral. xt grows well in natural or aJkaline (especially limestone) soils and poorly in acidic; soils, Leucaena will provide fuelwood and also excellent charcoal from .hlçh density wood on fast growing treeb or shrubs. The stumps coppice readily. Calorific value is 4,600 KCAL/per kilogramme. Seed viability is high. Seed should be treated with hot water (80°)C for 2-3 minutes and then soaked for 2-3 days before planting. Seedlings are slow starters and should be protected and kept free from competition. Once rapid growth starts Leucaena shades out weeds and competition. Leucaena in some areas could become a weed. Also its foliage contains mimosine which can become toxic to ruminants if consumed in large quantities. If fed with other forage, fodder or stover there is no problem. 10-61 In the ICRAF nursery-trial planting the seedlings are planted in 2 metres wide pits which remain competition free for 1-2 years by which time they are 2-3 metres high. It is recommended that the same treatment be given to field plantations. Potentially Leucaena may provide an answer to the small shamba owners needs for a dry season fodder crop, or supplier of fuelwood or charcoal and a supply of posts or poles for buildings for fences etc. In Laikipia District it will be almost impossible for the small farmer to make a living without including livestock in the operation and dry season fodder will be very important. As in Machakos District where there is a combination of crops and livestock raising the farmers say they make their money from livestock and the maize and crops are a supplementary addition. The combination of Bana or Napier grass with Leucaena fodder could well be an answer to getting through at least part of th* dry season by providing high protein food for li/esto2k ancf developing the- money crop (livestock especially jùats chickens and bees) . 10.20.1 OTHER SPECIES There are several other species which may have promise in an Agroforestry crop-livestock operation in Laikipia District as follows: Prosopis juliflora is a tropical species of Venezuela, Columbia, Panama and Central America to Mexico commonly known as Algaroba; it has been successfully produced in the ICRAF nursery at Machakos. It has qualities which make it suitable for agroforestry especially in combination with livestock. Using less than one tenth the water of agricultural crops this tree can produce 6-7 tonnes of high protein cattle feed per hectare annually. The pods can be gathered up, ground up at grist mills and fed to livestock in feed lots. 10-62 The tree managed on a 10 - 15 year rotation will produce shade, timber, firewood and charcoal material. It coppices well after cutting and can be regenerated from seed. The tree's flowers also provide good honey. Juliflora should not be mistaken for the Mesquite, Prosopis glandulosa of New Mexico and south west United States. Prosopis cineria in India and Persia grows in 100 - 600 millimetres of annual precipitation and it appears to be an ideal tree for agroforestry systems in some arid regions. In Rajasthon, India the tree is found growing with agricultural crops such as millet, mustard and irrigated wheat. The farmers protect the seedlings, prune them and develop a fine tree yielding, fuclwood, fence posts, foddor for cattle, timber for construction and even edible fruit, .. Soil fertility studies show an overall improvement in soil fertility organic matter, tola] nitrogen, total phosphorous and cVc-.ilable macro and micro Nutrients under Prosopis cineria snô compared to bare sites or uoder Prosopis juliflora. A major disadvantage of Prosopis cineria is its rela tively slow growth rate compared to other Prosopis species. This is offset by the advantageous effect of the tree on the soil and it can be intercropped with agricultural crops, unlike some other Prosopis species. The Acacias especially Acacia tortilis, A. seyal, A. Senegal should do well in Agro Climatic Zone IV and V and all of these species produce fodder in the form of leaves and pods. 10-63 The pigeon pea Cajanus cajan is another possibility for small shambas. It has been tried in Laikipia and apparently can do well there, however, it is relished by wildlife and must be protected. The pigeon pea furnishes small bean pods and fodder along with fuelwood from the stems. It could be an ideal crop, fuel and fodder species in northwest and north central Laikipia if the problems of wildlife damage is solved. At Katamani Dr. Ulsaker is trying various arid land crop species to possibly determine some new species which can be grown in the arid, semi arid lands. We were shown a few species:- Jojobe, lepary beans, ground nute and en arid land Buffalo gourd. An article from Reader's Digest January, 1983 is attached on these plants, Ses aopendix K. 10.21 SUGGESTED PPQJgCTS IN ?CR3STRï' AND AGRO FOREST RJ—LA IKI ? I h DI FT KI CT " 1. A donor supported atrial survey oi. the Laikipia District forests ce.rri^c out. by a contractor in cooperation with tne Forest Inventory D3partment of the Kenya Forest Department is needed. This could be expanded into a full scale atrial survey of the entire Laikipia District, which would prove useful for all other resource inventory surveys. 2. A donor supported forest inventory by a contractor of the Laikipia Forests designed to include commer cial, non-commercial volume fuelwood inventory, and map showing the species and commercial timber areas, plantation areas and potential plantation areas, etc. Timber volumes to be stratified by age and size classes and areas, growth rates of indigenous forest species should be measured and calculated for use in projecting production for 5, 10 and 20 years, similar information should be developed for plantation species identified with data computer ized for use in a Management plan and programme. The work is to be done in cooperation with Inventory Department of Kenya Forest Department. The computers, calculators, and all equipment to be 10-64 turned over to Kenya Forest Department at close of the project. Kenya counterparts to be used and trained on this project in use of all equipment and inventory techniques. Donor assistance is needed in developing forest management plans and harvest programmes based on sustained yield supply and demand of timber needed for local industry, and development of foreign markets. From the management plan a harvesting program can be developed. Donor assistance is suggested and Kenya counterparts trained. This could consider local, national and international demand up to year 2,000 and programme for present and future industrial development. After project 3 the sawmill industry in Nyahururu and Nanyuki can be improved and redesigned, modern saw mills should be financed and installed. Improved machinery and mills could increase lumber production and revenue 500 - 700% <. Tli3 production of 100,000 cubic metres of lumber per year plus 25% more for fu^lwood and charcoal along with slabs, poles., posts for construction and fencing is considered possible with improved equipment, ïnccme f com lumber is currently estimated at Kshs, 310 rr.illior;,- Ko 5 5 million or $ 8.4 million per year retail, with charcoal retail value at Kè 09,500 or $ 130,000/year. The average v;ages of 5,000mill and forest workers is approximately Kshs. 4.4 million or 5338,000. These are direct benefits. The indirect benefits to the nation m?y be 700% or more. Donor support and financing is indicated, for this project. There is a need for other private capital or a donor supported financial organization to be developed for financing the sawmill, lumber plywood, furniture industry in the Laikipia District. Donor support and technical assistance is needed in survey design and construction of a road system of main line and spur roads needed for the timber harvest program and for management and production of the forest stands. Kenyan counterparts need to be trained in forest engineering in the north Western United States Universities. 10-65 7. A donor supported fuelwood planting program for 5,900 hectares of gazetted forest lands in eastern and western Laikipia is necessary over the next ten years to meet local fuelwood and charcoal needs in Laikipia District. This can also be tied to Extension Agroforestry fuelwood plantings (3,000 of the 5,900 hectares) on the small shambas and fuelwood lots around Nyahururu, Nanyuki and Rumuruti as well as some of the small villages of the District. 8. Donor support is needed for planting 6,000 hectares of cutover lands in the next 10 years. There is an estimated 120,000 cubic metres yearly production and $6.7 million gross return on lumber, along with $1.0 million in fuelwood per year on 30 year rotation. 9. Donor support is needed for reforesting 1,200 hectares of burned and cut over land in Marmanet forest. 10. Triai afforestation of 200 hectares of Mukogodo Forest La-.cs; Freferably with fuelwood species (Eucalyptus). 11. Donor support is needed for developing and training an effective forest fire suppression organization, (prevention, pro-suppression, suppression). The forest needs are in the area of communications equipment (radies, mobile radios, telephone, etc); the acquiring caterpillar tractors, lowboys, grciders, etc., for line building, a B-25 or similar airplane 1er bombing small fires W/slurry or water, and last but not least, training smoke jumpers and ground fire fighter teams for rapid attack and deployment to fires. 12. A donor project starting small initially with field trials in crop and fodder shrubs and fuelwood trees (Eucalyptus sp) designed to determine suitable crop and forestry species and the productivity of such combinations is needed now. Results of these trials can then be applied to small farmer shambas. Estimated need is for 3,000 hectares of tree, and shrub plantings in next 10 years, on the small, medium and large farms and ranches. 12a. A donor supported program to match up fodder shrub production with livestock needs through the dry season on small farms is needed on a trial basis before expanding into full a scale District project. This project could be combined with 12. 10-66 12b. Donor support for research in forestry and agro- forestry is absolutely essential to success and progress in both of these areas. It is recommended that more technical assistance be furnished to the Forest Research Station at Maguga. 13. More Research is needed in forestry and the field of agroforestry as shown on page 71 written descriptions. 14. Donor support is needed for a university training and development program for two forest economists, two forest engineers, two timber management specialists in sales administration and marketing, two forest fire protection specialists, one forest wildlife specialist, one inventory specialist for Laikipia District. One each of these specialists for field support, one for administration, research and development. In addition there is need for a District or Provincial entomologist and a specialist ir. forest diseases in the future. 15. There is an organizational need for an Agro- forestry Intension Service which would require technically trained assistants in the field of agriculture and forestry to provide the farmers with assistance in developing an agroforestry operation by combining crops, l?.vescor:k and fodder and fuelwood production. 16. Expand the Forestry Extension Organization to show farmers how to plant and care for trees and fodder shrubs on their shambas. This recommendation relates to 15. 10.22 COST ESTIMATES BY PROJECTS 1. AERIAL SURVEY An aerial survey of Laikipia Forest is required before a forest inventory can be made on the ground. It is suggested that the flight inventory map scale be 1 to 25,000 which ties into present survey of Kenya maps. This is especially needed for the forest inventory which will use photos to delineate forest inventory which will use photos to delineate forest types, forest compartments., cutting blocks, road locations, fire protection units etc. 10-67 Cost Estimates 1982 1987 Flying and Photography $ 30,000 40,000 Negatives and 1 set prints Additional sets @ $ 1,750 3,500 Blow ups to 1:12,000 $ 2,800 5,600 TOTAL $ 34,550 $_ 49,100 2. DISTRICT FOREST INVENTORY Preliminary to management and management planning, a complete District forest inventory is needed. An inventory was made in 1963-67 by Spartan Air Service for Kenya. Since then much of Laikipia's indigenous forests have been cut over, some of it planted to pine or cypress, other areas left to regenerate naturally, more area burned over and other areas oxcised or included in the gazetted forest area. It is now time for a n^v; inventory. This project is suggested as a contract arrangemaat with an outside contractor collecting and organizing the inventor;/ field work and computations of areas, volumes of carrentJ y commercial species, by age or cut'„ing classes in gross and uet volume of timber, firewood, poles, posts, etc. The Forest Department of Kenya should he consulted or final needs including training of Kenya counter parts. Estimated costs are shown in following paragraph 3. 3. FOREST ESTIMATES For the forest of the Laikipia District, current forest estimates are for 73,000 hectares. With the aid of a good set of aerial photographs a 1.0% sample or less should be sufficient for the indigenous forests. Plantation areas with different age classes may have to have 5 - 10% sampling. This can be worked out statistically, however based on 1.0% or 370 hectares of ground sampling and using .05 hectare sample plots it will require 7,400 sample plots. If 10 plots can be measured per man-day there are 740 man-days of field 10-68 sampling by two man-teams or 2.8 years of work for a two-man team. Four men would do it in 1.4 years under supervision of a professional forester. The data computerized can be worked up in 2-3 months time, for the costs that follow: Manpower 1982 Estimates $ 150,000 (Expat.) can also 1 Forester work on Mgmt. plan $ 100,000 (Can be Kenyan 4 Cruisers Forest Technicians) Transport $ 28,000 2 4 Wheel Drive vehicles $ 14,000 1 Komb i Operating Costs $ 18,000 Petrol and Oil $ 15,000 Maintenance and Repairs Cruise Tools - tapes, re.laskops $ 2,000 Office-Calculator, Computer, Form, Pads $ 50,000 (Can also be used for Mgmt Plan development) Typing service - Clerical $ 10,000 100 Copies of cruise data $ 10,000 $397,000 4. MANAGEMENT PLAN From the aerial photographs, maps and inventory data, a management plant can be developed which will consider harvesting on the basis of sustained annual yield (or mean annual increment). A harvesting and sales program should be worked out by compartments or blocks, programming the cut, planting of cut overs, slash disposal, fire protection, insect control measures, thinning and pruning the young 10-69 Stands, cutting cycles within the rotation, salvage opera tions, firewood harvesting, etc. Manpower 1 Forester - from the inventory programme for 6 months $ 75,000 Operation Calculator and Computer (from Inventory) NC Typing Service $ 10,000 Reports Publishing and Compiling 15,000 Transport NC 1 Vehicle (from Inventory) 5,000 TOTAL $10L,000 5. DEVELOPMENT, TRAINING AND OPERAT "'IMG CAPITAL There are tour small active sawmills and a pencil mill with on-going operations at this time in western Laikipia at Nyahururu and vicinity. They average about 2-6 tonnes per day or possibly 23,000 cubic metres/year of roundwood against a merchantable timber volume of 68,000 cubic metres/year (from plantations). This would permit expansion of milling capacity by 330% based upon plantation volume/year. It would require acquisition of new sawmill equipment to improve present milling practices and utili zation of material, but this could increase present lumber production by 500% or more. Employment, now at 600, could be increased to 3,000 mill and wood workers who are able to support 24,000 others. Most of the sawn timber will be 10-70 exported to Nakuru, Mombasa, Nairobi etc., which will bring revenue back into the Laikipia District. This project is to be accomplished by encouraging private industry to develop mill and plywood capacity from the local forests and also the Nyandarua District Forests. The key will be to provide development and working capital for the operation and for training people (mill, logging and marketing personnel) . Manpower Machinery 4 Small Sawmills Circular saw, Banc* sav:, Resavr, Trimmer Edger (Duty free) $ 1,250,000 Planer, carriage, power'unit; 12 cractois 030,000 16 Log truc!'s 250,000 4 Drying kilns $150,000 each 600,00 0 Training and Development Sawyers $ 150,000 Foremen Loggers Skidders Loaders Planer men Financing needed $ 2,850,000 duty -»• 690,000 TOTAL $ 3,540,000 Kshs. $46,020,000 10-71 6. FINANCIAL SUPPORT There is a need for a financial institution to finance sawmill operators to develop new mills and support yearly operating costs. Presently all of the small sawmill operators complain about lack of finances and inability to borrow for operating expenses or to buy new equipment. It is suggested that Government through the Forest Department look into esta blishing a financial institution to provide financing for the timber sawmill industry. Another aspect would be to establish financial incentive for small farmers to plant woodiots, wind breaks, fence lines, for fuelwood for thier owt. use or for rarketing. Farmers have the AFC for financing farr^ and ranches however, there is ne institution foi.* financing o': Üorest projects or for ths forest milling industry. 7. There will be a need to develop and further improve the current road system in the Marmanet, 01 Arabel, Lariak and Rumuruti forests if we are to harvest the annual sustained yield of 100,000 cubic metres of timber, fuelwood, posts, poles, etc. Initially this requires a logging engineer to design the system of main and spur roads and survey crews to field locate them, and a cartographer to make maps and draftsman for final drafts. The development or construction of the main roads can be contracted after the logging engineer designs the specifications. They will need a good set of aerial photographs at 1:25,000 and enlargements at 1:12,000 (Survey of Kenya standards). Planning and Design for 79,000 hectares Forest - 8 man years. 10-72 1 Logging Engineer Expat./w counterpart 1 Cartographer Expat./w counterpart 1 Draftsman (Kenyan) 4 Surveyors (Expat.) 4 Surveyors (Kenyan) Construction 100 KM Main road @ $ 10,000/kilometres $ 1,100,000 450 KK Spur road @ $ 1,000/kilometres 675,000 TOTALS $ '1,775,000 Maintenance fee to be paid by timber operators to the Forest Department who will then maintain the roads. 8. The Forest Department has a planned program for reforestation for 585 hectares per year of forest trees primarily planted for timber. Fuc.lvood needs have not been considered e high priority up to this point Lr> t Lr.ie. Present indications are that there will be a severe fuel crisis throughout- the next ten years and that it will be necessary to start fuelwood plantations. This can be resolved now by planting 3,900 hectares of Eucalyptus species throughout the next ten years to meet the fuel need of an increasing District population primarily around Nyahururu and Run.uruti. There is also a need for woodlots to be established adjacent to Nanyuki town and also on the shambas of all of Laikipia District. There are 9 locations where there should be nurseries in Rumuruti and Ngarua Divisions to supply the local land owners with tree seedlings according to the Extension Forester in Nanyuki. 10-73 Planting 3,900 hectares of Eucalyptus on Rumuruti, Lariak, Ol Arabel Marmanet Forests and on small farms in the District (preferably in ACZ III and IV) 1982 - 1991 - 1,600 seedlings/hectare - 3,900 hectares Total 6,240,000 seedlings or 624,000 per year for 10 years $ 780,000 Average/year (Clearing, plowing, planting, watering, fencing Nursery Development for 624,000 seedlings/year Nursery Annual Operating Expenses $ 20,000 Clear plow, plant, fence $ "780 .00C/.10 yee:rs Operating Nurseries $ ?..)0,000/10 years Development $ 5C/J03/1 year 10 year total $1,530,000 Manpower 2 Forest Nursery men Expatriates or Kenyans $ 60,000/year 9 Assistant Nursery men $ 45,000/year 200 Laborers (Nursery workers, Planting Crews) $ 52,800/year (100) men - months planting) $ 26,400/year Sub Total $ 184,200/year TOTAL $1,842,000/10 years 10-74 Transport 9-1 1/2 ton trucks $ 180,000 9 - Saloon Station Wagons $ 108,000 36 - Wheelbarrows $ 3,600 Jembes, Knapsack, sprayers, fungicides, insecticides, spades, shovels, pangas, rakes, water cans, sacks, polyurethane bags, etc. $ 10,000 Sub Total $ 301,600 TOTAL $2,133,600 Ksh. (28,000,000) 9. REFORESTATION OF MUKOGODO FOREST Since there is no harvesting program on Mukogodo at this tir.ie the fores», department has no reforestation program for Mukoaodo. There is some area in need of reforestation presently estimated at 2Ö0 hectares of scattered pieces which could be planted; however unless livestock can be controlled in the area the plantation would be browsed out of existence. Mukogodo forest is 5,130 hectares in area. Mukogodo's gazetted area is 28,872 hectares. The 23,700 hectares difference is in grass or bush - grasslands which is managed as watershed, but also is grazed by domestic livestock and wild game. An afforestation-land use survey is needed to determine the highest land use priority for the 23,700 hectares of non forested lands, considering present use and future needs of the District people and the nation. 10-75 10. FOREST FIRE PRESUPPRESSION-COMBINED WITH FUEL WOOD PRODUCTION The Marmanet Forest has six hundred and twenty kilometres of fire protection line internally and around its external boundaries. These lines are cleared 40 metres wide annually by forest workers, hand labour. The estimated cost is 30/- per 50 metres of line (372,000/- annually). This is an expensive, time consuming job and sometimes it is not completed before the fire season, the time that it is needed. As an alternative it is suggested that all or part of this 2,480 hectares of line be planted to Eucalyptus species and Mexican Green ash to act as a fire break and also with a dual purpose of supplying fuelwood for the local population. The Eucalyptus stands to be managed on a 5 - 8 year rotation and thet, clearfelle-ù for posts, poles, fuelwood and charcoal, slash pi'ipd ;nd burned or useo by Operators. It ia estimated that in a ten year period there would be 744.000 cubic metres of fuelwood or 587,760 tonnes of fuel produced. This converted to 53,433 tonnes of charcoal is the equivalent of 1,335,815 bags of charcoal which projected at future prices may equal (133,581,800/-) or one hundred and thirty three million shillings of direct return on currently unused land. The labour for planting would be the same as formerly used for clearing fire protection lines. The project would require donor financing in form of a 20 year loan. The estimated planting cost is $100/ha or $ 248,000 or Ksh. 3,350,000. 11. AGROFORESTRY RECOMMENDATION At 'this time Laikipia District has not been developed for Agroforestry production. In western Laikipia the development scheme owners are clearing forest lands to 10-76 provide agricultural development, with little consideration for the need for fuelwood in the next 5-10 years. In eastern Laikipia where the big ranches are being bought by Coops or individuals with the objective of sub-division into small shambas, much of this land is now covered with bush and grass. It is questionable whether these lands can be converted to a dry land agriculture - livestock operation if the divisions are less than 160 hectares in size,. Assuming that some of these subdivisions are developed then there should be consideration given to planting trees for fuel, shade, shelterbreak, fencing, construction material, fruit nut or honey production. Unfortunately there has been little done in the way of field trials for species which might provide information on some o these tenefits. It i« recommended 'chat field trials be established on differing soil and rainfall regimes to determine suitability for these semi arid lands in the 500 - 50 millimetres of rainfall arecs ACZ IV & V (£grc climatic Zone IV and V) of Laikipia for Agroforestry trees fodder shrubs and crops. The following are suggested: Species Values Acacia albida Fodder, fuel, soil improvement Acacia tortilis Fodder, fuel, soil improvement Acacia mearnsii Fuel, tanbark, charcoal, poles Atriplex nummularia (and other species) Fodder, fuel Prosopis juliflora Fodder, fuel, honey, beans Prosopis chilensis Fodder, fuel, honey, beans Leucaena leucacephala Fuel, fodder, charcoal, soil building 10-77 Gmelina arborea Fuel, shade, charcoal Cassia siamea Fuel, shade, fodder, soil improvement Azadirachte indica (Neum) Fuel, charcoal, poles, shade Grevilla robusta Fuel, shade, timber Citrus sinesis Fruit (Oranges) Cupressus lusitanica Shade, fencing, posts, fuel, timber Eucalyptus camuldensis Fuel, charcoal, poles, honey Eucalyptus paniculaca Fuel, charcoal, poles, honey Eucalyptus maculata Fuel, charcoal, poles, honey Eucalyptus siligna Fuel, charcoal, poles, honey Eucalyptus sideroxylon Fuel, charcoal, poles, honey Schinus ipolle Shade, fuel, poles Casuariiia tquisetirelia Fuel, charcoal, poles, posts It is recommended that fruit trees such as Mango, Orange.- avocado, guava and lemon be tried along with cashev; nuts macadamia nuts, etc. Planting Technique Containerized seedlings planted in pits, terraces or sectioned furrows and watered for the first season until established will probably produce the best survival rate. Species such as Leucaena, Acacia and Prosopis may be planted as seeds. 12. RESEARCH NEEDED 1. Soil studies are needed to determine the length of rotation cycles of pine or cypress stands without depleting soil nutrients. 10-78 2. Study the indigenous forests for long term effects on soils, timber and fuelwood production, water production, medical values, endangered plants, gene pools, etc. 3. Conduct an Agroforestry study on various tree species in relation to crops, fuelwood production, soil improvement and cropping systems to maximize moisture conser vation i.e., Leucaena and Maize or Millet; Acacias and Wheat Barley, Leucaena and Maize or row crops. 4. Conduct a study on forest measurement and volume determination on all commercial forest lands. 5. A study to determine silvicultural effects of fire and timber harvesting on soil compaction tree reproduction and the production potential. 6. Conduct administrative studies on timber sales and marketing for lumber, fuelwood, charcoal, posts, poles, etc. 7. Conduct nursery research and field trials to find wayr. of producing cheaper and genetically improved seedlings. C. Make sui vival studies of pine., cypress, Eucalyptus and other species. Should be kayiC into moisture seasonal need and rainfall distribution pavtHmj, which vary greatly in Laikipig District. 9. Make survival studies on various other spcciss producing fuelwood, fodder, honey, posts, poles, etc., in various ecozones and rainfall levels. (Prosopis, Leucaena, Sesbania, A. albida, ütc.) 13. TRAINING Training is needed for additional foresters for the Forest Department. Presently in the District organization are a District Forest Officer (Graduate, university of Nairobi) and four forest officers at Rumuruti, 01 Arabel, Gitundaga, Nanyuki. . The District Forest Officer needs an assistant forester. The District Extension Forester job should be divided into two areas, eastern and western, for better coverage and each District should have two to three assistants working with farmers showing them what to plant, how, where and when and finally monitoring the survival of 10-79 the trees and shrubs. Presently, training is just storting at Egerton College in extension and agroforestry. It is recommended that the Forest Department finance and support this program and the development of agroforester and extension foresters for the Forest Department Extension Program. 14. BIOLOGICAL STUDY OF BIG GAME A biological study of number of big game using the forest area (elephant, buffalo, the antelope. Also the small game on plantation areas). 15. AGROFORESTRY EXTENSION SERVICE RECOMMENDATION In line with the need for agroforestry trials there is also c.n organizational need for an agroforestry section of the Extension Service to aid the farmers and ranchers in the selection of tree and shrub species. This includes gettiny seed or seedlings r'or the farmer to try, also showing the farmer how to pi ant and tend troes and fodder shrubs until they are well established. There are now two foresters from the Forest Department being trained at the Masters level at Texas A & M University. It is recommended they be considered as a nucleus for organizing an Agroforestry Extension division and that further some of the Forestry Graduates coming out of Egerton College be recruited into the Agroforestry Extension Division. As previously noted Kenya and Laikipia District face a serious fuel shortage in the next five to ten years. It is also recognized that presently gazetted forests will not be able to completely supply enough fuelwood. It is therefore obvious that the farms and ranches must be made to supply 10-80 additional needed fuelwood. Presently farmers are not trained in planting and tending trees and shrubs. It is in these areas that extension Agroforestry can really help Laikipia District and the nation. 16. DISTRICT EXTENSION SERVICES EXPANSION Expand the District Extension Services so that there are enough (possibly two extension foresters with 2-3 assistants each who can advise farmers on how, when, what and where to plant for fuelr fodder, honey, shade, fencing, sawlogs., etc.) J 7. SAWMILL INDUSTRY - EASTERN LAIKIPIA In Eastern Laikipia at Nanyuki and vicinity, uhere are six sawmills, t«?o of '-'hich are manufacturing furniture, door's, window frames, block doors, etc. The estimated production is presently about 36 tonnes of aawii lumber per day. All but two of these mills are obsolete and could b On the above basis an investment of $ 800,000 for new milling machinery, and saws, etc., might be reasonable since 10-81 there is about 300 mill and furniture makers and wood workers involved (supporting 2,500 dependants). Employment could be increased 50% if more furniture, doors, etc., are produced which would increase revenue and wage earnings for the local people. Again the problem centers upon financing of the project and the development of a financial institution to provide development and operating capital for the lumber and manufacturing industry of Nyahururu and Nanyuki areas. Training of sawyers, sawfilers, mill workers, loggers, furniture makers, etc., is also essential for the success of this type of project. An expatriate consultant or two could also benefit the project during the construction of the new mills and in organizing and training the personnel. 10-82 BIBLIOGRAPHY "Laikipia District Development Plan: 1979-33", January 1980. Energy Development in Kenya - Problems and Opportunities, Beijer Institute, The International Institute for Energy and Human Ecology.International Co-operation in Agroforestry DSE & ICRAF, Proceedings of an International Conference, July, 1979. Soil Research in Agroforestry, Proceedings of an Expert Consultation, ICRAF. "Oppenshaw, Keith, Inventory of Biomass in Kenya", February 1982. Forest Inventory of Kenya Using Remote Sensing Techniques KREMU Technical. Report Series No. 30. Jones, Michael, Implementation Plan, The Kitui Centre, Ministry of Energy. Uso of Large Scale Aerial Photogracny tc Determine Wood Biomass in Arid and -Somi Arid Areas of Kenya, KREMU Techr.j.c?! Report 51. "Kenya Livestock Development Programme: Monitoring Programme", ILCA Report, July 7, 1979. Firewood Crops, Shrubs and Tree Species for Energy Productions, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., 1980. "Role of Shrubs and Trees in the Management of Natural Grazing Land", 8th World Forestry Conference Position Paper No. 10 ILCA. Kuchar, P. Plants of Kenya, KREMU Technical Project. "Survey of Natural Wood Supplies in Kenya and an Assessment of the Ecological Impact of its Use", - KREMU 22 July, 1981. Development Plan: 1979-83, Part 1, Government of Kenya. Kitui Town Planting Programme for Ecosystem Stabilization, USAID Report, 1980. Logie, J.P.W., BA Conservator of Forest, Forestry in Kenya, printed by Government of Kenya, 1962. 10-83 Forest Resources Inventory: Plantations Inventory on North and South Marmanet Forest Districts, Department of Forests, September 1975. Reconnaissance Inventory Survey of the Indigenous Forest Areas of Kenya: Part 2, Marmanet, Lariak, 01 Arabel Sampling Units, Spartan Air Services under Canadian Special Commonwealth African Programme in Cooperation with Kenya Forest Department, 1963-67. Operational Aerial Report on Marmanet Forest Reserve: October 1969 - January 1970, Forest Department, April 1971. "Kenya Marginal Semi Arid Lands Pre-Investment Inventory", Forest Report, CID, SCS, Ministry of Agriculture and Water, August 1978. Kenya Third Forestry Project: Staff Appraisal Report: 1981-82. Proceedings of the Kenya National Seminar on Agroforestry, 12-22 November 1980, ICRAF and University of Nairobi. Solberg, 3. Profitability of Eucalyptus Saligna Plantations in Ngong Forest--Forest Distriet crom a Social Benefit Point of _Vi a w__aj2 d Es t i m ates of ^uelwood Royalties , Forest r^parcnenc, Ministry of Natural Resources, GOK Nairobi, January 1975. Dypor., W G. Experiments on Grading Eucalyptus Wood Fuel in the Semi D^cidous Forest Zone of Kenya, East Af r i •:an Agricultural, and Forestry Journal,. April 1374, pp. 349-355, Obira, LJN, "Industrial Charcoal Project", Industrial Survey and Promotion Centre, Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Nairobi, August 1976. Kabagambe, Dennis, Aspects of Reserve Conservation and Utilization: The Role of the Charcoal Industry in the Kenya Economy, Institute for Development Studies, University of Nairobi, June 1976. Ojiambo, J.A., Trees of Kenya. Pratt and Gwynne, Rangeland Ecology in East Africa. Agroforestry Species, A Crop Manual, ICRAF. Weber, F.R., Reforestation in Arid Lands, Action, Series 5, Peace Corps. Dale and Greenway, Trees and Shrubs of Kenya. 10-84 APPENDIX A Arid and Semi Arid-Species Laikipia District for fuelwood poles or fodder. Species Coppice Fuel Charcoal Poles Fodder Other Rainfall Range mm Causerina equisetifilia " " " Leucaena leucocephala 250-1,700 Acacia senega! Gum Arabic 300-450-800 Seeds Acasia seyal 350 + Acacia tortilis 150-1,000 Anadirachta indica ' Furniture Fertilizer. Chemicals Tanin Insect Repellant 130-450-1,150 Cajanus cajan Nitrogen fixer '.Pigeon pea*« Pulse crop Wind break 600-1,100 Eucalyptus camuldensis Pulp Honey 200-1,250 Eucalyptus saligna " 500-1,500 Eucalyptus globulus 500-1,500 Eucalyptus citriodora " 600-900+ Eucalyptus gamphocephala " 350-1,000 Eucalyptus microtheca " Windbreak 10-85 Appendix A (Continued) Eucalyptus grandis 500-1,500 10-86 APPENDIX B Eucalyptus for Planting - FAO of UN Second Edition June 1976 U Uniformly distributed rainfall zone W Marked summer draught units rainfall mediteranean type S Marked winter drought, summer rainfall type tending to tropical US Adaptable UW WW Species Eucalyptus maidenii Eucalyptus botriodes Eucalyptus punctata Eucalyptus robusta Eucalyptus saligna Eucalyptus grandis Eucalyptus maculata Eucalyptus paniculata Eucalyptus citriodca Eucalyptus sidercphloia Eucalyptus core ti corn, is Eucalyptus globulus Eucalyptus gomocéphala Eucalyptus sideroxylop Eucalyptus camuldensis Eucalyptus citriodcrc 80-SOLT. Elevation Summer Lemon Scented rain 625- lOOCmm good polen "hen impregnated, sawtimber, hanaJ.estook, buds and fruit don't mix W/ Eucalyptus maculata Eucalyptus Globulus 0 - 33m elevation winter rain 500-1500 mm height 45-55mm Light and Honey poles, piles, posts, pulp, good fuel, (cattle don't eat the seedlings). Eucalyptus Grandis, good sulphate pulp, charcoal for smelting, tobacco curing, fence posts, poles, timbers box shook, panel boards, saw timber but it splits, good honey 6-10 years rotation. f 10-87 APPENDIX C • SPECIES RECORDED FROM INVENTORY OF MARMANET, LARIAK, OL ARABEL INDIGENOUS FORESTS 1970 Latin name Local or Common name Species abbrev. 1. Juniperus procera Cedar CE 2. Aningeria adofi-friodorici Muno MO 3. Dombeya goetzenii Mukoo MKO 4. Teclea nobilis Munderendu MND 5. Ekebergia rueppoliana Mununga MNG 6. Celtis africana Murundu MED 7. Olea hochstetteri Musharagi MSH 8. Polyscias kikuyuensis Muani MTI 9. Prunus africanum Mueri MW 10. Podocarpus gracilior Podo g. PC 11. Podocarpus milanjianus Podo m. PM 12. Trichocladus olliptious Mbarakira BAR 13. Vangueria linearisopala Mubiri MB 14. Allophylus abyssin Leus Muchani 15. Calcdendrum capense Murarachi MOR 15. Maasa lanceolata Mundonyc MBE 17, Euelea divinorum Muki nyei MC • 18. Mugamba.iyoni (Mugamshxana) MG 19, Rapanea rhodcâendroices Mug a.'.te MGA 20. Ochr.a species Mungarima MGR 21. Apodytes dimidiata iMi.Kiar.yone (fug aras hi ana) MG ,:2, Cussonia holstii Marcha MHA 23. Pracaena afro^iotitaiiù Muthare MHR 24 . Laytonus unhdatus Mutiiithio MI 25. Phyllanthus discoideus Mukarara MKR 2b . Acokanthera friesiorum Muricho MRU 27. Diospyros abyssinica Muirosi NS 23. Croton megalccarpus Musine (Mukindari) MSN 29. Cassipourea malosana . Musaisi MSS 30. Euphorbia candelabrum Muthuri MT 31. Baretia cymosa Murembu MUB 32. Bursama abyssinica Murmandi MUD 33. Ficus spp. Mugumo MUG 34. Warburgia ugandensis Muziga MUZ 35, Olinia usambarensis Mwathathii MWA 36. Nukia congesta Mwanda MED 37. Cussonia spicata Mwenyere MWE 38. Faurea saligna Mwanjati (Murango) MWJ 39. Olea africana Mutamaiyu MY 40. Pistosporum viridiflorum Munyamati MYT 41. Sbefflera volkensii Murari (Muthao) MZB 42. Pistacia lontiscus ( Muheheti ROK 43. Canthium rubrocostatum Ruathi MJ 10-88 APPENDIX D TIMSALES LIMITED UP-COUNTRY YARDS PRICES IN KENYA CENTS PER RUNNING METRE Thickness mm 25 32 38 50 75 100 125 150 200 250 300 38 135 206 50 178 270 360 w 75 270 411 542 811 I 100 367 557 733 1079 1464 D 125 461 703 921 1385 1846 2306 T 150 557 712 844 1111 1668 2223 3335 H 200 771 986 1171 1541 2308 3080 6159 225 889 1139 1354 1778 2669 3558 250 1032 1318 1565 2061 3090 4120 10299 300 1363 1741 2068 2721 4079 5441 16338 THIN BOARDS Thickness mm 19 16 50 \47 132 114 7 5 222 199 174 w 10G 293 267 229 I 125 382 . 335 239 r> 150 'P -151 404 346 2C0 622 557 477 II 225 719 641 549 250 829 737 630 300 1090 964 821 Unlisted sizes and grades at Special Quotation. Fore Shorts and machining of Mouldings, Re-saving and planing charges see separate lists. Fore extras and long lengths and cutting to length or special lengths see pamphlet entitled "Timsa3.es Conditions of Sale with Selling Notes and Rules" available free on application. in VD rd m en CVJ (0 0] (U c 3 >l i CO VD ß O 00 o •H co H • * •p S CM m Gï rH co ß >< (N •H rd Ho J £H < rH <, O CM EH P a M CM APPENDIX F LAIKIPIA DISTRICT There are about six forest stations in Laikipia district and the newly/Mukogondo block. Of these the well established stations lie in the Marraanet block where plantations are even ready for harvesting. 01 Arabel was started in 1976 but establishment of plantations has not been very good. The others like Lariak, rumuruti have just been started and their establishment of plantations is at its early stages. As such mention of plantations in Laikipia District normally brings in South Marraanet, North Karmanet and Gitundaga. In terms of softwood plantations the establishment is as follows - up to 31st December, 1981. Cypress Pines Total South Marmanet l,429.c Ha. 863 2,292.6 North Marmanet 1,060,6 Ha. 462 1,522.6 Gitundaga 1,061,4 ha, 252.7 1,314.7 Overall Total 5,129.3 ha. . The total clearfells expected between 1982-1^81 is; Hectare" Cuoic Metres South Marmanet 7S7 313020 524.2 210580 450.3 177900 This will be possible only if the clearfelling age is dropped to 27 years instead of the normal 30 years. This however will have no effect in volume production and the effect on wood quality be very low to be noticed. There are some other plantations of hardwoods mainly meant for fuelwood and poles production. The hectarage is however very low - about 300 hectars of various Eucalyptus species. Their distribution is as follows: South Marmanet 10 hectares Eucalyptus saligna North Marmanet 14.1 hectares Eucalyptus saligna Rumuruti 261.1 hectares Eucalyptus species Gitundaga 11.9 hectares Eucalyptus saligna 10-90 Appendix F (Continued) Emphasis is there however for putting more of the plantable area under Eucalyptus in view of.the increased demand of fuelwoood. No yield studies that have been peformed yet. The other existing plantations are mainly experimental and the economic yield has not yet been determined. COMMERCIAL SPECIES - MARMANET, LARIAK, OL ARABEL, FORESTS Map Symbol 1. Juniperus procera Cedar CE 2. Premna maxina Mochiehio MCH 3. Dombeya goetzianii Makee MKO 4. Teclea noblis Munderendo MND 5. Ekebergia Munungi MNG 6. Celtis Africana Murundi MRD 7. Olea hochstotterii Mosharagi MSH 8. Prunus africanum Moeri MID 9. Podecarpos gracilior Podo G PE 10. Podecarpos mi Ianjianus Podo M PM CoriuTiunication received from the Kenya forest Department 10-91 APPENDIX G Arid and Semi Arid Species for Laik ipia Dist,. for Fuelwood Poles or Fodder Spe cies Copp ice Fuel Charcoal Poles Fodder Other Rainfall Causerina equisetifolia Leucaena leucocephala 250-1100 Gum-Arabic Acacia Senegal Seeds 300-450 Acacia seyal 350+ Acacia tortilis 150-1000ra Azadirachta Indica Furniture, Fertilizer, chemicals, tanbark, insec; repelIant CaJanus cajan Nitrogen fixer 600-1000 (Pigeon Poa) Pulse crop Windbreak Eucalyptus Caiv.uldensis Pulp, honey 200-1200 Eucalyptus saligna 500-1500 Eucalyptus globulus 500-15G0 Eucalyptus citriodora 600-900+ • ) Eucalyptus gomphocephela 350-1000 Eucalyptus raicrotheca Windbreak Eucalyptus grandis 500-1500m 10-92 APPENDIX H *** LIST OF TREE SEEDS RECOMMENDED FOR AFFORESTATION/REFORESTATION IN THE SEMI-ARID/ARID ZONES OF KENYA SPECIES ORIGIN GERMINATION (Percentage) KENYA Acacia abyssinica Gede 84.0 Acacia Albida Wundanyi/Taita 90.0 Acacia mearnsii Eldoret 54.0 Acacia Melanoxylon Mt. Elgon, Eldoret 66.0 Acacia nilotica Uuni (Machakos) 42.0 Acacia tortilis Hola, Lamu, Turkana 35.0 Acacia seyal Uuni (Machakos) 44.0 Afzelia guanzensis Gene 96.0 Albizia lebbeck Kwale 21.0 Albizia procera Nairobi arboretum 49.0 Azadireachta indica Gede. Jilore 22.0 Brachylaena hutchinsii Nyeri, Karura, Ngong, Gede 36.0 Casia siamea Kisii, Kisumu, Machakos/ Kitui, Gede, Jilore 79.0 Cas spectabilis Machakos, Nairobi arboretum 14.0 Casuarine equistiHolia Kwale, Gede, Jilore 62.0 Croton megalocarpus Wgony, Karura arboretum 69.0 Cupressus benthamii Moridjo/Uplands 43.0 Cupressus lusitanien WidCóproaö in Kenya above 60.0 Cupressus macrooarpa E.lburgcn 31.0 Cupressus pyramidalis Nyeri, Kapenguria, etc. 10.0 Cupi:essus torulosa Nairobi arboretum 30.0 Dalbergia Nairobi erboretum 12.0 Deloncx regia Gede. Mombasa 42.0 Eucalyptus alba Muguga arboretum 87.0 Eucalyptus carauldensis Muguga arboretum 84.0 Eucalyptus maculata Machakos, Nyeri 97.0 Eucalyptus paniculata Widespread in Kenya above 80.0 Eucalyptus sideroxylon Muguga arboretum 88,0 Eucalyptus tereticornus Gede, Mombasa 85.C Gmelina arborea Gede 28.0 Grevillia robusta Njukiini, Ragati Cheche 86.0 Jacaranda mimosifolia Nairbi arboretum 93.0 Parkinsonia aculeata Garissa 74.0 Pinus caribaea Kwale, Kaende (Machakos) 65.0 Pinus elliottii Kwale, Taita/Taveta 22.0 Pinus patula Widespread in Kenya above 75.0 Pinus radiata Machakos, Kaptagat, Kinale 32.0 Podocarpus gracilior Elgeyo, Cherenganyi 26.0 Podocarpus milanjianus Elgeyo, Cherenganyi Nyanyuki 20.0 Prosopus juliflora Njoro, Hola ? I 10-93 I Appendix H (Continued) SPECIES ORIGIN GERMINATION (Percentage) I Schinus-molle Nanyuki, Ontalili 32 .0 erminalia brownii Kitale, Machakos, Embu 25 .0 erminalia catalpa Kwale 67 .0 TTerminali a spinosa Hola 25 .0 erminalia ivorensis Gede, Mombasa 17 .0 hevetia peruviana Kitui and Machakos I Township, Gede, Jilore 67.0 •*** Arid Lands Pre Investment Study Kitui District - Forestry Section I OVERSEAS Eucalyptus : Microtheca, terminalis ) Australia occidentalis, melliodora,) I Tetrodenta, brockwc>yi ) saiubris, astringnes, ) saimonophloia, p?.puana ) I and angiolosa ) Acacia seyal Sudan 7 I Acacia Peuce Australia 7 Kuch i?. cphy 11a Ai'trtralia 7 *triplex 3pp. Australia •? I Acacia gregg 'i i Nevada Astroruba corpa cao.;at.a Kevaù" ? SifniT.^nQJ 3? a calafotp:ca hrlzonv y I Atriplvix car.escanç Arizona anJ Syria 7 Ephedra necadensis Indiana (U^.ahj 7 Proscnis spocigeca 'tnoia 7 I Prosopis juliflora Hawaii and Arizona 7 Prosopis taraaruga Hawaii and Arizona 7 Zizyphus hurnalarin India 7 Accacia tortilis (Sp.ciocarpa) Sudan 7 I Allodia procera Madagascar 7 Vitex glabrata Mauritius 7 Albizia procera Mauritius 7 I Leucana leucocephila Hawaii, Australia, Malasia, I Philippines 7 10-94 Below is a list of genera and species that are recommended for xperimentation in different environmental and land use contexts. Acacia albida * Acacia bayuleyana * Acacia holosericea * Acacia nilitica * Acacia plectocarpa * Acacia praecox * Acacia tortilis * Acacia tumida * Albizia lebbeck Albizia procera Atriplex nummularia * (and other Atriplex) Cassia siamea Cedrela serrata Eucalyptus camaldulensis Eucalyptus melliodora Eucalyptus paniculata Giaelina arborea Grcviliia robucta Leucaena Jcjueocepha.la * (several varieties;) Portulacaria afra * prosopis alba x Prosopis chilensis * Plus a number of subspecies Prosopis cineraria •* subspecies and Prosopis nigra * varieties Prosopis pallida * Pterocarpus lucens * Pterocarpus erinaceus * Syzygium cumini all potential fodder producing trees. eference - Arid Land Pre Investment Study - Kitui District Forestry i eport. r) B 14 O) O fi 01 ra (l. u H Gl Li 3 1 S M II o O o O o o in m m in m o •HT o r~ *r co cr> s ni CM •H i c ra g 1) a G c & g 10 -y tt 8 ra § & g rara 'sh; Ü - w til g I g« «J 8 i< ir» 8, l Hi o o g ? O ö H e-I 2 s O i O fw •**• VC OO *~ —* r~ I TT UD CO o CM 4J 10 S 4) j (N CM o Y 5 CO •o VD CO o 3 e e 4J 4J X) f-4 r-4 nj ra u 8 'S § 8 4J •o " 8 o •o >< 4J ü ja o g) & 8 <-< »-H .ci s g ra .9 IM ra s ? M «T \C 00 o a« •S 'T CM i CM *T*~ (X•") CO < 0) Li IV t-j fi I s CO r~ VO in AGRONOMY \ 11-i TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 1 Introduction and Historical 11-1 Background ,t Present Situation of Agriculture 11-2 Cropping Systems 11-6 11.3-1 Intermediate Technology 11-6 11.3 .2 Advanced Technology 11-7 Farming Practices 11-7 11.4.1 Land Preparation 11-7 11.4.2 Farm Inputs 11-Ö 11.4.3 Pests and Diseases 11-8 11.4.4 Harvesting 11-9 11.4.5 Storage 11-1 Crop Production Constraints 11-i 11.5.1 Cultural Practices 11-1 11.5.2 Farm Inputs Supply 11-1 11.5.3 Marketing and Prices 11-1 Potential for Improvement 11-1 11.6.1 Research Station 11-1 11.6.2 Production of More Crops 11-1 11.6.3 Irrigation 11-1 11.6.4 Farming Practices 11-1 Improvement 11.6.5 Storage Facilities 11-1 11-ii Table of Contents (Continued) Page 11.7 Crops Grown in Laikipia District 11-17 11.7.1 Food Crops 11-17 11.7.2 Cash Crops 11-24 11.8 Staff 11-28 11.9 Projections 11-30 11.10 Project Proposals for Laikipia District 11-33 11.10.1 Demonstration Plot Project. 11-34 11.10.2 Fruit Trees and Vegetable 11-34 Nurseries Project 11.10.3 Research on Crops Suitable 11-51 for Cool, Dry Areas 11.10.4 The Improvement and 11-53 Expansion of Irrigated Agriculture Bibliography 11-57 11-iii LIST OF TABLES Page 1 Crop Calendar and Recommended Inputs ll-9a 2 Crop Production Figures for Laikipia District: 1979 - 1982 11-20 3 Crop Hectares and Yields per Division 11-20 Source 4 Number and Grade of Existing Staff in Laikipia District 11-29 5 Crop Production Projections: 1984-1988 11-31 6 Projections for Fruits and Vegetable 11-49 Productions 11-iv LIST OF MAPS Page 11-1 Current Crop Distribution ll-22a Rainfed Agriculture 11-v APPENDICES Page Annual Total Rainfall for Laikipia 11-58 District: Average Maximum and Minimum Monthly 11-59 Temperatures for Some Stations in Laikipia District Crop Areas & Yields Per Location 11-60 (Collected from Locations) Proposed Irrigation and Drainage 11-64 Projects Suitabilities of Soils for Agro- 11-67 Forestry and Crops 11-1 11.1 INTRODUCTION AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND The objective of the agronomy study of the Laikipia District is to identify the various constraints—natural, human and capital—which limit crop production in the project area both in hectarage and yields. Having identified the various constraints, we shall then be able to suggest some, projects through which the farmers will be able to remove or reduce these constraints. In order to identify those constraints, the historical background and the present situation of crop production will be discussed: constraints include factors affecting crop production such as climate, soils, capita} and labour availability which ••.•ill be reviewed. The various crops currently grovn in the District will be covered, with their hectarage, yields and total production. Crop production technologies and farming practices will also be descrioed. Before the settlement schemes were created after Kenya's independence most of the District (except for the Mukogodo Reserve) was occupied by white settlers. These settlers were either large-scale mixed farmers or large-scale ranchers. After independence most of the large-scale mixed farms were purchased by the Government and turned into settlement schemes for landless Africans. This exercise was carried out between 1967 and 1970 when four settlement schemes were created Nyahururu, Marmanet, Ol-Arabel and Lariak Settlement Schemes. The first two are in Rumuruti Division and the other two in Ngarua Division. The hectarage per family is 14-16 hectares. 11-2 Apart from the above four settlement schemes, there are three other schemes which were settled more recently. These are Ndindika in Ngarua, Kalalu in the Central Division and the Marmanet Forest Extension in Rumuruti Division (detailed in the Rural Sociology Section). The hectarage per family in these settlement schemes is five hectares which is much less than in the earlier schemes. Settlement in Ndindika and Kalalu took place in 1973 and in the Marmanet Forest Extension in 1977. These seven settlement schemes form the bulk of the cultivates lan^. More recently, groups of people have formed companies and purchased large-scale ranches which they have subdivided and are now cultivating. This has mainly taken place in Central Division. These subdivided ranches ere found in Aç.ro-Ecoloçica.1 Zone IV and V. These c'.rdived ranches and Ndindika and Kala.lu Settlement Schemes are the areas discussed in this chapter; and they occupy those Agro-Ecological Zones defined as semi-arid. 11.2 PRESENT SITUATION OF AGRICULTURE The type of farming practiced in the first four settle ment schemes duplicated the farming formerly carried out by the white settlers but on a small-scale. The farming system is predominantly mixed, involving keeping livestock, mainly dairy cattle, and cultivation of maize and wheat on a commercial basis. Other crops like potatoes, vegetables and beans have been introduced recently and are mainly grown for subsistence. Crop production constraints in this area are mainly financial rather than technological. 11-3 These settlement schemes occupy the western part of the District. This area receives fairly high annual rainfall which ranges from an average of 1366 mm to 831 mm. The rainfall pattern in this part of the District is unimodal allowing for one cropping season per year. The soils found in this area are deep, very friable, moderate to rapidly permeable, very fertile clays. Adequate rainfall and very good soils make this part of the District a very productive farming area. The crops grown here are maize, wheat, beans, potatoes, pyrethrum and vege tables. Barley and oats are also grown. Barley is grown under contract with Kenya breweries; and oats are grown ac a fodder crop. The crop yields in this area ai.e very reason able. Maizo and wheat give an average yield of 28 bags i.nà 20 bags, respectively ; beans give an average yield of 10 bóg;> per ha; and potatoes give an average yield of 100 bagj pe* ha. The crop production technology in this area is predomi nantly advanced whereby land preparation is carried out using farm machinery and modern farm inputs like certified seed, fertilizer and herbicides. The type of farming practiced in the subdivided ranches and in those settlement schemes in Agro-Climatic Zones IV and V is not as advanced technologically. This is the same level of farming which was practiced by these farmers in their areas of origination. 11-4 In tha subdivided ranches, the system of crop production is limited by the size of the individual farms which are too small for crop production on a commercial scale. Climate and capital are also limiting factors in this zone. The types of crops grown in this area are similar to those produced in the high potential areas in Agro-Climatic Zone II and III, but the yields are much lower. Crop production in those areas of the District in Agro-Climatic Zone IV and V is increased by the use of supplementary irrigation where possible. Most of the subdivided ranches occupy the eastern and central parts of the District where the rainrali pattern is different from that in the western part of the District. It is noteworthy that nearly all the small-subsistence farmers (as well as bigger ones) keep livestock, such as cattle, goats and sheep. The animals can utilize a lot of crop residue and by-products, and produce milk, wool or hides and skins which might be sold. In seasons of crop failure, farmers can convert the "droughted" plants into human food. Livestock also act as traditional mobile bank accounts. Thus, their role in the District's farming systems is very important. The total areas under cultivation in 1982 was 4,036 ha higher than in 1980. The hectarage for 1981 compared to 1980 and 1982 was very low. The main reason for this was that in 198.0 there was a drought which discouraged many farmers from planting in 1981. 11-5 The annual total rainfall for the Laikipia District (figures Tor 1977-1981 see Appendix 11-1) ranges between 700 and 1,060 mm, but for 1980 was only 392.6 mm. Loan availability is also a factor limiting crop production expansion. Subdivision of marginal areas into small plots which are not economically viable has discouraged some farmers from cultivating their plots. The .Laikipia District has mainly been a ranching area. About 683,264 ha (out of the to^al agricultural land 808,700 ha.) is suitable for animal production. The area that can be considered suitable Zor crop p^oóuntion is about 125,436 ha. Crop cultivation was previously cc nce.n'_ rated in Ngarua (106,46 ha). But, during the past fev. ye^rs, crop cultiva tion has penetrated into the traditional Ranching Zone, Today one finds cultivated pockets in Zonos IV, V and VI. The rainfall in the central and northwestern part of the District which comprises the Ruinuruti Division is disbursed generally in a pattern with three minor peaks. The rainfall in the eastern part of the District which compresses the Central Division mainly is bimodal in pattern. The disbursed pattern of rainfall is more suitable for ranching than agri culture. The bimodal pattern of rainfall is suited for the twice yearly production of crops, which is what is being done in this part of the District. 11-6 11.3 CROPPING SYSTEMS In the Laikipia District, the farming system generally makes use of intermediate technology with a few able farmers practicing advanced farming technology. In crop production, advanced technology refers to the system of cultivation where a farmer carries out various crop production operations as recommended and at the right time and uses various crop production recommendations but do not implement them fully due to various constraints. 11.3.1 Intermediate Technology Intermediate technology is tha main cropping, system used in the Laikipia District due to the Isck of financing ?or the purchase of various crop production inputs and for hiring machinery and labour. Some crops which are grown mainly for subsistence, such as vegetables, do not require very many expensive inputs in their production. Crop production in Agro-Climatic Zone IV and V is limited by climate, and the use of expensive technology cannot increase crop production proportionately. Most crops (including all types of vegetables, beans, maize, dolichos beans, citrus fruits and pigeon peas) are cultivated using intermediate technology. 11-7 11.3.2 Advanced Technology The use of advanced technology is mainly practiced in the production of cash crops in the high potential areas of Agro-Ecological Zone II and III where a farmer is able to realize reasonable returns for capital expenses on inputs. The crops cultivated using advanced technology include maize, wheat., pyrethrum, potatoes and beans. Coffee was recently .introduce:? in the Districc, and its successful production will require good marLag.iment through thü use of advanced technology. 11.4 FARMING PRACTICES 11.4.1 Land Preparation The methods used in land preparation differ according to the type and size of the farm and the particular crop. The small, mainly subsistence farmers use jemoes and hand labour, while large farms may use tractors, ploughs, implements and combines. Very few farmers use oxen. Medium- and small- sized farmers can afford to contract with the few contractors for tractors and other machinery. These contractors are from within and outside the District. 11-8 11.4.2 Farm Inputs The inputs commonly used in raising crops include fertilizers, certified seed, pesticides, herbicides, etc. These inputs are mainly used in growing important crops like maize, wheat, beans potatoes, cotton and coffee. The recommended rate of application of these inputs is shown later for the most important crops in the project area. However, this modern technology is not used by many.farmers V.'IÏO therefore realize lower yields than ear.] y users. Fertilizers commonly used are: Phosphates -• SSP, TSP Nitrogenous - CAN, SA, ASN Compound - 18:46:0. 11:52:0, 20:20:0 Farmers also use chemicals such as Dithane M45, Dipterex MCPA and 24-D Amine. Supplies of these inputs are obtained from KFA at Nyahururu and Nanyuki and from local stockists and shopkeepers. Late arrival and transport inputs is often a problem. 11.4.3 Pests and Diseases Some of the diseases in the District are: o Rust in wheat extremely serious in some years. o Bean rust - Not of major economic importance. o Blight of potatoes - Important disease. 11-9 o Blight and smuts of maize and sorghum - Negligible. The pests of most economic importance in the District are wild animals; e.g., buffaloes, elephants, etc. Birds also damage crops in the Ngarua and Rumuruti Divisions and in some parts of the Central Division. The common birds are qualea birds. Outbreaks of armyworm may occur in some years and do a lot of damage to cereals and grasses. In 1982, about 500 ha of wheat was destroyed. Armyworins are controlled by spraying with Fenitrothion, Metasystox or other appropriate chemicals. Cutworms on beans and vegetables, cctton stainers on cotton, and stajkborers on maize A:.o reported in, isolated cases and can be controlled quite effectively by th<=, appropriate insecticides. Storage pests are not very serious, probably due to the rather cool night temperatures. Planting dates for the most important crops are shown in Table 11-1 which follows. 11.4.4 Harvesting Harvesting of most of the crops is done by hand, e.g., for crops such as potatoes, bean, coffee, cotton, maize, sorghum, sunflower and pyrethrum. The other crops like wheat and barley are harvested using machines. ll-9a Table 11-1: CROP CALENDAR & RECOMMENDED INPUTS TIME OF TIME OF CROP VARIETY PLANTING HARVESTING SPACING SEED RATE Maize H511 March- Sept-Jan 90x30 cm 25 kg/ha H512 April rains or H613 or Feb/April H614 Oct/Nov Katumani rains Wheat K. Nungu March/ Aug/Sept 15 cm 125 kg/ha. African April or Drills depending on Mango rains Feb/March tillering Bongo or ability of Oct/Nov different varieties Beans Rose coco March/ July/Aug 30x15 cm 50 kg/ha. Canadian- April Won de I: rains Mwezi Moja or Mixed Oct/Nov Jan/Feb 75x30 cm 25 kg/ha. varieties Potatoas Kerr3 Fink March/ July.''Aug 75x30 cm 2500 kg.^a. K. Akiba April Année. rains or Désirée or Oc t/Nov Feb/March Coffee SL 28 March/ N/A 2.75 x 1350 seed SK 34 April 2.75 cm ling/ha. rains Sorghum Serena March/ Aug/Sept 90x30 cm 8 kg/ha. April rains Cotton UKA/59/240 March/ Aug/Sept 90x30 cm 7 kg/ha. April rains Sunflower Grey Strip March/ Aug/Sept 90x30 cm 7. kg/ha. ped April White Strip ped Pyrethrum March/ 90x30 cm April 11-10 Machinery in the District is a problem. Hiring private contractors is expensive and limited, and that could be part of the reason for farmers not using machinery in cultivation as well as in harvesting. 11.4.5 Storage Storage facilities in the District (mostly in Central and Rumuruti) are poor and temporal. The on-farm storage for beans, potatoes and maize should be improved by training farmers in v.'ays of preserving products to prevent rodents, decay and pests and by introducing and .expanding crib storage techniques. For crops like :naii:c and wheat in Ngari'c. and in sciie parts of Rumuruti (i.e., Karmanet, Ma^rainet Forest (Extension) and Nyahururu Settlement Schemes) storage facilities are not a problem as the NatJona] Cereals and Produce Board (NC & PB) has opened buying cent-res in these areas. Farmers with adequate labour are able to harvest their crops (of maize and beans) and deliver them to the buying centres located in specific areas where there is a concentration of products. The number of centres opened each year meets the demand of the local people. 11.5 CROP PRODUCTION CONSTRAINTS 11.5.1 Cultural Practices The majority of farmers now in Laikipia have moved and settled there within the last few years. Crop growing by the 1 11-11 former white settlers was on a large, mechanized basis. There has been no recent, up-to-date research to determine which crops are most suitable for these new small-scale farmers in the ASAL areas of Laikipia. In recent years the Ministry of Agriculture has begun to grow such crops as sorghum, cassava, and pigeon peas for experimental purposes to determine their suitability to the ASAL areas. Farmers are growing most of their crops without using proper techniques and as a result they get poor yields per unit area. There is no Farmer Training Centres (FTC) in the project area foi: training farmers in modern techniques and good husbandry practices in an effort to increr.se production. There are very few demonstration plots for introducing new crops and drought-resistant crops in fie projeci t area. There is little research currently for breeding and selecting crops suitable for high altitude, dry areas. The rainfall pattern that is prevalent in the District requires a well-researched cropping system. The rainfall data and other factors will determine the cropping system for different ecological zones in the District. 11.5.2 Farm Inputs Supply The source of input supply is the KFA. There are two modern KFA stores, one in Nyahururu and the other in Nanyuki. The services at present are adequate. When new areas are 11-12 opened for crop production, additional KFA depots may be required. 11.5.3 Marketing and Prices Wheat is marketed through the KFA. Maize and beans are marketed through the National Cereals and Produce Board. There is little production of cotton, coffee, and pyrethrum, but as the production increases, the production board should open stores in the project area. Potatoes and other food crops are sold in the local markets, but sometimes potatoes and vegetables are sold to Nairobi and other townô in the Republic. Prices for potatoes and vegetables are relatively low at harvest time, but prices beconi" higher //tien the products are scarce in the local markets. The prices of products should or* stablized. Marketing systems should be established by forming cooperative societies. Apart from the above-mentioned crop production constraints, the following constraints are also common in the project area: o Shortage of machinery for various farm operations. o Shortage of labour at peak periods such as during planting, weeding and harvesting (for crops where mechanization is not applied). o Lack of training facilities in the District'e.g., (FTC's). o Staff are not adequate. Each Technical Assistant (T.A.) covers a very big area, and farmers are not visited as frequently as is desired. 11-13 o Subdivision of marginal areas into small plots 'which are not economically viable. o Loans are not adequate enough. In cases where development loans could be advanced to farmers, there is little security for the lender because most farmers are not issued with deeds of title. o Some farmers are absent from their farms, having jobs elsewhere. o Most areas are not climatically favourable for growth of crops. o Transport for extension work is far from adequate. 11.6 POT ENT IAF, FOR IMPROVEMENT As mentioned previously, Laikicia is a tarily new District, and as far as crop production is concerned there i.~ room for improvement. 11.6.1 Research Station There is no research station in the area that focuses on the Laikipia District's environmental conditions (dry and cool due to high altitude). Such a research station is needed where the breeding and selection of the kind of crops that could do best in the project area. This station would study the rainfall patterns and soils in the District, cropping systems and improved varieties and methods for the different areas. 11-14 11.6.2 Production of More Crops This would be achieved by: o Putting more land under irrigation where feasible. o Providing training facilities for both staff and farmers. o Promoting farmer cooperative societies to assist each other. (What a farmer cannot do alone many farmers can do collectively). o Bulking and distribution sf suitable seedr.. 11.6.3 Irrigation The District has potential ior expanding irrigation. The only Division where Irrigation might bo difficult is Ngarua. There are no rivers in the Division. Irrigation can only be carried out by using boreholes or dam water, which is not economically viable. The Central and Rumuruti Divisions have several rivers where irrigation can be started or expanded. Below are areas where irrigation might be expanded : 11.6.3.1 Rumuruti-Ewaso Narok Swamp River - The influence of the Ewaso Narok and Pesi river. Area of Swamp - 2,500 ha. Crops - Fruit, maize, beans, vegetables, rice. Farmers - Ownership not yet established. Type of Irrigation - Gravity, from canals. 11-15 11.6.3.2 Kiamariga Farm River - Mutara Area - 200 ha. Type of Irrigation - Channel Present Situation - Survey is completed awaiting funds from donors (Netherland Government). 11.6.3.3 Koiga Group Ranch " Location - Near the confluence of Ewaso Narok and Ewaso Ngiro Rivers in Mukogodo Division. River - Uaso Ngiro and Narok. Area - About 200-300 ha. Farmers - M^asai who depend fully on livestock. Comment - The mot-ive.tion and willingness of the local people to change from semi-nomadic to permanent agriculturalists is still unknown. 11.6.3.4 Uroande Farm River - Mutara Area - 200-300 irrigable land. Present situation - Only one farmer is practicing sprinkler irrigation. 11.6.3.5 Ngenia and Mia Moja Farms These farms and others in the Central Division have potential for irrigation. Bean seeds and flower seeds production under irrigation is also another area for expansion. There are about 290 acres in Segera farm on which beans and flowers are irrigated, these crops are grown for export. ' 11-16 11.6.4 Farming Practices Improvement The Crop Production Programmes that this project will propose will be supported by the following crop production propsoals: 11.6.4.1 Irrigation Projects -- for dry areas. 11.6.4.2 Soil and Water Conservation - in areas where these measures are required. 11.6.4.3 Credit Programmes - should be improved for food . crops . 11.6.4.4 Demonstrations - introducing new and drought-resistant crops. 11.6.4.5 Dulking - multiplying planting material of various food crops. 11.6.4.5 Research Centres - for breeding a no. selecting crops suitable for high altitude dry areas. Machinery in the District is a problem, Hiring private contractors is expensive. 11.6.4.7 Tractor Hire Service - With an efficient tractor hire service, more land could be opened up for crop production. 11.6.5 Storage Facilities - By training farmers on ways of preserving products to prevent rodents, decay and pests. Introduction and expansion of cribs and other storage techniques. Grain is being stored in basket-like containers made of grass or reeds in the Laikipia District. The use of this material depends upon the plants being available near a farmer. These basket granaries should be improved and introduced to areas where they are not being used. 11-17 To increase the protection of grain kept in baskets: Keep the basket off the ground. Make a strong platform upon which the basket can sit. (Putting the basket on a platform prevents moisture from coming through the ground to the basket. ) The platform also offers more protection from rodents. - Make sure the basket is veil-protected from the rain; keep it in the house or some other dry building. - Place rodent guards on the legs of pic-tforms which support the basket. Fanners should be drained to store clean and dry grains in these baskets, they should also mix the dry grain with insecticide before they put it intc tho basket. 11.7 CROPS GROWN IN LAIKIPIA DISTRICT 11.7.1 Food Crops 11.7.1.1 Maize Maize is the only cereal crop produced in Laikipia for subsistence and cash. Sorghum has been tried but has not been adopted for production by the farmers, yet, to any significant extent. In area, maize is the most widely grown crop in the District. It is grown everywhere in the District from Agro- Climatic Zone II to V under rainfed conditions and 11-18 irrigation. The annual hectarage of maize is occasionally reduced by drought but the production trend has been generally increasing. The average yields of maize vary from 32 bags/ha in a good year to 10 bags in a very bad year. The varieties of maize grown in the District are hybrid 613, 614 and 623 for the high rainfall areas in the west and Katumani C.B., 512 and 511 for the low rainfall areas. The main factors reducing the yield of maize in Laikipia are drought and wildlife. Unavailability of credit may have played a role in reducing the maize hectarage in 1979-80, and alternative financial solutions were sought by the farmers and the government. Table 11-3 (a,o,-c) shows the hectarage .of maize and othar crops per Division from 1979 to 1982, and Table 11-2 shows hectarage from 1979 to 1982 as compiled from figures jn Table 11-3 (see also Appendix 11-3). 11.7.1.2 Sorghum The Ministry of Agriculture extension staff in the Laikipia District has been trying to introduce the crop in the District through demonstration plots but this has been unsuccessful so far since farmers have not adopted the crop. The result of these demonstration plots are not available. Palatability is the main limitation of this crop. The crop has been grown for demonstration since 1976 when four plots were planted. In 1977, 3.5 ha. were planted in demonstration plots, and in 1981 30 ha. were planted mainly in demonstra tion plots. Being a drought-resistant crop, sorghum is • o 2 to to to co 10 co co 10 to to bû\ bû bû bO bO bû bû fi fi bO fi ed-ö cd cd cd cd bO bû cd cd o o cd o .O .O XJ ,Q M ^ .Q fi -P •p .Q 4-» Ol 0) CO >-H CM H o o in o IV ON O t>- IA CS\ m o CO < >* CM CM rH o m o CM rH H 1 rH H rH H r~l t> CM rH n (O cd 10 10 10 to 10 10 10 XSi to w tu ,fi bû bû bO bO bû bO fi c bû fi bû\ co cd cd cö bO bû cd cd o o cd o CS (M CO X) .Q ,Q fi fi ^5 M ,Q fi +> +> ^3 +i o CO fcrH fc« t 0) 0) -d" G\ CJ\ c\j O O co a\ m KO C. o i>- o -J" CT» >-H CM rH t-- C7> O KO —-1 rH l>- • 1 rH N ro r>- «H < ÎM m c- N I W co & CT. —j H rH — <_-«_ Ü c-i "" t> "CT* CO m O CM «d- vD in m m m co m CM f-i u • -î co t^\ o". m cc CM C0 o rn '-^ M cd co tr> o o H -! H i-K CE jd •• '• c „ 1 EH 1 C* t^ .^\ r! o CO ; . M rH Il 1 111 II' * E-. 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Maize 912 26 bags 739 10 bags 1150 27 bags 1541 21 bags •Wheat 40 7 " 45 1.5 " 55. 19 " 57 28 " Jßeans 503 9 " 695 ? ," 882 10 " 732 13 " Potatoes 459 8 504 3 " 646 37 " 672 95 » IPyrethrum 15 10 Kg 20 10 Kg 30 15 Kg 40- 10 Kg '•Cotton - - 5 15 Kg 2 300 Kg ^ 100 Kg "Cabbage 21 50 bags 59 59 bags 60 87 bags 80. 20.? bags Green peas 107 6 bags 70 5 bags 90 7 bags 100 8 bags ' ÄTomatoes 18 7 tons 3 12 tons 15 15 tons 20 19 tons •Onions 13 9 tons 10 7 tons 15 18 tons 22 14 tons Carrots 2 1.5 bags 2- 0.5 bags 5 9 bags 2 15 bags • P) RUMURU1' I DIVISION . 1979 1980 1981 1982 i 4 Av.Hvi2ld/ Avn_ yield/ Av. yield/ Av. yield/ — Crop Ha. T • Ha. rla > Ha. Ha. Ha „ i Bwaize 2534 7 bags 2799 5 bags 3283 18 bag? J 2927 i 18 bag.s ,; 1 iVUër-'-t I7sq 1? bags 2026 12 " 2479 20 , 205" ! 16 » • Bee.;.'s 634 5 bagc 933 4 " 901 6 « 1142 3 6 ,! ^Potatoes 302 34 «' 180 45 " 247 152 » ', 27C 140 Pyrethrum 65 181 Kg 60 152 Kg 120 164 Kg 93 30r' Kt »Coffee - — - - 35 - 100 - •cabbage 23 27 bags 32 55 tags 24 48 bags 31 •33 tags . "Tomatoes 130 0,12 tons 170 0.1 tons 170 0,1 tons 180- C.l tons Onions 24 0.07 tons 75 0.07 tons 88 1,3 tons J- '.J V •Citrus 4 6 tons 4 5. tons 7 10 tons Q 9 tens * NGARUA DIVISION 1 1979 1980 1981 1982 • Av. yield/ Av. yield/ Av. yield/ Av. yield/ Crop Ha. Ha. Ha. Ha. Ha. Ha. Ha. Ha. •Maize 8928 17 bags 9578 •8 bags 5414 26 bags 6019 25 bags Wheat 1067 21 » 976 12 " 1 1455 18 " 1736 17 » •Beans 817 9 " 675 7 " 1255 11 " 2146 10 " ^Potatoes 339 35 " 220 27 " 200 27 " 1 731 65 " Peas 92 10 " 56 9 "" 36 10 " L 5 " c mN^ahi 4 5 " 4 3 » 2 10. " '..6 10 " •Pigeon • Peas 6 •5 " 6 5 » 3 7 " 4 5 " 1 i 11-21 expected to perform well in the semi-arid areas in Agro- Climatic Zones IV and V. Since high altitude cultivars already exist through plant breeding, altitude should not be a limiting factor. 11.7.1.3 Beans The varieties of beans grown in Laikipia are mainly Rosecoco and Canadian Wonder. Mexican 142 and Mwezi Moja varieties have also been grown, but they have not been popular with farmers. The bean hectarage in the Laikipia District is the third largest after maize and wheat. Beans are an important food and cash crop in the District. Like maize, the production trend for be^i.s has been generally increasing. Beans are meinly grown interplanted with maize except for a few hectares which are grown as pure stands. The average yield of beans is higher for the long rains than for the short rains. The yield for the long rain season crop, when about 80% of the annual crop hectarage is grown, average 12 bags/ha and for the short rain season crop 8 bags/ha. Table 11-2 and 11-3 show the average yield/ha of beans and other crops in the Divisions and District for the last 4 years (see also Appendix 11-3). 11-22 The production of beans in the District is expected to increase as this is one of the most promising crops in the area with very good yields and a ready market with the Nation Crop and Production Board (NC&PB). 11.7.1.4 Potatoes Potatoes are the fourth most widely grown crop .in the Laikipia District after maize, wheat and beans. They are important food and cash crops. The production trend of potatoes has also been generally increasing« Potatoes are widespread in the District in Moisture Availability Zones I, II, III and IV. The average yield of potatoes per ha for the District has been increasing since 1979 from 63 bags/ha to 100 bags/ha in 1982. This could be due to improved crop husbandry, and better varieties. Potatoe blight has been the main factor reducing the yield of potatoes although farmers are aware of control measures and employ them. Drought has been noted as affecting the crop occasionally. See Table 11-3 and 11-2 for the hectarage of potatoes (see also Appendix 11-3). See Map 11-1 for the distribution of potatoes in the District. 11-23 11.7.1.5 Horticultural Crops The horticultural crops grown in the Laikipia District are mainly vegetables. As can be noted from Appendix 11-3, the only noteworthy fruits grown in the District are citrus. Horticultural crops are grown in the Central Division mainly in the Marmanet Location and a few hectares in Rumuruti and Igwamiti. Some vegetables are grown under irrigation in the Matara Sub-Location. Only green peas have been shown as ç.rcv'ing in L'^.e Ngarua Division. Other horti cultural crops have r.ot yet boon adopted by the farmers in this Division. Production of horticultural crops on y small scale, using irrigacior. where the rainfall is inadequate, would be a very profitable venture for farmers in Moisture Availability Zones I, II, ITI, IV and part of V oince the soils in these areas are suitable for these crops. Providing an organized marketing system is important. The type of vegetables grown mainly for subsistence and for the local market are cabbages, tomatoes, onions, carrots, kale and green peas. In 1977, Segera Ranch started growing horticultural crops for export, using irrigation. The crops grown on this farm include tomatoes, potatoes, onions, garlic, eggplant, capsicum, chillies, cucumber, melon, carrot, cabbage and beetroot. The Murera Farm started growing horticultural crops under irrigation for export in 1980. Among the crops 11-24 grown are sweet corn, tomatoes, onions, kale (mainly for livestock feed), cucumber and others. 11.7.2 Cash Crops Some of the crops already discussed under food crops are also important sources of cash for farmers. Such crops - include maize, beans, potatoes and horticultural crops, mainly vegetables. The crops to be discussed in this section are those grown solely for the generation of cash. Such crops include wheat, barley, pyrethrum, cotton, sunflower and coffee 11.7.2.1 Wheat The wheat. hecc3rags grown under wheat annually is the Second largest, after maize, vjneat is mainly grown in the western p^rt of the District in the Rumuruti and Ngarua Divisions where the rainfall is adequate for its production (also in the Timau area though mainly in the Meru District). Wheat is mainly grown in Moisture Availability Zones I, II, III and IV. The average yield of wheat in Laikipia is 1,550 kg per ha (17 bags), which is higher than the average yield of 12 bags/ha for the whole country. (JD Acland's, East Africa Crops). In a very good year an average yield per ha of 2,070 kg (23 bags) has been realized. On Segera Ranch, under irrigation, 1,800 kg (20 bags/ha) were realized in 1977. 11-25 There are various varieties of wheat grown in Laikipia among which are Kenya Fahari, Kenya Tembo, Kenya Mbogo, Kenya Knogoni, Kenya Nungu, Kenya Ngiri, African Mayo and Paa. The length of growing period is different for each variety. Seed and other inputs such as herbicides and fertilizer are readily available from the KFA. Branches in Nyahururu and Nanyuki. Among the factors limiting the production of wheat are unavailability of farm machinery when required by farmers, destruction of the crop by Qualea birds, wheat rust, drought, cost of production and untimely occasional heavy rainfall. Tables 11-2 and 11--3 show the production of wheat, among other c::cps, (sec aâso ?^ppen:îix 11-3). 11.7.2.2 Barley Barley is grown under contract with Kenya breweries which provides farmers with all the inputs, including farm machinery. it is mainly grown in the Timau area where the altitude is suitable. The yield varies between 1,350 kg and 1,980 kg (15-22 bags) depending on weather conditions. This compares well with the average yield in the country of 1,500 kg. The only factor noted as limiting the yield and hectarage of barley during some seasons is drought. Figures on barley production were not available for Tables 11-2 and 11-3. 11-26 11.7.2.3 Pyrethrum Pyrethrum is mainly grown in the high potential areas of Igwi-Miti and Marmanet in the Rumuruti Division. A little is grown in the Central Division, but the yields are very poor in this area (10 kg/ha) (see Table 11-2). The pyrethrum hectarage increased from 80 ha in 1980 to 150 ha in 1981, but decreased in 1982 to 133 ha. The average yield (based on figures collected in the field) is 105 kg/bri. The production of pyrethrum is very labour intensive and has been the main limiting factor in its production. Farmers have tended to change to other less labour intensive crops. FroKi the average yields on Table 11-2 ?.t may be concluded that the yield of pyrethrum in the Laikipia Disrict is lov.' compared with othor pyrethrum growing area:.. (See T?ole 11-2 and 11-3 for production figures of pyrethrjro in the Laikipia District.) 11.7.2.4 Sunflower The Laikipia District has potential for the production of sunflowers, but the crop is not pupular in the District due to its low yields when compared with those of crops like wheat, maize and beans. There are 40 ha of sunflower in the Laikipia District, mainly grown as livestock feed and as demonstration plots by the Ministry of Agriculture. The average yield per hectare of sunflowers is 760 kg (19 bags). The average yield is reduced through damage by birds and sometimes by untimely 11-27 heavy rainfall at the harvesting stage. No production figures were available for Tables 11-2 and 11-3. 11.7.2.5 Coffee Coffee was introduced into the District in 1981 after trail plantings were completed in 1980. There are about 100 ha growing in the Ngarua Division. Seedlings in the field are plentiful, but bearing has not yet begun. 11.7.2.6 Cotton The production of cotton in the Laikipia District is still in the trial stage. In 1980, 30 demonstration ploci were planted by the Ministry of Agriculture, and 1981, 50 ha were planted on demonstration plots in Lar.iuria and Naro Mcru in the Central Division, in lidurnmo in the Kumuruti Division, and in Sipili in the Ngarua Division. The average yield of cotton is not yet established but it varies between 100 and 300 kg of lint per ha. The range of yield per hectare of cotton is rather low. Its production could be improved through more persuasion on the part of the extension staff. Cotton is a promising crop in Laikipia particularly in Agro-Climatic Zones IV and V. The 11-2 shows production figures by Division. Laikipia District produced an estimated 235,522 bags of maize in 1982. The estimated subsistence required (based on 100 kg/head is 192,692 bags. It should be noted that Laikipia had no maize deficit during 1982. 11-28 11.8 STAFF Agricultural Extension Services in the Laikipia District were formerly provided to the farmers by the Department of Settlement in the Ministry of Lands and Settlement. Since the settlement schemes comprised most of the agricultural area, minimal work was left for the Ministry of Agriculture extension staff in the area.- Because of this, the Agricultural Extension Services in the District were not strong until recently when the Ministry of agriculture took over some of the extension work in the settlement schemes from the Department of Settlement. Although the Agricultural Extension Services in the District have been improved since independence, che stafi strength in the Distrijc. at the moment leavers much to be desired. (See Table 11-4 for the list of agricultural staff in the District). For the proposed projects to succeed, the proposed staff should be posted at the District to carry out the specific work recommended in the project proposals in collaboration with the existing staff. The additional staff recommended for the District are 46 Technical Assistants (T.A.'s), 4 Technical Officers (T.O.'s) and 15 Junior Technical Assistants. Of the recommended additional staff one T.O. and four T.A.'s will be posted at the Mukogodo Division to carry out routing agricultural extension work since the Division is gravely understaffed. The rest of the staff will be deployed as indicated in the project proposals. 11-29 Table 11-4 NUMBER AND GRADE OF EXISTING STAFF IN LAIKIPIA DISTRICT DESIGNATION QUALIFICATION NUMBER Agricultural Officers B.Sc, (Agric.) 4 Assistant Agricultural Officers Dip (Agric.) 8 Technical Assistants Certificate 24 Junior Technical Assistants Short courses about general farming 11 NB Ratio of Extension St?.ff to farmers is 1:1600. There are about 73,623 farmers who are supposed to be advised by 46 members ot the agricultural staff in the project area. The proposed projections of various crops will incrtas« the number of farmers to 112,034. This report recommends that the staff to be also increased from 46 to 94, which will bring the ratio of extension staff to farmers to 1:1191. This is still below the national recommendations of 1:800. The proposed research centres should be encouraged to train Extension Staff in the project area. A farmers' training centre should be established both for training junior staff and farmers, as there are no training facilities in the near vicinity for them. 11-30 11.9 PROJECTIONS The Laikipia District is about 9723 KM2. About 70% of this is suitable for grazing. The remaining 30% is composed of forest land, arable land and land used for other purposes. The arable land (125,436 ha) could be put into agricul tural use if modern technology is introduced and accepted by the farraers. Table 11-5 shows projections for various crops in the District. Drought-resistant crops should be introduced in the drier areas: of Laikipia (Zones V ar.d VI) since most of the ranches hcive been subdivided, and grazing may not be economi cally viable. These crops h?ve potential on these small farms. A project is proposed where existing varieties of agroforestry species will be tested by way of demonstration plots in order to determine their performance in the Laikipia District and increase the awarness of agroforestry among the farmers. The concept of agroforestry implies the integration of farming with forestry practices on the farm to the benefit of agriculture. The practice of agroforestry is being encouraged especially in semi-arid areas because of its importance in increasing food production through the conser vation of soil and moisture resources by careful selection of multipurpose tree species which tap nutrients that are not normally available to the shallower rooting crops. Agro forestry increases the level of soil fertility and replaces • 01 O Cu «• 1 • o O o o o o o o o O O o TJ o O o o o o o o o in O o o H o o o o o o m in O in S ir\ H m o -ï « o O o o o O o o o -p in O o o o O o o o Ci r- CT\ m o o O o o co i i 1 o o O o o O o c O o m in o o O m in CU o CM CM H m CM d•l IT\ CM rH rH VO CM H Cv! ion eCMn m X H m • O o o o O O o O o o o •ö O o o o o O o m m o o o m r-t o o o O o 1 C-- in o m. H in o -3 o o o o O o iTl 8 8 in g 8 8 8 8 K\ ao>» t- o Ho m m CM CO i 1 1 i 1 i CO CM CO lu a\ 0) t^ rf% H (0 CO O o o O O o o o o o o o o o o o o o O o o o o m o o -3 o en ÛJ o o o m m vO o in o t~- o o CM in w o co in C-- er» -3 vO o o» m o ri • i-t •-I H VO H >-4 Ho vmO CM a> SCTl in o W co rn o o o o O o o O o 8 c o o o m -3- tf\ O CT» O o cj# o cc m a> K» CM t~- K> CM vO 8 co 00 VO rc • o o o o O o O o o o o o O o *o o o o o O o O o m in o o O in Q o H ir» o o o o in 0> in o o m CM f, m H CM o -T -3 co -3 •ö CO o 01 O ca m a) •ö a U 01 CU H co 9 0) H PU ca CU CU a C S x> cd si cd «H o 3 G r* CU o cd (0 m C > cap CU (X 01 •P ca •p JB O •P Ol I-I P P 3 o co a, >* o N ca cd tb P u. o co > b. o o, o n£ CJ g 11-33 the nutrients removed by crops. The system also allows the farmers to get not only food crops but also fruits, fodder, firewood and timber from the same piece of land. Although this is still a new concept in Kenya, various aspects oü agroforestry have been practiced by farmers for a long time. Research results achieved in countries with similar soils and climatic conditions as Laikipia are quite promising. In Kenya trials are being conducted at Katumani and Marigati, but yields still need to he determined. The proposed research centres are expected to select a few multi purpose tree species which could be developed in nurseries with seedlings supplied to selected farmers for trial planting. In Appendix li-5 (Suitability of Soils for Aoruforestry and Crops) , fodder crops and food crops have beer, indicated for various Agro-Cliiratic Zones. Tr.sse orops will be tested at the proposed research centres. 11.10 PROJECT VROPOSALS FOR LAIKITIA DISTRICT The background information on current crop production i the Laikipia District contained in this report (previous chapters) suggests that there is room for improving and expanding crop production with the aim of increasing yield per unit area. The Agronomy Section proposes four projects that are related to crop production improvement and soil and water conservation. The projects that may boost crop production are as follows: 11-34 (These projects will be completed in a 5 year period.) (i) Demonstration Plots (a) Drought-resistant crops (b) Desert crops. (ii) Fruit and Vegetable Nurseries. (iii) Research on crops suitable for high dry areas, such as those in the Districts. (iv) The improvement and expansion of irrigated agriculture. (v) Agrofore:;try (see Chapter 10). (vi) Sird conr.rol proposal. 11. i0.1 Demonstration Plut Project Drought-resistant crops which are suitable for growing in most c The Demonstration Plot Project aims at introducing these crops in some areas and improving their production in places where they are already grown on a small-scale. Agroforestry demonstration plots should be introduced in the area. The project will also demonstrate to the farmers such agronomic activities as: o Timely land preparation; o Early planting; 11-35 o Use of certified seeds, fertilizers and other inputs; o Use of terraces and mulches to prevent run-off erosion and conserve soil moisture; o Correct spacings and planting densities; o Timely harvesting; and o Improved on-farm storage of harvested crops. The project recommends at least one demonstration plot in each Division each year. The crops to be grown are - sorghum, sunflower, pigeon peas, cassava, bulrush-millet, beans and cowpeas. For Mukogodo, food crops such as sorghum, pigeon psas, cassava should take precedence since this Division (in iciOot years) has been on famine relief. Most of these crops ars relatively new to-the project area, and therefore the project recommends the demonstrations to be carried out as pure stands. These demonstration plots should be started in the following areas: o Naro Moro o Ngobit o Loldaiga o Segera o Olmoran o Parts of Sipili and Nanyuki Township 3 o Sosian 11-36 o Rumuruti o Mutara o Salama o Mukogodo These demonstration plots are not limited to the above mentioned areas; they can be extended to other suitable areas. Demonstration of other crops such as cotton, maize, potatoes and others in the same areas and elsewhere are being undertaker*, by the Ministry of Agriculture staff in the District. These should also be improved and expanded. The size of. the plots ^'ill depend nuch on the available land. Tiii Ministry of Ayriouitare demonstration plots are betweeu 0.5 to 1 ha. If J.cihd is available a u5 ha plot is recommended. The following calculations give rough annual estimates for these demonstration plots. (a) Beans Demonstration Plot Costs (0.5 ha) Land preparation (ploughing, harrowing) @ 900/per ha. 450.00 Planting at Ksh 200 per hectare 100.00 Seeds 60 kg/ha § 12/= per kg 360.00 Fertilizer DAP 200 kg/ha at 224/= per 50 kg 448.00 Subtotal 1,358.00 = 1,354 x 4 TOTAL = 5,4 32.00 11-37 (b) Sunflower Demonstration Costs (0.5) Land preparation (ploughing, harrowing) @ 900/per ha 450.00 Planting at Ksh 200.00 per hectare = 100.00 Seeds 3 kg/ha @ 10/= per kg = 15.00 Fertilizer 170 kg/ha SSP planting at 252.00 for 50 kg 100 kg/ha CAN to- dressing at 140.70 for 50 kg = 141.00 Subtotal 958.00 958.00 x 4 TOTAL = 3,832.00 (c) Sorghum Demonstration Plot Costs (0.5 ha) Land preparation (ploughing, harrowing - 450.00 Planting at Ksh 100/= per hectare--^ 100.00 Se?ds 7 kg/ha »t 15./'= per kg = 52.00 Fertilizer 100 kg/na SSP at 143/80 for 50 kg = i.4 4.00 Subtotal .746.50 x 4 2,986.00 (d) Bulrush-millet Demonstration Plot (0.5 ha) Land preparation (ploughing, harrowing) at 900/= per ha 450.00 Planting at Ksh 200/= 100.00 Seeds 5 kg/ha at 15/= per kg 37.00 At the time of writing this report no fertilizer recommendations available 587.50 Subtotal 587.50 TOTAL 2,3 50.00 11-38 (e) Cowpeas Demonstration Plot Costs (0.5) Land preparation (ploughing, harrowing) at 900/= per ha = 450.00 Planting at 200/= per ha = 100.00 Seeds 25 kg/ha at 6/= per kg = 75.00 No fertilizer recommendations available Subtotal = 625 x 4 TOTAL = 2,500.00 (f) Pigeon Peas Demonstration Plot Costs (0.5), Land preparation (ploughing, harrowing) at 900/= per ha = 450.00 Planting at Ksh. 200 per ha = 100.00 Seeds 30 kg/ha at 6/= per ka - 45.00 No fertilizer recommendations available Subtotal 595.00 x 4 TOTAL (g) Cassava Demonstration Plot Costs ( 1'. 5 ) Land preparation = 450.00 Planting at 600/= ha. (by hand) - 250.00 10,000 cuttings /ha at 5/=-- per cutting 125.00 Subtotal 825.00 x 4 TOTAL Grand Total =a+b+c+d+e+f+g = 5,432 + 3,832 + 2,350 + 2,500 + 595 + 825 =17,925.00 This project will supply the inputs for demonstration plots and pay for land preparation. For each demonstration plot a farmer will be selected who will be able to provide land (0.5 ha) and be able also to weed the plot. 11-39 The supervision of all agronomic activities will be done by the Ministry of Agriculture staff where farmers will be urged to attend a field day. This project recommends a T.A. to be in charge of one demonstration plot. The staff who will be involved in these demonstration, plots and other members of the District staff will be trained in agronomic practices. After the training which will take about 2-3 months, staff members should be assigned to this work-immediately. The funds for training will also be available from the project. This training should not be limited to drought-resistant crops, but should ailia also at equipping che technical staff with techniques of cultivating desert crops; e.g., Jojoba, Algeraba, Atriplex and many others that can grow in the project area. The number of plots will be increased at the beginning of the second year of the project. The increase will be arranged in a way that there will be at least 3 demonstration plots in a sub-location. ' The main reason for recommending pure stands is based on climate (cool and dry) that is prevalent throughout the project area. These crops are relatively new in the area, and also farmers are not experienced in growing these crops under these conditions. 11-40 These demonstrations or trials will establish require ments for growing these crops under such conditions, there after, interplanting of these crops can be introduced. i. (b) Agroforestry Crops These crops have potential in the ASAL areas of Kenya. There are some persons who are growing them privately, and trials to establish their performance indicate they can do well. However, trials to establish thier performance have not been undertaken very seriously in Kenya. Trials in other countries,- e.g., USA,, India and others indicate that their performance in dry areas is very good. The uses of these crops are also very important, and are described as folio ws : Algeroba (a) The pods are eaten by livestock (fodder) and may also be ground into flour for human consumption (food). (b) The flowers are a valuable source of nectar for high quality honey. (c) The wood is very durable and is used for fence posts, firewood, door and window frames, etc. Jojoba The crops serve as a high protein livestock feed and a valuable soil mulch. It helps stabilize soil in dry lands yet uses little water. It also yields industrial products ranging from motor oil to cosmetics. Sunflower demonstration on a three- acre holding, Bergeret Settlement, NW of Naro Moro. 11-41 Pigeon peas, maize and other crops planted by Nancy Wanjiku on her three acre holding on the Bergeret Settlement, to which she moved from Nyeri two years ago. The soils here are pale grey silty loams which are easy ~to work, and of moderate to good natural fertility. 11-4 2 John Muchiri Munyua on his irrigated farm, Thome, west of Naro Moro. Cotton in the foreground, irrigated maize behind. Seed beans being prepared for sale on the same farm. 11-43 Irrigated onions on black clay soils, north of Lamuria. The plot is at the end of a furrow from the Ngobit River on the former 01 Toffeta farm. Murera irrigated farm, near Lamuria. The manager, Mr. Haim Benbasat, explaining how he produced sukuma wiki (kale) seed under irrigation; he thought that this was the first time that this seed has been produced in Kenya. 11-44 N» Cx** --**...->>. - ; L.Ä1; - ••'I'iigi&^S&'r •'T"*?. " --• -- ^ V Double marigolds, Crackerjack, variety, grown under irrigation for seed production at Segera Plantations Ltd., Central Laikipia. The soil is a heavy black cracking cI \y. Cosmos grown for seed on the same farm, Seeds are exported to Holland. 11-45 Feeding trout on the Kentrout fish farm, near Tiraau. Potatoes grown between Nanyuki and Timau offered for sale on the roadside. Potatoes are widely grown on settlement schemes in area. 1 1-46 11-47 The techniques of growing the above crops and many others are not known to the Laikipia farmers. This project recommends that trials shold be set up in the Laikipia District. The three proposed research centres should also be extended to incl.ude farmers1 land so that hesitant farmers can see the results and techniques from the research centres and their fellow farmers. The research should also 'highlight the economics of growing these crops in ASAL areas. The project recommends three trials in each centre, which adds up to 9 in the project area. These could bo increased during the life of the project. 11,10,2 Fruit Tr?eb and Vegetable Nurseries Project Through this project, it is expected that farmers in the project ôrea will', be encouraged to grow fruits and vegetables for which the climate is suitable, wherever moisture is available for production of the crops. In the drier areas, supplementary irrigation may have to be used for the projection of vegetables. Through the project, fruit tree seedlings (mainly oranges to start with but other fruits like pears, plums, pawpaws etc.) after they have been tested for suitability for the climate, and vegetable seedlings (mainly cabbage, kale, spinach, tomatoes and onions), for which there is a ready market within the project area and surrounding areas, will be provided to the farmers at subsidized prices. 11-48 It is proposed that two nurseries be established within the project area including the already existing fruit tree nursery in the Central Division. One nursery will be situated in Rumuruti and one in Central Division. The Government is expected to lay aside half hectare plots for each of the nurseries. Where possible, the nurseries will be situated near other government institutions, like the proposed research centres, for security purposes and for the using existing buildings for storage of equipment aad other materials. The staff proposed for running each nursery: one Technical Assistant (T.A.), three Junior Technical Assistants (J.T.A.'s), and eight labourers. For the entire project, two T.A.'s t>ix J'.T.A.'s and 16 labourer:: will be employed. The T.A.'s ana J.T.A.'s are expected to have experience in the budomg of ftuit trees and will instruct and supervise the labourers. The projections for the number of seedlings to be produced annually are based on the crop projections in Table 11-4 but the actual number produced will depend on demand. For ease of the calculations, it is assumed that all nurseries will produce equal amounts of seedlings. Since all nurseries are in the same District, seedlings from one .Division can be sold in another Division. The Table 11-6, below is extracted from the Crop Projection Table (11-4) and shows projections for production of fruits and vegetables from 1984 to 1988 (which are the proposed project years). 11-49 Table 11-6 PROJECTIONS FOR FRUITS AND VEGETABLE PRODUCTION 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 Total ha Vegs. and Fruits 450 510 570 630 690 Projected ha of Vegs. 400 410 420 430 440 Projected. na of Fruits 50 1Ü0 J.5C 200 150 Vegs. ha per Nursery 2CC 205 210 215 220 Fruits ha Per . Nursery 25 25 25 25 25 NB The last two rows shows hectares of vegetables and fruits for which seedlings will be provided from aach nursery. While the amount of seedlings required to increase production will increase because vegetables are annual crops, those required to increase the hectarage of fruit trees are expected to remain constant unless demand changes, in which case more or less seedlings will be required. Each nursery is expected to produce fruit tree seedlings to plant 25 ha of fruits annually. At a spacing of 4.5 metres between plants approximately 550 seedlings will be required per ha, allowing for replacements. Each nursery will, therefore, be expected to produce 13,750 tree seed lings. This number is only the number of seedlings to start 11-50 with and only oranges are being considered. Later when production of other fruit trees are included, the number of seedlings produced will be increased to 100,000 or more. Each nursery is also expected to produce vegetable seedlings to grow the hectarage of vegetables shown in the second to last row (of Table 11-6) every year. The vegetable hectarage is expected to increase each year so the amount of seedlings required will increase accordingly. Cost of Running Vegetable and Fruit Tree Seedling Nursery Estimate cost per nursery: Item Cost Tools 2,UÜ0 Seeds 31,243 Chemicals 300 Manure or fertilizer 500 Labour 24,288 Land preparation 450 TOTAL 58,781 Cost of Running Two Nurseries per Year 58,781 x 2 = 117,562/= To the nearest hundred = 117,600/= Projected costs for 5 years (Project Period) Year 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 Projected Ksh Ksh Ksh -Ksh Ksh Project Cost 117,600 129,360 142,296 156,526 172,178 NB; 10% increase in project cost is estimated per year. 11-51 11.10.3 Research on Crops Suitable for Cool, Dry Areas There have been very few attempts to research drought- resistant crops for cool and dry conditions in the Republic. The Katumani Dryland Research Station is doing research on these crops but for low and dry areas, while 01 Joro Orok Research Station is mainly researching on crops for wet areas of the Laikipia District and for the other areas of the country. The research that this project is recommending will examine the present crop production situation in the project area. This information and the prevailing climatic condition (cool and dry) will assist the res&archers in establishing "arious farming systems for different Climatic Zones. The centres should direct a nuiaber of activities in the field of production and distribution of sel'jor.ed crops and forages which are suitable for high, r".ry farming. The recommendations rrom these research centres will not only be useful to Laikipia but to other areas with similar climatic conditions. This project is recommending three research centres to undertake this task. The location of these centres has been suggested as follows, subject to land availability: Rumuruti Loldaiga - Ngobit 11-52 The size of each centre is estimated to be 16 ha, therefore, for three centres the Government of Kenya should provide 48 ha. For the three centres to run effectively the Ministry of Agriculture and the project should provide the following proposed staff and equipment, and services. 1 B.Sc, Agriculture Degree holder (AO) 2 - Diplomats, in-charge of two centres (AAO) 3 Technical Assistants for each centre (T.A.) 6 Casual labourers for each centre (C.L.) 2 Oxen for each centre 1 Plough, 1 harrow for each centre Build 3 houses for 3 AAO Build 9 houses for 9 T.A.'s Build 3 stores for the 3 centres Build 3 laboratories for the 3 centres Cost implication of. the above mentioned is estimated below: Items Frice i Plough 35,000 35,'.>0C x 3 1 Harrow 30,000 30,000 x 3 1 Tractor x 3 2 Houses - 2 bedrooms, 1 room (bi'j in si?.e) for 2 AAO's 1 House - 3 bedrooms, 1 sitting-room (big in size) for AO 9 Houses - 2 bedrooms, 1 sitting-room. For 9 T.A.'s 150,000 1,350,000 3 Stores (for 3 proposed research centres) 100,000 300,000 3 Laboratories 100,000 300,000 Equipment for the three centres 50,000 150,000 TOTAL 2,915,000 11-53 The above funds will be provided by the project. The Ministry of Agriculture will be required to employ technical staff, casual labourers, and buy oxen for the project. 11.10.4 The Improvement and Expansion of Irrigated Agriculture There are several Small-Scale Irrigation Projects proposed by the Ministry of Agriculture in the Laikipia District (see Appendix 11-2). These projects have not yet been implemented, due mainly to a lack of funds. This project should be encouraged to provide funds for their implementation. There are two irrigted farms (Segera Ranch and Murera Farm) in the Central Division of tiie Laikipia District. The crops grown under irrigation on these farms are mainly for seed production. These seeds are mainly for export, Segera Farm This farm irrigates the following crops: Beans (varieties - Alamo, Safi, Content) Flowers (Cosmos, Zinnia, Marigold, Tagete) Murera Farm This farm irrigates vegetable crops. The farmers are exporting Sukuma-wiki, cucumber, and many other vegetable seeds. 11-54 Irrigating these crops for seed production can be extended to small-scale farmers in the proposed irrigation schemes (see Appendix 11-2). Farmers should begin with 0.5 acres of either bean or any variety of the above mentioned flowers. Source of Seeds Kenya Highland Seed Company or Kenya Seed Company should be able to supply the seeds to the farmers. Marketing Marketing of these seeds should be established well in advance through contracts with individual growers. If farmers grow these crops, and they cannot SCÎ.11 their seeds then the whole project will fail. Marketing of other ?rops should also be improved. Farmers will have to form Coopérative Societies, if the marketing is to be improved. Direct contracts with seed exporters are an alternative. The Cooperative Societies will buy seeds and other farm inputs and also sell farm produce on behalf of the farmers. Through these Cooperative Societies, seed production for the above mentioned crops and perhaps for others will be an economical undertaking.' 11-55 The project will initially cover the farmers who are within irrigation schemes. It is expected that the farmers will be advised by experts from the Ministry of Agriculture on how to grow these crops. For the farmers, to form a Cooperative Society, they will need funds for capital investment and operating expenses. Capital Investment Operating Expenses Building an Office Transport operating expenses Lorry (3-4 tons) For the Lorry Typewriter and other Salaries tor office • equipment bearers and others. The initial costs for capital investment and operating expenses is roughly Ksh 600,000. The- proposed Cooperative Society will be advanced a loan oi. Ksr óC0,CCü by tho . project. Birds Control Proposal The Birds Control Section of the Crop Protection Branch has a very limited qualified staff in the field. The Crop Protection Sub-Unit in Nakuru Provincial Headquarters covers all District in Rift Valley Province, which includes the Laikipia District. This project recommends that arrangements be made to have the staff, particularly those in the areas where birds 11-56 are damaging crops, maize and wheat, attend seminars or short courses on methods of controlling the birds. The staff at the headquarters can teach the staff at the Headquarters or in the field. This project further recommends a one-year course on bird control the three Technical Officers (T.O.'s) in the District. These T.O.'s will be posted in Ngarua, Timau and Rumuruti. 11-57 BIBLIOGRAPHY Ministry of Agriculture 1976-1981 Laikipia District Annual Reports Laikipia District Annual Reports: 1981-82, Ministry of Lands Settlement and Physical Planning. Litzenberger, S.L., Guide for Field Crops in the Tropics and the Sub-Tropics, 1974. Acland, J.D., East African Crops, 1971. Laikipia District Guidelines, Ministry of Agriculture, 1982."" Laikipia District Development Plan: 1979-1983, Ministry of Economic Planning & Development. Yield Costs - Prices. Ministry of Agriculture, Land & Farm Management Division, 1980-1982. Underexploited Tropical Plants v/ith Promising Economic Value, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., 1975. West, Pat A., "Natural Conditions and Farm Management Information," 1982 Farm Management Handbook of Kenya, Volume II, Ministry of Agriculture, Kenya. Lindblad, Carl and Drüben, Laurel "Storage Methods," Small Farm Grain Storage, Volume III, Peace Corps, 1980. Lindblad, Carl and Drüben, Laurel Small Farm Grain Storage, Volume II, Peace Corps, 1980. Data from field survey. 1 1 • 1 1 ! en cri en - • vo m' vo • • 1 • ro . ' ' vo O ' vo c~ j n co ,cn •<" - vo ON CM il vo CA oo ! en o m CO ,vo vo n r-\ m VO j O VO vo vo rH iin co • i r-» :.' i -3/ C< rH v£> fA O • CM • cv r-l CO CM • •A rH • • • • Ô' CA -\ • • '•j • UA IA CA CO !*•% ~-r O c-J CTi L'A VO o O CA Ol îvl O vO vO VO rH vO cri CO f- i-l rH rH ' rH rH b o 8-1 rH o O $ M 5 CC < i h* u'\ vo CA r- r-> UA en • • vO O CD UA • o IA • • O r. r-t • C LA f.A rH' ;- rH P- CA i-J H CA • CO i.A. VC •JA C\ Cl CTt M CM CM rH rH rH KA rH CVJ r-l rH rH . rH CM H M H !-, •M fvl .-H cv: C\l vO l-l «tfCO • • • C • 1) C\ CD O NI r-l NA H • • *H •4 os • o • • O rH g CTi CM fA • o r_j UA rH r-i KA •4 CN; cri rH »! CD cv. C? CM UA < rH » • CO • LA • » • « O » rj CA O • co Ci CM IA LA s? CM CM • • 5, EH *A t' r î r*- O • • • • O CA fA j—i O I » O Ai CO C- « « « • E-» Çv -i vc r-l C\ « c£ r^. 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H m in Cl o co r- CM C- CV VO m m CM CM i-H o r-i tO U"N VO „£• M« C\J O .-I t-~ • in« C v£>« r-i rH• CN U iTl p- § CM 01 t— Vf/ O rri c\ o» P- vO en VO ON CD sn c •"3 rH O -3 VB ^C• m • • '-0 P•- C\• • O • rO• _£•- p-• * *3" _ o • -3" p- L~l L i -^C " m h^ ^CM* CM rH O in 1 —* r-l m rH o rH. rH. m rH co en VO r-l X o ai m , P- •H o : m 1 co CM i o ! CN WD co ' o 00 o CN ' VO r-l O « in "' ü O O O •H a ' o ' n O < EH O EH o 0) o O co VO VO 2 m VO h >H H) o VO h m o en CM EH c g m . VD en O W co CO co ft M en S O O EH Z co • « co a O •J n CJ ^ • « < m < O O < < O -H EH O S n CH CJ O H co . < EH Pu CO < o S H CO H • < W < EH i o W s O i U • EH K EH 2 CI] EH W W X • CO H D z 3 O^ ' O « H< < Üco VtDn «: < O z < EH *« • EH PU eu EH >H o Q M « D D co PU O CJ co >H a g- S EH cg s IH a CJ S < s 2 K H . D D O o u D O o < o • W o • : • -. « « Q < 5 ° D S S w 03 2 CO EH t < o er- r-i - -J r-i ^1 c: >, KA O Cv r-.i C7N CA r» :-1 - 1 KA r-<• I •„A ,C O » ' "i• w 1 c» V£) OJ vi; ï- KA• cc ir. 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Mo O 5-S £•• O M «e M (O o t-t < > 3 O M O O M w 3 10 dl Ei cu M B o .c 10 o eu co +> 4-> 1> ai m C 4-1 § N c CU cu a> 3 N q O CD •H cv) CU 4-> (H •H Cl) •H n sc3 OJ ai iF o !>> ra cu c: o M ' Ä Ë 5 m n< o. i=- ".=: m O F. s 11-64 ' '•"''"/, -- ..•^•''"',' Appendix 11-4 l __ , *•'' Proposed Irrigation &. Drainage Projects Source; • P.A.O's Office Rumuruti Ewaso Narok Swamo Location; Northeast of Rumuruti Town River: The confluent of the Ewaso Narok and Pesi River Area: / Swamp = 2,500 ha. - 20 km long Mean Annual Rainfall: 600 - 700 mm Farmers: Ownership not yet established Type of Irrigation: Drainage Supili - Ndurumo Ranch Location; northwest' of Rumuruti Town River: Swason Narok River Ferrnîrsî New settlers Type of Irrigation: Water will have to be punped from rive and conveyed over a distance of 20 kn. (total lift about lOCm). X i arrari g a F arm • '" Location: : Southeast of Rumuruti (on ^he Nyahuru.ru - Nyeri Road) River: Mutara River Area: Irrigable land = 200 h.a. (512 acres) Farmers: 1025 members with a total of 3,314 ha. Type of Irrigation": Channel Present Situation: Survey is completed awaiting funds___ from the Netherlands. \ V Koija Group Ranch -" Location: Near the confluence of Ewaso Narok and Ewaso Ngiro Rivers in Mukogodo Üivision River: As above Area: About 200 - 300 ha. 11-65 Appendix 11-4 (Continued) ~' r- t Farmers: Masai who depend fully on livestock Commment: The motivation and." willingness of the local people to change from a Sèmi-Nomadic tó a more permanent agricultural living is still """". very much unknown. ~~ ' " "•' --——-• 5. Umande Farm Location; Situated on a farm between Sirimon =>nd Timau River River; As above Area; 200-300 ha. irrigable area Mean Annual Rainafall; 600 - 700 mm - The distribution being erratic Present; Only one farmer is practicing' sprinkler irrigation 6. Ngenia Farm Location: Benders Umande Earm River; ôirinon and Teleswani Rivers Forn.ers? There ore 415 farming families with an average size of 3 acres Area; Total area is about 1200 ha. Present: Irrigation not yet practiced 7. Mia Mo,ja Farm ' ; Location; Bordering Ngenia Farm River; Timau River Area: Farmers: The farm has 112 members each with 3 acre> . plots (a total"farm area of 460 ha.) Present situation; Irrigation is already practiced on a -small scale using channels. 8. Burguret - Matanya Farm Location: Along Burgret River near Laikipia - Nyeri border. River: As above Mean Annual Rainfall: 800 - 900 mm //-. 11-66 Appendix 11-4 (continued). Present situation: Part of this farm is subject to seasonal flooding. A flood diversion channel has been con structed to prevent flooding. Its capacity is too small. In the dry season this channel is used for-.some supplementary irrigation. Naro Moru - Mwiremia r' Location: On the left bank, of the Naro Moru River, near the railv/ay bridge over the same river. River: As above Farmers: 1000 members each with a 4 acre plot Present situation: No irrigation practiced yet. 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