1 Jacob F. Olorunfemi * Corresponding author:[email protected] Nigeria. Ilorin, A novel in of spatially defined areas of theusually world increases times in in population atvarious Previousurbanization. studies revealed that than ever before becauseofrapid inNigeria The needfor populationdataisfelt more and spatialdevelopment planningisbased. social,ingredient economic onwhich every population datahave remained themain intheprocess.any consistency Despite this, butthere hasnever been 1789 inNigeria, dates backtopopulation datacollection data. Evidence from literature suggests that The censusisthemainsource ofpopulation DOI-10.24057/2071-9388-2018-11-2-17-28 Sustainability, Vol.11, No2,p. 17-28 approach Population Geography, ofEstimatingUrban inNigeria. Environment, generation problems. andinplacesthathaveused for similarpopulationdata populationestimationinNigeria were 70,870and4,230,382,respectively. The studyrecommended thatthemodelcanbe to estimate population. State and TheKogi results show that the population of Kabba enrolment to establisharelationship whichwassubsequentlyusedinregression analysis per houseorcrowding was combinedwithimmunizationandschool index(CI) for Kabba ofEducation, respectively. andMinistry on Immunization The average numberofpeople immunization andschoolenrolment datawere from collected theExpandedProgramme using symptomatic data. The datafor method, thisstudywere through collected survey problems. This studyisaimedatdeveloping atechnique ofpopulationestimationinNigeria figures andsometimesvitalregistration system hasproved inadequate becauseofdiverse inconsistency. Consequently, madeto estimate efforts populationfrom suchcensus Introduction Citation Key Abstract Department ofGeography andEnvironmental ofIlorin, University Department Management, words Nigeria Estimating : Jacob F. Jacob Olorunfemi and FashagbaIrewolede (2018) A novel methodological . The primary source of population data in Nigeria isthecensusdespite its source ofpopulationdatainNigeria The primary : Population, Symptomatic, Census, Estimate, Crowding Index methodological 1* andIrewolede Fashagba Urban structure ofthepopulation. These andmany dynamics, aswell asthecomposition and unveil pattern, population distribution have themselves concerned with how to ameliorating suchsituations, researchersIn others. supply, among intake, aswell aspoordietary inadequate water supply, poorpower poor roads, poor/inadequate housing, inhabitants ofsuchareas are facedwith hectares of land within a few decades. The soon becomes so big, covering several smallvillage avery land scape. Oftentimes, creates different onthe settlementpattern Population 1 approach

17 GEOGRAPHY 18 GEOGRAPHY school education. Government’s quest government to encouragesecondary made by because ofthe several efforts and gooddocumentationin recent times have receivedin Nigeria widercoverage school enrolments and secondary Primary thereafter. stagesoflifeothers are atvarious injected while at birth, because it isfirst injected The BCG usually hasthehighestcoverage both children and pregnant women isBCG. number ofvaccinesthatwere on injected Among a death rate of children inNigeria. introduced to address theprevalent high should berecalled thatimmunizationwas it wasintroduced in1979hasbeengood. It wide coverage andits documentation since because immunizationofchildren hasa enrolment databecomesrelevant inNigeria ofusingimmunizationandschool possibility isforcensus. thisreason It thatthe estimation in the absence of the actual find improved techniques ofpopulation require thatresearch mustcontinueto The challengesofthetechniques above unsuitable becauseoflow coverage. using datafrom thissource would appear 42% oftheruraldwellers (NPC2014). Thus, covered in Nigeria only registration of births (Ayenion Katsina 1980).But,asat2014, can best be illustrated shift by Ayeni’s work records. andmortality from fertility This estimates topopulation datashifted making 20th century, themethodofgenerating (Adediji 2011). About the middle of the from tax records times in the past at various total populationfigures hadbeenestimated 2006).Nigeria’s1984, 2005;Mba2006;Akanbi Afolayan 1978;Ayeni 1980;Olorunfemi 1981, 1972; of population estimation (Ekanem and through theuseofindirect techniques application oftheannualgrowth rate index through projectionsthatare basedonthe The usualandmostcommonmethodis techniques. and where notavailable through indirect places are generated through thecensus data onthenumberofpeoplelivingatsuch geographers’ domainofstudy. often, Most environment-relation have constituted the other effects that often result from man GEOGRAPHY, ENVIRONMENT, SUSTAINABILITY population census didnotrelease thetotal 79,276 (NPC 1991).However, the 2006 while thatof the localgovernment was was36,124, The 1991populationofKabba Ebira, Igbo, Tikfi andHausa. other settlements. The emigrants are mostly Area, from several othertribes hasattracted Localtown Government intheKabba/Bunu 900 yearsbeingtheprimate ago. Kabba, to have migrated from Ife inOsun State over people are Yoruba by tribe. They are believed Federal Capital Territory Kabba ofNigeria. from Abuja, the State and about 130km away from78km Lokoja, the Capital of Kogi Otugunbe. The town issituated atabout Bolorunduro and Ayewa, Asuta, Oke-koko Odolu/Fehinti, Aiyetuju/Kakola, namely: and Aofin)Odolu and seven political wards (Kabba, hasthree politicaldistricts Kabba ofstudy.it worthy the physical expansionofthetown to make to thetown. This hassubstantiallyincreased migratedsettlements intheneighborhood andanumberofpeoplefromsuburbs the merged withsome ofthesettlementsinits (Fig. inrecentNorth timeshas 1,2).Kabba Local Government andKwaraState to the Lokoja Local Government to the East, Kogi Localand Okehi Governmentto theSouth, Local ofIjumu Government part southern Localof Ijumu Governmentto the West, the by Yagba West, Mopamuro and some parts 30’ East. The Local Governmentisbounded 8028’ andLongitudes of605’ North and60 The LGA is located on Latitudes of 70 45’ and Local GovernmentAreaKabba/Bunu (LGA). atown in out inKabba, This studywascarried THE STUDY AREA inNigeria. purposes development planning local and urban a source of population data generation for successful,enrolment. itcouldbecome If model basedonimmunizationandschool attempt at evolving apopulationestimation increased.actually The present isan effort Hence, theenrolment rate improved and for children of school age.and compulsory schoolfree school andjuniorsecondary enrolment madeattendance ofprimary to encourage educationthrough school 02 (12)2018 Jacob F. Olorunfemi andIrewolede Fashagba Fig. ofKogi 2.Map State Showing Local Kabba/Bunu Government Area (Kogi State Fig. of Kogi 1.Map State Showing Local Kabba/Bunu Government Area (Kogi State Lands and Survey 2014) Lands andSurvey 2014) Lands andSurvey A novel methodological ...

19 GEOGRAPHY 20 GEOGRAPHY using questionnaire administration. method were through collected thesurvey number ofhousesandhouseholdstructure that includesdemographic characteristics, Education’s Fund (UNICEF). data The primary Bureau ofStatisticsandUnited Nations of Education, National from theMinistry schoolenrolments were collected secondary schoolandjunior Health. Also, dataonprimary of (NPI),andtheMinistry on Immunization (EPI),theNationalProgrammeImmunization fromcollected the Expanded Programme on for thisstudy. Dataonimmunizationwere datawere used andsecondary primary Both MATERIALS ANDMETHODS particularly, inthe West ofKabba. andNorth by smooth and rounded hill Inselberg (Udo 1975). This landform ischaracterized overhills extended ofthearea agreater part asmassiveandrocky with Out-crops ridges rocks ofthebasement complex Metamorphic by Igneous isunderlain and height. Kabba are low-high lands of 305-610 meters in but surrounded by hills(Fig. 3). These hills isstrategically situated inalowKabba land, by residential houses. have beendeveloped andoccupied Kabba South-West, West and North-West axes of undeveloped spacesintheSouth, hitherto the populationhasgreatly increased. Allthe suggests that the spatial expansion of Kabba 144,579 (NPC2006).Even atthis, of evidence total population of the local government as ratheritgave the population ofKabba, GEOGRAPHY, the new and smaller quarters were merged andsmallerquarters the new were grouped of Some into 16quarters. town in Kabba The existing 34 quarters Taken by theresearcher at theeastern side, thehighest point ofonethose Fig. 3.Oblique Aerial Photo ofKabba mountains surrounding Kabba ENVIRONMENT, SUSTAINABILITY X average number ofpeopleperhouse; Y = obtainedfrom The populationofKabba Where: formulae adopted isof theform: population. The multipleregression analysis was employed to estimate enrolments), whilethemultipleregression school schoolandjuniorsecondary primary (immunization, the independentvariables the paired dependent (population) and thedegreedetermine ofassociationamong CorrelationMoment Coefficient wasused to wassecured.in eachquarter The Product houseuntilthelastsample fourteenth every subsequent sampleswere from selected firststreet inthequarter,in every while The firstsamplewasrandomlyselected the samplesfrom quarters. thesixteen sampling technique wasemployed to select (Oludoyi 2002).Asystematic 2007; Oriola research particularly,indemographic studies required percentage for socialscience The 10%sample, ofcourse, satisfiesthe (NPC2010)were returned valid.in Kabba accounted for 10%ofthehousehold heads these,household heads. 411which Of questionnaire were administered on the the samples, selecting 420 copies of a In numbers. provided afaster source ofdataonhouse satellite dataifavailable would alsohave number. Aerial photographs orlarge-scale would have beenafaster source ofhouse if town planningrecords were reliable, this especially atthemodelinglevel. Ordinarily emerging centre urban suchasKabba, technique ofpopulationestimationinan of housemay bethemostappropriate available option. Besides, direct counting the approach wascumbersome, itwasthe Although inallthequarters. conducted was obtainedfrom directhousecounting The total number of houses in the study area to have big ones for some fairly this study. Kabba; X Kabba; X Kabba; Y _ 3 2 1 = Junior secondary enrolment dataof =Juniorsecondary schoolsenrolment dataof =Primary = (BCG) coverage of Immunization = a + b 1 x 1 + b 2 x 2 + b 3 x 3 + b 4 x 4 + 02 (12)2018 e . (1) Kabba ispresented in Kabba Table 1. crowding in indexfor quarters thesixteen hasthelowest20.9, whileKTC of8.6. The has the highest crowdingquarter index of the quarters. Table 1shows thatAyewa Expectedly, exists between spatial variation The is12.2. crowding indexofKabba Population inKabba perQuarter Crowding Pattern Index and inKabba survey. questionnaire administered thefield during and wards were generated from the number ofpeopleperhouseinthequarters averageData onpopulationdistribution, RESULTS ANDDISCUSSION e=error term. b=Slopeofregression; and a=Intercept; Jacob F. Olorunfemi andIrewolede Fashagba S/No 11 10 13 12 16 15 14 1 2 3 6 5 4 8 7 9 Bolorunduro Otuegunbe Water work Kano Road Kano Secretariat Ayokanmi Agonmo Okepadi Average Aiyeteju Quarter Fehinti Ayewa Odolu Kajola Aofin Table 1.Crowding inKabba Index perQuarter Iyah KTC C IperQuarters 10.2 14.9 20.9 15.5 16.4 14.7 16.1 10.0 15.5 12.2 10.3 9.2 9.1 9.5 8.6 9.5 9.3 primary schoolenrolment (0.638),and primary butpositively with (0.840) andonlyfairly strongly andpositively withimmunization enrolment data,populationcorrelates school enrolment andjuniorsecondary school against immunization,primary Equation 1. When populationwasregressed determined, datainto fittingthecollected schoolenrolment was and juniorsecondary schoolenrolment immunization, primary symptomaticand theselected dataof The relationship population between EnrolmentSchool (JSSE). Enrolment (PSE) and Junior Secondary Population, School Primary Immunization, symptomatic data. relationship populationandthe between for regression analysisusedto establishthe in Table 1. The dataprovided theraw material wascalculated andalsopresented in Kabba Using thisindex,thepopulationperquarter A novel No ofPeople perQuarter methodological 2,468 7,331 2,158 3,386 4,049 6,834 3,887 3,620 5,851 7,052 4,550 2,245 4,399 5,647 2,297 4,439 - ...

21 GEOGRAPHY 22 GEOGRAPHY immunization, primary school enrolment immunization, primary when thethree of independentsvariables in with therelationship observed Tables 2a school enrolment inthisanalysis isthesame population andimmunization andprimary Table 2creveals thattherelationship between regression modelisoftheform: school. secondary The equationofthe school enrolment and junior primary can jointlybeexplainedby immunization, inthepopulation that 67%ofthevariation of0.674. determination This thusimplies 2b). The table alsoshows acoefficientof schoolenrolment (-0.320)(Table secondary population correlates negatively withjunior school enrolment in determined Table 2a, populationandjunior secondary between theprevious relationship 2b).Justlike (Table schoolenrolment (0.657) with primary andpositively correlates(0.817); anditfairly and positively correlates withimmunization school enrolment data, population strongly school enrolment andjuniorsecondary regressed againstimmunization,primary a ward. Thus, whenpopulationperward was are usuallyfoundnumber ofquarters within led to perwarda relationship. Kabba, In population andthesymptomatic data having an improved relationship between Further to examine the effort of feasibility 0.72. with acoefficientofdetermination mass drop outinthearea. The modelis: makers, becauseitmay bedue to policy should beasource for ofmajorconcern thisdevelopment is surprising. Indeed, enrolment population andjuniorsecondary while thelow andnegative correlation of school enrolment notsurprising, isperhaps correlation withimmunizationandprimary school Enrolment decreases. The positive population increases, juniorsecondary school enrolment increase as primary suggests that,whileimmunizationand school enrolment 2a). (-0.052)(Table This andinverselypoorly withjuniorsecondary GEOGRAPHY, Y Y = = 143.25 3201.69 + + ENVIRONMENT, 28.975 30.182 x x 1 1 + + 0.136 0.1 x x SUSTAINABILITY 2 2 1.80 2.35 x x 3 3 (2) (3) . . situation. The implicationoftheresult is would appear the best in the present Table 2,theimmunizationderived model losing itsquality. Basedontheresults in be usedto estimate populationwithout suggest thatimmunizationdata alonecan linearregressionof thesetwo analyses immunization (0.706)in Table 2d. The results recorded populationand between than the coefficient of determination inpopulation. variation This isby farsmaller enrolment explainedonlyabout41%ofthe 0.406. school This thussuggeststhatprimary is (0.637), withacoefficientofdetermination schoolenrolment correlates withprimary andpositively that populationfairly regressed against population, it indicated schoolenrolment data were When primary regressed againstpopulation Table 2c. schoolenrolment datawere and primary whenimmunization same valueobserved that,thiswasthe would beobserved It be explainedby immunizationdataalone. inpopulationcan about 71%ofthevariation otherwords, of0.706.In of determination (0.840). The regression indicates acoefficient strongly andpositively withimmunization Table 2dshows that,populationcorrelates to theirindividualrelationship. determine data wassinglyregressed againstpopulation per quarter, symptomatic eachofthetwo school enrolment dataagainstpopulation Having regressed immunizationandprimary relationship. The equation for themodelis JSSE hascontinuouslyindicated an inverse the regression populationand between in observed Table 2a.Perhaps, thisiswhy tohas little or no contribution the value schoolenrolment data junior secondary school enrolments only. This suggeststhat explained by immunizationandprimary inpopulation canbe 71% ofthevariation that of Table 2a. This indicates thatabout for thisregression are alsothesamewith (0.707) and thecoefficientofdetermination were used. The regression coefficient(0.841) schoolenrolment and juniorsecondary Y Y = = 748.65 719.46 + + 30.14 31.465 x x 1 1 . + 0.14 02 (12)2018 x 2 . (4) (5) Jacob F. Olorunfemi andIrewolede Fashagba The Population ofKabba State.Kogi town and estimate thepopulationofKabba Consequently, model(5)wasemployed to based ontheimmunizationdataalone. that populationofanarea canbeestimated

Primary school Primary Immunization Y Population Y Population Coefficient Coefficient Coefficient Regression Regression Regression Pri. x Sch = PriSch x2 Imm. x1 Imm. Variable Variable JSSE. x3 Imm. x Imm. JSSE. x 748.65 x2 x1 Y C. Population Enrolment School perQuarter, andPrimary Immunization 3 1 2 + B. Population per Ward, andJSSE School Primary Immunization, D. LinearRegression ofPopulation andEachSymptomatic Data 30.14 A. Population per Quarters, Immunization, Primary School andJSSE School A. Population Primary Immunization, perQuarters, x 1 Table 2.Population andSymptomatic Data . 1.000 Regression coefficient Y Y Y - - 0.637 0.840 (5) 1,000 .840 .817 .840 x x x - - 1 1 1 State is4,230,359,while theNPCprojected in Table 4. The estimated populationfor the Statein Kogi andthe results are aspresented population ofthe21localgovernment areas Further, themodelwas usedto estimate the at 70,870 (Table 3). at 70,870(Table was estimated and put population of Kabba developed from theimmunizationdata, Using themodel Coefficient ofdetermination A novel .782 .657 .637 .823 x x - - 2 2 methodological 0.707 0.841 1.000 0.406 0.706 .782 .637 x 2 -.320 -.052 -.173 -.301 .821 .673 .360 .720 .849 .076 x x - - 3 3 a ...

23 GEOGRAPHY 24 GEOGRAPHY GEOGRAPHY, generated usingimmunization data. This that reliable population estimate can be Based onthis study, itis recommended the projected NPCpopulationby 0.20%. population oftheState isslightlylower than Stateof Kogi as4,230,382. The estimated as70,870 andthat the populationofKabba The modelevolved wasusedto estimate school enrolment to establish arelationship. school enrolment andjuniorsecondary symptomatic dataofimmunization,primary wascombinedwith through fieldsurvey The crowdinggenerated index of Kabba CONCLUSION the modelisgoodfor populationestimation. insignificant. Thus, itmay beconcluded that 0.20%. This suggeststhatthedifference is population isslightlylower thantheNPCby population is4,238,836. The estimated S/No 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ENVIRONMENT, Table 3.Population Estimate Using Immunization Data Bolorunduro Otuegunbe Water-work Secretariat Secretariat Ayokanmi KTC AreaKTC Agonmo Kano Rd. Kano Okepadi Aiyeteju Quarter Fehinti Ayewa Odolu Kajola Aofin Total Iyah SUSTAINABILITY that demand and deserve further research. further that demandanddeserve are areasbank verification numbers (BVN) andthepresent CommissionElectoral (INEC) provider,GSM service National Independent (TIN), Tax Nigeria IdentificationNumberin Commission (NIMC), Management Identity the present study, datafrom theNational of spite ofthecontribution In in Nigeria. made to ensure regularofcensuses conduct mustcontinuallybe notwithstanding, efforts population estimationtechniques, madeatdeveloping alternativeThe effort to thepoliticalrestitutes ofthe census. data isnotsensitive asmay notbeexposed addition,immunization at thelocallevel. In population for planningpurposes, especially surely provide quickandreliable source of isuniversal.programme inNigeria This will is mostespeciallybecauseimmunization Population Estimate 70,870 3,660 3,450 3,270 5,311 2,520 3,900 5,581 3,990 7,261 7,831 4,441 3,450 4,621 3,480 7,592 3,510 02 (12)2018 Jacob F. Olorunfemi andIrewolede Fashagba S/No Total 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Ogori/Magongo Kabba/Bunu Yagba West Olamaboro Mopamuro Yagba East Igalamelo LG Name Ajaokuta Dekina Omola Okene Lokoja Ankpa Okehi Ijumu Adavi Bassa Kogi Idah Ibaji Ofu Table 4.Population Estimate ofKogi State Population Estimate 4,230,359 179,332 189,177 138,543 203,013 416,323 286,092 245,123 251,726 147,637 185,275 152,110 188,426 102,526 163,575 333,814 179,032 340,477 157,002 277,988 51,563 56,605 A novel 4,238,836 180,227 190,162 139,063 204,135 416,402 287,963 51,771 245,626 56,863 253,576 148,249 186,218 152,748 189,395 102,724 164,313 336,127 179,917 342,884 157,697 279,778 NPC Projection methodological ...

25 GEOGRAPHY 26 GEOGRAPHY

GEOGRAPHY, References and Humanities Journal, 1(1),pp.112-129. Olorunfemi J. F. (2006).EnhancingAccurate Population Census for Productivity. Science Haytee Publishers. Ilorin. Series, Olorunfemi J. F. (2005).EstablishingPopulation Levels: Population Monograph, andSociety Engineering andRemote Sensing, 50(2),pp. 221-227. Olorunfemi J. F. (1984).LandUseandPopulation: Model. Photogrammetric ALinking Journal, 6(3),pp. 225-230. Olorunfemi J. F. (1982).ApplicationofAerial Photography to Population Geo inNigeria. pp. 51-54. Olorunfemi J. F. (1981).Crowding Area, AnAlternative to 13(1), Census Index: inNigeria. Broadcast,Federal Nigerian FRC Corporation Radio “7” am NationalNews, 20thMay, 2014. National Population are notregistered Commission NPC(2014).58%RuralBirths inNigeria. Nigeria. Prepared(1964). Memorandum by theDemographers, Federal Lagos, Census Office, National Economic Council Planning andJoint Committee on Vital StatisticsRegistration 2(1). Research andStatistics, Abuja-Nigeria, National Assembly NASI (2007). A Bi Annual Publication Statistical Information, of Library Population Studies, ofGhana. University of Demographic Estimations. oftheUnited for Document NationsRegional Institute Mba C.J. (2007).Civil Registration System andCensus ExerciseChanges inNigeria: 121-134. Population C.(1951).Urban Clark ofRoyalStatisticalSociety. Densities. Journal 114(2),pp. 3(8),pp.Relation, 311-319. State: ofPolitical theFourth Example. Republic Journal African andInternational Science Bamgbose J. A.(2009).Falsification of Population Census DatainHeterogeneousNigerian Proceeding.the Nigeria. No1.Population Association ofNigeria. Ayeni O. O. (1980).A Population:Vital for Registration Model Nigeria DataAssessment from Studies, African 3(3),pp. ofModern (1901-1963). Journal 371-392. AnAnalysisofNigeria’s S.A.(1965).How Many areAluko Nigerians? Census Problems Policy Issues, 3(1&2),pp. 128-134. Forum:Study ofKwaraState. ofEnvironmental Journal Geo-Studies and AnInternational O.Akanbi A.(2006). The UseofSymptomatic Datafor Population Estimation:ACase. Published by Regional Conference ofthe Vital Geographical Union,Nigeria. Oguntoyinbo, O.O., Areola andM.Filani, eds., andDevelopment, AGeography ofNigeria Afolayan A.(1978).Population Pattern and Problems J. In: S. Development. ofUrban 24 Feb. 2013]. in South-West [online] Available at: www.readperiodically.com.201103. Nigeria. [Accessed Adediji S.(2011).Assessing Attitude andPractice knowledge, of Vital Registration System ENVIRONMENT, SUSTAINABILITY 02 (12)2018 Received onJuly17 Jacob F. Olorunfemi andIrewolede Fashagba A uthors Publication. pp. 102-113. Sciences.Studies: HumanitiesandSocial ofIlorin StudiesDivision,University The General E.O.Oriola (2002). Sciences. inSocial LeadingThe Methodology IssuesinGeneral March, 12011. L.(2011). Onyekakeyah FraudThe Historic onNigeria’s Population. Guardian”“The Tuesday, Policy, (5),pp. Ibadan. 227-243. Nigeria, J. the1st25years SinceIndependence, Government andPublic A.Atanda, eds., Nigeria Olusanya P. O. (1989).Population In: Planning andDevelopment inNigeria. T. Tanimu, and Publication. pp. 46-57. in Research Methodology. Faculty Ilorin Sciences, ofIlorin, ofBusinessandSocial University H.A.Saliu,Oludoyi S.B. andJ. In: (2007).DataCollection. O. Fayeye, eds., Further Readings th , 2017 students, someof whichare Professors. (2013-2014).Hehasgraduated quite anumberofPh.D.Ile-Ife Training inAerospace Obafemi Awolowo Surveys, University, (2007);and (NCRS), Jos Visiting Professor, Regional Centre for Chief Executive Officer, National Centre Remote Sensing for (NASRDA), Agency Development Abuja(2005–2006);Director/ Hewasa Nigeria. Visiting Professor, SpaceResearch and Nigeria the NationalPopulation Commission oncensusorganization in and remote 1988,hewasaConsultant sensingapplications. to In research1998. His interest isinthearea ofpopulationstudies where herose to thepositionofaProfessor ofGeography in sinceOctober,has beenateacher ofIlorin intheUniversity 1976 his B.Sc. (1975) and Ph.D. (1980) in Geography, respectively. He of Bristol,and the University Bristol, England where he obtained Jacob F. Ibadan Olorunfemi of Ibadan, studied at the University A novel Accepted onMay 10 methodological th , 2018 ...

27 GEOGRAPHY 28 GEOGRAPHY GEOGRAPHY, ENVIRONMENT, and international journals.and international population studies. Hehaspublicationsinreputable national research His interest Nigeria. isin from ofIlorin, University Irewolede Fashagba holdsaPh.D. degree inGeography SUSTAINABILITY 02 (12)2018