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La Valle Dei Templi Di Agrigento

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La Valle Dei Templi Di Agrigento Lecarte delle aree archeologiche la Valle dei Templi diAgrigento deiTempli Valle la QUESTO PROGETTO È COFINANZIATO DALLA COMUNITÀ EUROPEA la Valle dei Templi di Agrigento Fondo Europeo di Sviluppo Regionale 4 La storia attraverso le fonti La storia attraverso gli scavi Regione Siciliana 10 La storia della ricerca archeologica Assessorato dei Beni Culturali e Ambientali e della Pubblica Istruzione 1 11 Il settore occidentale della collina dei templi Dipartimento Regionale 12 Tempio di Zeus Olimpio Beni Culturali e Ambientali ed Educazione Permanente 13 Settore ad Ovest del tempio di Zeus ed area sacra ad Est di Porta V 14 Santuario delle divinità ctonie e area sacra ad Ovest Coordinamento: Margherita Rizza Coordinamento tecnico: Franco Fidelio, 15 Tempio I (c.d. dei Dioscuri) e tempio L Area sacra ad Ovest del santuario delle divinità ctonie Composizione cartografica: Franco Fidelio Progetto grafico: Guido Mapelli 16 Area sacra a Sud-Est del tempio di Zeus Testi: Armida De Miro 17 ll ginnasio Percorsi: Gaetano Tripodi Fotografie: Manlio Nocito, Angelo Pitrone, 18 Tempio di Vulcano Mimmo Calabrò; archivio Orao, CRICD 2 19 La collina dei Templi 20 Tempio A (c.d. Tempio di Eracle) 21 Tempio F (c.d. della Concordia) 23 Tempio D (c.d. Tempio di Giunone) Necropoli paleocristiana e bizantina: (c.d. Grotta Fragapane) 3 24 Il quartiere ellenistico-romano e il poggio di San Nicola 25 Il quartiere ellenistico-romano 27 Il Poggio di San Nicola 28 Il Bouleuterion 4 29 La Rupe Atenea Tempio C (Tempio di Demetra) 30 Santuario rupestre Porta I e Baluardo a tenaglia Parco Archeologico e Paesaggistico della Valle dei Templi 31 Quartiere di Porta II Strada Panoramica dei Templi Porta II o Porta di Gela 92100 Agrigento 32 Itinerario extra moenia Tel. 0922621611 Tempio H (Tempio di Esculapio) Fax 092226438 Tomba di Terone www.parcovalledeitempli.it Basilicula del Vallone San Biagio [email protected] 2 metri 100 200300 400 500 Il sito prescelto dai Greci quale sede della città di Akragas è costituito da un esteso plateau di natura calcarea con pendenza da Nord a Sud, delimitato da dirupi più o meno scoscesi e profondi. Il terrazzo è circoscritto lungo i margini rocciosi occidentale e orientale dai fiumi Hypsas e Akragas Tempio C (di Demetra) (odierno San Biagio), sino alla confluenza degli stessi nella vasta pianura alluvionale (estesa ai piedi Bouleuterion Santuario upestre della collina dei templi) in un unico r corso fluviale con sbocco nel mare di San Leone (la marina di Agrigento, Tempio di Falaride emporion e porto della città antica). Ekklesiasterion La città, inoltre, era delimitata a Nord dai versanti rocciosi della di collina di Girgenti (ad occidente) e della Rupe Atenea (ad oriente), acropoli del periodo greco (Polibio, IX, 27, 1-9). Tempio G (di Vulcano) Santuario delle divinità ctonie Tempio B (di Giove) Tempio A (di Ercole) Tempio F (della Concordia) Necropoli romana Tempio D (di Giunone) Necropoli Area archeologica di Agrigento ellenistico-romana 3 La storia attraverso le fonti La storia attraverso gli scavi Secondo la testimonianza fornita dalle fonti L’ABITATO I SANTUARI LE NECROPOLI (Tucid. VI, 4, 4 ; Schol. Pind. Ol. II, 168) Akra- Tra la seconda metà e la fine del VI A partire dalla metà del VI sec. a.C. La più antica tra le necropoli greche gas fu fondata, intorno al 582 a.C., da rodio- secolo a. C. si definiscono le linee del- si definisce il carattere sacro della collina di Agrigento è coeva alla fondazione cretesi provenienti da Gela sotto la guida della città (ceramica mesocorinzia). Ubi- degli ecisti (fondatori) Aristonoo e Pystilo. l’organizzazione urbana. La città è dei templi che accoglie, ora, piccoli edi- La città conobbe, tra il 570 e il 554 a.C., destinata a svilupparsi nell’ intera area fici e recinti sacri (santuario delle divini- cata sulla collina di Montelusa ad Ovest dopo un periodo di regime oligarchico, la della valle, dalle pendici della Rupe tà ctonie e tempietto tripartito nel setto- della foce del fiume Akragas, risulta tirannide di Falaride, al quale si ascrivono Atenea sin sotto la collina dei templi re occidentale della collina, ad Ovest di strettamente connessa non tanto al VI secolo a.C. l’avvio di una politica di espansione del terri- ed è già concepita secondo criteri evo- porta V, tempietto arcaico sotto il tem- primo insediamento “urbano” entro i torio verso l’interno a danno dei Sicani e la luti, definiti da una scansione regolare pio di Vulcano e, nel settore orientale, confini della città arcaica e classica, definizione dei confini con le vicine colonie degli spazi e della viabilità. Il disegno tempietto di Villa Aurea). E’ solo sullo quanto piuttosto ad un emporion sorto ad oriente e ad occidente (Polieno, V, 1, 1; urbano, infatti, risulta impostato su scorcio del secolo, tuttavia, che l’assetto alla foce del fiume destinato ad essere V, 1, 3-4; Diod. XIX, 108, 1). grandi arterie con orientamento Est- monumentale comincia a delinearsi con attivo sino ad epoca bizantina quale nu- Lekythos a figure nere (sec. VI-V a.C.) Ovest (plateiai del periodo greco rical- la costruzione del primo tempio peripte- cleo commerciale collegato con il porto. cate dai decumani romani) attraversate ro di Eracle sulla collina dei templi. Alla Akragas arcaica riportano invece ortogonalmente da circa 30 stenopoi (i le due necropoli “urbane” di San Biagio cardines di epoca romana) che si adat- LE FORTIFICAZIONI e di contrada Pezzino, rispettivamente tano alle accidentalità del terreno Se pure in assenza di dati archeolo- lungo la riva destra del vallone omoni- mediante l’utilizzo di rampe e senza gici certi, all’età di Falaride si deve far mo ad oriente della città nel settore sud- una sostanziale modifica di tracciato. risalire la costruzione delle poderose occidentale della collina di Girgenti. In Il terminus ante quem per la data- mura di fortificazione, in parte tagliate particolare, la “necropoli Pezzino” si zione dell’impianto è costituito dal nella roccia e in parte costruite. Dati configura come la più ricca e vasta area Tempio di Zeus Olimpio (480-460 inequivocabili fissano con certezza lo di sepolture, destinata a svilupparsi nel a.C.) che vi risulta inserito, mentre il sviluppo dell’impianto nella seconda corso del V secolo a.C. termine della seconda metà del VI sec. metà del VI secolo (deposito di consa- In epoca arcaica è utilizzata anche la a.C. è basato sugli scavi stratigrafici crazione del 530 circa a.C. sistemato ai necropoli di contrada Mosè, località ubi- nell’area del quartiere ellenistico-roma- piedi delle mura là dove esse corrono a cata ad alcuni chilometri ad Est della no e su quelli praticati nel settore occi- ridosso del santuario delle divinità cto- città, lungo la direttrice per Gela, forse dentale della collina dei templi. Un nie; officine di coroplasti che si addos- da riferire ad un sobborgo da ricercare orientamento leggermente sfalsato pre- sono nello stesso sito, all’esterno delle sulla sovrastante collina. La necropoli, senta invece il quartiere di abitazioni mura; tempietto arcaico di Villa Aurea che nel VI secolo a.C. aveva tombe databili già dal VI secolo (ma in uso che tiene conto della linea delle mura; costruite generalmente con tegole poste sino al IV secolo a.C.) messo in luce infine, connessione del tracciato con la “alla cappuccina”, presenta il suo massi- dagli scavi Marconi nel settore nord- viabilità urbana concepita tra la metà e mo sviluppo nel V secolo a.C. occidentale della valle (collina a quota la fine del VI secolo a.C.). 192). Il nucleo di abitazioni presenta la Si tratta, nel complesso, di un’ope- particolarità di essere costituito da case ra notevole per estensione (ca. 12 km.) o gruppi di case disposte a schiera, per e chiarezza di tracciato lungo un peri- lo più monocellulari, parzialmente metro approssimativamente rettangola- ricavate nella roccia, caratterizzate re che segue la linea naturale di mag- Testa fittile di Kouros o sfinge, area del dalla presenza di pozzi o cisterne e dal- giore elevazione, la cresta delle alture e Tempio di Eracle, l’utilizzo di spazi liberi comuni. il margine superiore dei valloni. 550 a. C. circa Area archeologica di Agrigento MENU 4 La storia attraverso le fonti La storia attraverso gli scavi Durante il regime trannico di Terone (488- EDILIZIA PUBBLICA E MONUMENTALE I TEMPLI IL CENTRO POLITICO: 472 a.C.), Akragas fu prospera sotto il pro- I CONDOTTI DI FEACE Il V secolo a.C. segna anche l’avvio L’AGORÀ SUPERIORE filo economico e potente sotto quello politi- Dapprima, sotto la tirannide di delle grandi opere monumentali: sorge Si ha ragione di credere che, duran- co e militare (Polieno VI, 51; Diodoro X, Terone, ma soprattutto durante la sta- così, nel settore occidentale della colli- te il V secolo a.C., l’altura di San 27, 3; XI, 25, 3-4; XIII, 82, 5; Erodoto, VII, gione democratica, la città conobbe l’ak- Nicola, alla quale si riconosce per il 165). Nel 480 a.C. l’annessione di na dei templi, l’imponente tempio di Himera, attuata nell’ottica di una forte mè della sua potenza. Il 480 a.C. inaugu- Zeus Olimpio, mentre alcuni interventi periodo arcaico e classico una precipua spinta espansionistica e della ricerca di ra la stagione delle grandi opere pubbli- interessano l’area del santuario delle destinazione sacra (santuario del ter- V secolo a.C. uno sbocco sul Tirreno, determinerà l’inter- che, quale l’articolato sistema di condot- divinità ctonie; vengono eretti, inoltre, razzo sommitale distrutto dalla katato- vento dei Cartaginesi che venivano sconfit- ti d’acqua ideati da Feace. Si tratta di un sulle pendici orientali della Rupe mè (sbancamento) dell’ekklesiasterion; ti nella celebre battaglia di Himera complesso ipogeico di canali che dalla Atenea il c.d.
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