13362 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD—SENATE June 30, 2000 States more time to complete their Trade Commission to investigate if tive fuel to form the cornerstone of our lists, allocations, and plans—a lot more there were any illegal price manipula- energy policy. It is the right fuel to time. tions in the Midwest leading to such bridge the energy and environmental That is a pretty good tradeoff. dramatic price increases. issues facing us. By blocking the rule, we will simply This problem of dependence on im- If we are to have a comprehensive en- delay the tough decisions about how to ported oil has been in the making for ergy policy that strengthens our econ- make the program work. We will per- many years. Our import dependence omy and serves the real needs of Amer- petuate the current outdated, frag- has been rising for the past 2 decades. icans, then we need to dismantle our mented, litigious system. The combination of lower domestic dependence on foreign oil as soon as Most important of all, we will delay, production and increased demand has possible. And the way to do this is to once again, the day when our nation fi- led to imports making up a larger begin using more natural gas—a do- nally has clean streams, rivers, and share of total oil consumed in the mestically abundant fuel—that is safe lakes, from sea to shining sea. United States. In 1992, crude oil im- and reliable to deliver, more environ- I regret that this provision has been ports accounted for approximately 45 mentally friendly than oil, and over included in the conference report and I percent of our domestic demand. Last three times as energy-efficient as elec- will work to reverse the decision at the year crude oil imports accounted for 58 tricity from the point of origin to point earliest opportunity. percent. The Energy Information Ad- of use. I yield the floor and suggest the ab- ministration’s Short-Term Outlook Let me state those facts again: Nat- sence of a quorum. forecasts that oil imports will exceed ural gas is plentiful, efficient, environ- The PRESIDING OFFICER. The 60 percent of total demand this year. mentally friendly, and it is a domestic clerk will call the roll. EIA’s long-term forecasts have oil im- fuel source. The legislative clerk proceeded to ports constituting 66 percent of U.S. Natural gas offers itself as a good call the roll. supply by 2010, and more than 71 per- choice for the fuel of the future. It of- Mr. AKAKA. Mr. President, I ask cent by 2020. fers us many advantages that other unanimous consent that the order for Continued reliance on such large fuels do not. About 85 percent of the the quorum call be rescinded. quantities of imported oil will frus- natural gas consumed in America each The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without trate our efforts to develop a national year is produced domestically. The bal- objection, it is so ordered. energy policy and set the stage for en- ance is imported almost entirely from Mr. AKAKA. Mr. President, I ask ergy emergencies in the future. Canada. We have a large domestic nat- unanimous consent for 15 minutes in For months now, we have watched ural gas resource base and advances in morning business. the price of gasoline and fuel oil rise at exploration and production tech- The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without breakneck speed. All across America, nologies are allowing increased produc- tion. We also have potentially vast re- objection, it is so ordered. families have suffered ever-escalating sources in the form of methane hy- f prices. We have not had a coherent and com- drates. This resource base is yet to be A NATIONAL ENERGY POLICY prehensive energy policy for a long explored. Natural gas is the cleanest fossil fuel. Mr. AKAKA. Mr. President, for most time. Additionally, we have not had a Wider use of natural gas will be more of the 1990s, the average gasoline prices commitment to address our dependence benign to the environment compared to in Honolulu hovered at roughly 25 on foreign sources of oil. Absence of an some other fuel sources. Natural gas cents to 50 cents above the national av- effective policy and a visible commit- would emit reduced levels of green- erage. In June 1999, only 1 year ago, ment to addressing our energy depend- house gas emissions, and would not Hawaii’s price of $1.51 per gallon ence have made us hostage to OPEC’s contribute to acid rain, smog, solid ranked above Oregon’s at $1.44 and the production decision. It has also encour- waste, or water pollution. national average of $1.14. aged Mexico, our NAFTA partner, to We must invest in technologies that As late as last month, according to join OPEC in limiting oil supplies. help facilitate wider application of nat- the Automobile Association of Amer- We all understand that there is no ural gas. New technologies such as ica, Hawaii topped the Nation with an overnight solution to America’s energy micro turbines, fuel cells, and other on- average per gallon price of $1.85, com- problems. We can’t turn this trend site power systems are environ- pared to the next highest state, Ne- around overnight. Tax repeals and mentally attractive. Wider use of these vada, at $1.67 and a U.S. average of other such short-term actions may ap- technologies in the private and public $1.51. pear appealing, given the political cli- sectors must be facilitated. All Federal This month, according to AAA, Ha- mate, and may even provide limited re- research and development programs waii ranked fourth highest with an av- lief in the short run, but they do not should be reevaluated to provide them erage price for regular unleaded of $1.86 provide a solution to our energy prob- with a clear direction. We must boost per gallon. That fell below Illinois with lem. They do not provide a sound basis support for those programs that help an average of $1.98, Michigan at $1.96, for a national energy policy. Their un- replace imported oil. and Wisconsin at $1.91. Still, Hawaii’s intended consequences may be other Transportation demands on imported price was well above the U.S. average problems such as deficits in highway oil remain as strong as ever. Since the of $1.63. and transit funds. oil shock of the 1970s, all major energy It is no pleasure to say that Hawaii The only way to reverse our energy consuming sectors of our economy with has lost this dubious distinction as the problem is to have a multifaceted en- the exception of transportation have State with the Nation’s highest gaso- ergy strategy and remain committed to significantly reduced their dependence line prices. The pocketbooks of Ameri- that strategy. In my judgment, you on oil. The transportation sector re- cans are hurting all over the country. need both of these in equal portions. mains almost totally dependent on oil- There has been no shortage of This will send a clear message to OPEC based motor fuels. The fuel efficiency blame—short supplies, pipeline prob- and their partners about America’s re- of our vehicles needs to be improved. lems, cleaner gasoline requirements, solve. At the same time, we must make a too much driving and gas guzzlers, oil The way to improve our energy out- concerted effort to encourage develop- company manipulations, even an eso- look is to adopt energy conservation, ment and use of alternative vehicle teric patent dispute, to name a few. So encourage energy efficiency, and sup- fuels. Natural gas vehicles should be far, the initial examination of the port renewable energy programs. Above made an integral part of our transpor- causes of the dramatic increase of all, we must develop energy resources tation sector. prices in some areas of the Midwest has that diversify our energy mix and If coal was the energy source of the provided no clear picture. The Clinton strengthen our energy security. Nat- nineteenth century, and oil was the en- administration has asked the Federal ural gas appears to be the most attrac- ergy source of the twentieth century,

VerDate jul 14 2003 10:21 Nov 03, 2004 Jkt 039102 PO 00000 Frm 00062 Fmt 0686 Sfmt 0634 E:\BR00\S30JN0.002 S30JN0 June 30, 2000 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD—SENATE 13363 then I submit natural gas can and acting on instructions of his State, he stood ity were men of education and standing. In should be America’s source of energy and proposed: ‘‘That these United Colonies general, each came from what would now be for the twenty-first century. are, and of right ought to be, free and inde- called the ‘‘power structure’’ of his home Americans are demanding an energy pendent States, that they are absolved from State. They had security as few men had it all allegiance to the British Crown, and that in the 18th century. system that will guarantee adequate all political connection between them and Each man had far more to lose from revo- energy for future needs, protect the en- the state of Great Britain is, and ought to lution than he had to gain from it—except vironment, and protect consumers be, totally dissolved.’’ where principle and honor were concerned. It from exploitation. This was no longer opposition to Par- was principle, not property, that brought We are facing numerous problems re- liament. It was revolution against the these men to Philadelphia. In no other light lated to energy such as runaway prices, Crown. can the American Revolution be understood. shortages, increases in pollution, self- American histories sometimes gloss over John Hancock, who had inherited a great the fact that passage of the Declaration of fortune and who already had a price of 500 sufficiency, and the effect of energy on pounds on his head, signed in enormous let- our economy. While not a panacea, it is Independence was by no means assured. Many of the men assembled in Philadelphia ters, so ‘‘that His Majesty could now read his clear to this Senator that increased use were at best reluctant rebels. There were name without glasses, and could now double of natural gas must be the center of many moderates among them, men des- the reward.’’ There was more than one ref- America’s energy strategy. perately aware of, and fearful of, the fruits of erence to gallows humor that day in August. The American people deserve better war. Immediately after Lee made his pro- Ben Franklin said, ‘‘Indeed we must all than the status quo. Natural gas is posal, a majority of the Congress stood hang together. Otherwise we shall most as- America’s energy solution. against it. It took 4 days of the passion and suredly hang separately.’’ brilliance of the Adamses of Massachusetts And fat Benjamin Harrison, of Virginia, f and other patriots such as Virginian Thomas told tiny Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts, REMEMBERING THE SACRIFICES Jefferson to secure a bare majority of one— ‘‘With me it will all be over in a minute. But you, you’ll be dancing on air an hour after MADE FOR FREEDOM and then, on a South Carolina resolution, the matter was postponed until the 1st of I’m gone.’’ These men knew what they Mr. THURMOND. Mr. President, too July. risked. The penalty for treason was death by often we take our independence for Many men hoped it had been postponed for- hanging. William Ellery, of Rhode Island, was curi- granted, forgetting that countless indi- ever. But John Adams shrewdly gave Thom- ous to see the signers’ faces as they com- viduals paid high prices for the privi- as Jefferson—unquestionably the best writer mitted this supreme act of courage. He in Congress, and perhaps the man with the lege of living in a free Nation. Many inched his way close to the secretary who fewest political enemies—the task of draft- lost their lives and their families, not held the parchment and watched intently. He ing a declaration of independence, and, to mention their way of life. Recently saw some men sign quickly, to get it done meanwhile with his fellow Massachusetts I received some information from with, and others dramatically draw the mo- man, John Hancock, set to work. What hap- ment out. But in no face, as he said, was he Major George Fisher, Georgia National pened between then and the evening of July able to discern real fear. Stephen Hopkins, Guard, regarding the men who signed 4, 1776, when a vote for adoption of one of the Ellery’s colleague from Rhode Island, was a the Declaration of Independence. Upon world’s great documents was carried unani- man past 60 and signed with a shaking hand. having the Congressional Research mously, has filled many books. Some of the But he snapped, ‘‘My hand trembles, but my story—the quarrels, compromises, controver- Service obtain the entire article, I was heart does not.’’ sies, and backroom conferences—as Adams informed that it had previously been These men were all human, and therefore admitted, would never be told. entered in the RECORD by Congressman fallible. The regionalism, backbiting, wor- What happened was that in the course of William L. Springer, Illinois, in July of ries, nepotism, and controversies among this human events the hour had grown later than Congress have all had their chroniclers. Per- 1965. The original article was written many of the gentlemen sitting in Philadel- haps, as Charles Thomson once admitted, the by T. R. Fehrenbach, an American his- phia had realized. State after State in- new nation was ‘‘wholly indebted to the torian. structed delegates to stand for independence, agency at Providence for its successful In light of the upcoming anniversary even though some States held back to the issue.’’ But whether America was made by last, and finally four delegates resigned rath- of the signing of the Declaration of Providence or men, these 56, each in his own er than approve such a move. Independence, I believe that this arti- way, represented the genius of the American After 4 world-shaking days in July, Thom- cle is worthy of printing again as a re- people, already making something new upon as Jefferson’s shining document was adopted minder of the sacrifices made for our this continent. freedom. without a dissenting vote, and on July 4 Whatever else they did, they formalized John Hancock signed it as President of Con- I ask unanimous consent to have what had been a brush-popping revolt and gress, Charles Thomson, Secretary, attest- gave it life and meaning, and created a new printed in the RECORD, ‘‘What Hap- ing. Four days later, July 8, ‘‘freedom was pened to the Men Who Signed the Dec- nation, through one supreme act of courage. proclaimed throughout the land.’’ Everyone knows what came of the Nation laration of Independence.’’ The Declaration of Independence was or- they set in motion that day. Ironically, not There being no objection, the mate- dered engrossed on parchment, and August 2, many Americans know what became of these rial was ordered to be printed in the 1776, was set for its formal signing by the 56 men, or even who they were. RECORD, as follows: Members of Congress. The actual signing of Some prospered. Thomas Jefferson and such a document, under British or any other [From the Congressional Research Service] John Adams went on to become Presidents. law of the time, was a formal act of treason Samuel Adams, John Hancock, Josiah Bart- WHAT HAPPENED TO THE MEN WHO SIGNED THE against the Crown. But every Member even- lett, Oliver Wolcott, Edward Rutledge, Ben- DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE? tually—some were absent on August 2— jamin Harrison and Elbridge Gerry lived to (By T. R. Fehrenbach) signed. become State Governors. Gerry died in office On the 7th of June 1776, a slender, keen- What sort of men were these, who pledged as Monroe’s Vice President. Charles Carroll, eyed Virginia aristocrat named Richard their ‘‘lives, fortunes, and sacred honor,’’ of Carrollton, Md., who was the richest man Henry Lee rose to place a resolution before with a British fleet already at anchor in New in Congress in 1776, and who risked the most, the Second Continental Congress of the York Harbor? founded the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad in United Colonies of North America, meeting For rebels, they were a strange breed. Al- 1828. Most Americans have heard these in State House off Chestnut Street, in Phila- most all of them had a great deal of all three names. delphia. Lee had his instructions from the things they pledged. Ben Franklin was the Other signers were not so fortunate. Virginia Assembly, and he would fulfill only really old man among them; 18 were The British even before the list was pub- them, but this was one of the hardest days of still under 40, and three still in their lished, marked down all Members of Con- his life. The 13 British Colonies of America twenties. Twenty-four were jurists or law- gress suspected of having put their names to were already far gone in rebellion against yers. Eleven were merchants, and nine were treason. They all became the objects of vi- what they considered the tyranny of the landowners or rich farmers. The rest were cious manhunts. Some were taken; some, English Parliament. The shots heard round doctors, ministers, or politicians. With only like Jefferson, had narrow escapes. All of the world had been fired at Lexington and a very few exceptions, like Samuel Adams of those who had families or property in areas Concord; blood had flowed at Breed’s Hill in Massachusetts, whom well-wishers furnished where British power flowed during the war Boston. a new suit so he might be presentable in Con- which followed, suffered. Lee still believed there was time to com- gress, they were men of substantial property. None actually was hanged. There were too promise with the British Government. But, All but two had families, and the vast major- many Britons, like William Pitt, the old

VerDate jul 14 2003 10:21 Nov 03, 2004 Jkt 039102 PO 00000 Frm 00063 Fmt 0686 Sfmt 0634 E:\BR00\S30JN0.002 S30JN0