October 22, 2020
The Boston Massacre March 5, 1770 October 22, 2020
propaganda - information designed to influence opinion
committee of correspondence - an organization that used meetings, letters, and pamphlets to spread political ideas and resistance to British rule throughout the colonies October 22, 2020 October 22, 2020 October 22, 2020 October 22, 2020 October 22, 2020
The Boston Tea Party
December 16, 1773
Tea Act of 1773 gave the British East India Company an unfair advantage selling tea in the colonies
Colonists boycott the British tea
In Boston, the Sons of Liberty board ships docked in Boston Harbor and dump over 300 chests of tea into the water October 22, 2020
PRICE OF TEA
Before TEA ACT OF 1773 After October 22, 2020
King George III
"We must master them or totally leave them alone"
Coercive Acts
• closed Boston Harbor
• forced Bostonians to shelter British troops in public buildings and if necessary, private homes (quartering)
• banned town meetings in Massachusetts
Colonists called these laws the Intolerable Acts October 22, 2020
•meeting of 55 leaders from every colony but Georgia
•met in September, 1774, in Philadelphia, PA
•purpose was to establish political body to represent American interests and challenge British control
Carpenter's Hall October 22, 2020
New Hampshire: John Sullivan, Nathaniel Folsom Who
John Adams, Samuel Adams, Thomas Massachusetts Bay: Was Cushing, Robert Treat Paine
Rhode Island: Stephen Hopkins, Samuel Ward There?
Connecticut: Eliphalet Dyer, Roger Sherman, Silas Deane
Isaac Low, John Alsop, John Jay, Philip New York: Livingston, James Duane, William Floyd, Henry Wisner, Simon Boerum
James Kinsey, William Livingston, Stephen New Jersey: Crane, Richard Smith, John De Hart
Joseph Galloway, John Dickinson, Charles Pennsylvania: Humphreys, Thomas Miffin, Edward Biddle, John Morton, George Ross
Caesar Rodney, Thomas McKean, George Delaware: Read
Matthew Tilghman, Thomas Johnson, William Maryland: Paca, Samuel Chase, Robert Goldsborough
Peyton Randolph, Richard Henry Lee, George Washington, Patrick Henry, Virginia: Richard Bland, Benjamin Harrison, Edmund Pendleton
William Hooper, Joseph Hewes, Richard North Carolina: Caswell
Henry Middleton, Thomas Lynch, Jr., South Carolina: Christopher Gadsden, John Rutledge, Edward Rutledge October 22, 2020
What did they decide? 1. drafted list of complaints
2. boycott all British goods / no trade with Britain
3. endorsed the creation of militias (groups of citizen soldiers)
"The distinction between Virginians, Pennsylvanians, New Yorkers, and New Englanders are no more...I am not a Virginian, but an American." Patrick Henry October 22, 2020
minutemen - citizen soldiers who boasted they could be ready to fight in a minute's notice colonists begin stockpiling weapons and ammunition in Concord, Massachusetts
Thomas Gage - general in charge of British troops in Boston. He orders 700 troops to march to Concord to seize and destroy the colonial weapons April 18th, 1775, Dr. Joseph Warren sends Paul Revere and William Dawes to ride to Lexington to warn Samuel Adams and John Hancock that "the Regulars are coming." October 22, 2020
Paul Revere
Dr. Joseph Warren
John Hancock Sam Adams October 22, 2020
Dr. Samuel Prescott
"unsung hero"
only guy to make it to Concord to warn the colonists
was later captured and died in prison October 22, 2020 October 22, 2020
The "shot heard 'round the world" the Redcoats (British soldiers) are met in Lexington by 70 minutemen led by John Parker on the village green. shots are exchanged and 8 minutemen are killed Redcoats continue march to Concord.
When they arrive, most of the weapons are gone, and they are attacked by Colonial militia As the Redcoats retreat back to Boston, the colonial militias fire on them from concealed locations
174 Redcoats are wounded and 73 are killed THE WAR IS ON!! October 22, 2020 October 22, 2020
Benedict Arnold - American captain from Connecticut
Ethan Allen - leader of Vermont militia group known as the Green Mountain Boys the two team up to capture the British Fort Ticonderoga and several British cannons in May, 1775
Benedict Arnold later betrayed America and became a general in the British army October 22, 2020
"Don't fire until you see the whites of their eyes." Battle of Bunker Hill, June 17, 1775 takes place outside of Boston
1,200 colonial militia led by Colonel William Prescott gather on Breed's Hill and Bunker Hill
The British charge up Breed's Hill multiple times and take heavy losses
Eventually the Americans run out of gunpowder and have to retreat October 22, 2020 October 22, 2020
Whose Side Are You On????????????????
Loyalists - American colonists who remained loyal to Britain and opposed the American Revolution
Patriots - American colonists who were determined to fight the British until independence was won October 22, 2020
Second Continental Congress
Assembled in May, 1775 in Philadelphia, PA
John Hancock chosen as president
Independence Hall October 22, 2020
Who Else Was There???????? John Adams
Sam Adams
Patrick Henry
George Washington
Benjamin Franklin
Thomas Jefferson
John Hancock October 22, 2020
What Did They Do? acted as government for the colonies during the Revolutionary War
• printed money
• set up a post office (Ben Franklin in charge)
• created the Continental Army (George Washington in command) sent the Olive Branch Petition to King George III
• expressed their desire for peace and the protection of their rights
• King George III ignores it and hires 30,000 German soldiers to send to fight against America October 22, 2020
Back to the War....The Siege of Boston
March, 1776, George Washington surrounds Boston and begins to bombard the city with cannons captured from Fort Ticonderoga
The British, led by William Howe, evacuate the city October 22, 2020
John Locke 1632-1704
English Philosopher
(person who likes to think about things)
lived during the Enlightenment (Age of Reason) -
European movement of the 1600s-1700s that emphasized knowledge, reason, and science over tradition and faith October 22, 2020
Wrote Two Treatises of Government in 1689
natural rights - rights that all people have, granted by God... in other words, you are born with them *“every man has a property in his own person. This nobody has any right to but himself. The • life, liberty, property labour of his body, and the work of his hands, we may say, are properly his…” social contract theory - idea that governments are created by people as a deal. the people will follow the rules as long as the government will protect their rights. if the government fails to uphold their end of the bargain, the people have the right to form a new government. October 22, 2020
According to John Locke's social contract theory……. •Who creates governments?
•Why do they create them? •Where does the government’s power come from? •What happens if the government doesn’t do what they are supposed to? October 22, 2020
Thomas Paine 1737-1809
Born in England, died in New York
Wrote a pamphlet called Common Sense in 1776
• argued in simple terms why America should be free from England
• sold 500,000 copies in the first year
• heavily influenced American desire for independence October 22, 2020
The Declaration of Independence
June 7, 1776, Richard Henry Lee proposes American Independence
"That these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent States...and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved."
A committee is assigned to draft a document (Ben Franklin, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Roger Sherman, and Robert Livingston)
July 2, 1776, the 2nd Continental Congress votes to accept Lee's proposal October 22, 2020
Thomas Jefferson writes the majority of the document
After changes, the document was approved on July 4, 1776
56 men eventually signed the document October 22, 2020
Fifty-six delegates eventually signed the Declaration:
President of Congress 1. John Hancock New Jersey (Massachusetts) 19. Richard Stockton 20. John Witherspoon New Hampshire 21. Francis Hopkinson Virginia 2. Josiah Bartlett 22. John Hart 40. George Wythe 3. William Whipple 23. Abraham Clark 41. Richard Henry Lee 4. Matthew Thornton Pennsylvania 42. Thomas Jefferson Massachusetts 24. Robert Morris 43. Benjamin Harrison 5. Samuel Adams 25. Benjamin Rush 44. Thomas Nelson, Jr. 6. John Adams 26. Benjamin Franklin 45. Francis Lightfoot Lee 7. Robert Treat Paine 27. John Morton 46. Carter Braxton 8. Elbridge Gerry 28. George Clymer North Carolina Rhode Island 29. James Smith 47. William Hooper 9. Stephen Hopkins 30. George Taylor 48. Joseph Hewes 10. William Ellery 31. James Wilson 49. John Penn 32. George Ross Connecticut South Carolina 11. Roger Sherman Delaware 50. Edward Rutledge 12. Samuel Huntington 33. George Read 51. Thomas Heyward, Jr. 13. William Williams 34. Caesar Rodney 52. Thomas Lynch, Jr. 14. Oliver Wolcott 35. Thomas McKean 53. Arthur Middleton New York Maryland Georgia 15. William Floyd 36. Samuel Chase 54. Button Gwinnett 16. Philip Livingston 37. William Paca 55. Lyman Hall 17. Francis Lewis 38. Thomas Stone 56. George Walton 18. Lewis Morris 39. Charles Carroll of Carrollton October 22, 2020
The Declaration of Independence
4 Basic Parts
1. The Preamble (introduction) - explains why the declaration is being written
2. List of natural rights
3. List of grievances (complaints) against England
4. Official Declaration of Independence October 22, 2020
What About the Loyalists?
Also known as "Tories"
Loyalist support was strongest in the South around 15-20% of Americans were Loyalists - why?
• religion (members of the Anglican Church, aka the Church of England - led by the King)
• dependency on England for jobs
• fear of chaos if England was overthrown
• fear of punishment from England
• just not interested in rebelling (not bothered by England) many also remained neutral (did not choose a side)
• eg: The Quakers October 22, 2020
British Advantages During the War world's strongest navy well-trained army wealth population (8 million compared to 2.5 million Americans) American Disadvantages During the War lack of a regular army weak navy lack of military experience low supply of weapons and ammunition divided support (Loyalists and Neutrals) October 22, 2020
American Advantages During the War • "home field advantage"
• soldiers had more at stake
eg: Americans fighting for their lives and freedom vs.
mercenaries - hired soldiers
many fighting for England were mercenaries from Germany (Hessians)
• didn't have to "win"...... just don't lose
• leadership - George Washington October 22, 2020
Role of Women
Margaret Corbin and Mary Ludwig Hays McCauley (aka Molly Pitcher) • fought alongside their husbands in battle Deborah Sampson • disguised herself as a boy to fight in the war • Many other women offered their services as nurses and caretakers for the Patriot soldiers during the war October 22, 2020
Role of African Americans • many originally fight for England, as England offered them freedom in return • as many as 5,000 also fought for the Patriots
• Lemuel Haynes and Peter Salem (Concord, Bunker Hill, Saratoga) were two examples October 22, 2020
2nd Continental Congress Begins Fort Ticonderoga Battle of Common Declaration of British take (NY) Trenton (NJ) Sense Independence Philadelphia July, December, May, January, September, 1776 1776 1775 1776 1777
August, January, October, April, June, March, 1777 1777 1776 1776 1775 1775 Battle of New Battle of Battle of Lexington Bunker Hill Washington York (Long Island)Princeton (NJ) Saratoga & Concord (MA) drives British (NY) (MA) from Boston
British Victory American Victory October 22, 2020 October 22, 2020 October 22, 2020
August, 1776, Americans are defeated at Battle of Long Island (New York) by General William Howe
Nathan Hale - teacher, soldier, and Patriot from Connecticut
• captured and hung by the British for spying
"I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country."
November, 1776, George Washington leads the American retreat through New Jersey to Pennsylvania October 22, 2020
Trenton and Princeton
December 25, 1776 Washington and a force of 2,400 cross Delaware River into New Jersey
•they launch surprise attack at Trenton and capture 900 Hessians
Washington then marched army to Princeton and drove out the British October 22, 2020 October 22, 2020
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CH9yvMGeHfo October 22, 2020
Capture of Philadelphia: September, 1777
•General William Howe and the British win battle at Brandywine and then capture Philadelphia
•the 2nd continental congress is forced to evacuate October 22, 2020
Battle of Saratoga: October, 1777
Americans led by General Horatio Gates and Benedict Arnold capture 5,700 British soldiers led by General John Burgoyne at Saratoga, NY
American victory convinces France to join the war on our side October 22, 2020
Valley Forge, Pennsylvania
•Site of Washington and the Continental Army's (12,000 soldiers) camp in the winter of 1777-1778.
•2,500 die over the winter due to starvation, overexposure, and illness
see page 597 in text October 22, 2020
Friedrich von Steuben 1730-1794
• from Germany
• came to U.S. in 1777
• wrote the Revolutionary War Drill Manual
• famous for improvements he made to soldier training and cleanliness
• was at Valley Forge October 22, 2020
The American Crisis by Thomas Paine October 22, 2020
Series of pamphlets published between 1776 and 1783 "These are the times that try men's souls: The summer soldier and the sunshine patriot will, in this crisis, shrink from the service of his country; but he that stands by it now, deserves the love and thanks of man and woman."
Read aloud to the Continental Army on December 23, 1776, three days before the Battle of Trenton, attempted to bolster morale and resistance among the Patriots, as well as shame neutrals and Loyalists toward the cause.
"Tyranny, like hell, is not easily conquered; yet we have this consolation with us, that the harder the conflict, the more glorious the triumph. What we obtain too cheap, we esteem too lightly; it is dearness only that gives everything it's value." October 22, 2020
Marie-Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert du Motier Marquis de Lafayette 1758-1834
• Frenchmen who came to America in 1777 to fight alongside the Patriots
• Was an aid to George Washington and general in the Continental Army
• was at Battle of Brandywine, Valley Forge, and Yorktown October 22, 2020
John Paul Jones 1747-1792
• from Scotland
• known as the father of the American Navy
• famous quote "I have not yet begun to fight." October 22, 2020
Nathanael Greene 1742-1786 • from Rhode Island
• worked his way from private to being second in command behind Washington
• Boston, New York, Trenton, Brandywine, Valley Forge
• Commanded Continental Army in the South and forced British to retreat north to Virginia October 22, 2020
Francis Marion aka "The Swamp Fox" 1732-1795
• from South Carolina
• father of guerrilla warfare - fighting by small bands of warriors using tactics such as sudden ambushes and hit-and-run fighting October 22, 2020
Daniel Morgan 1736-1802
• born in New Jersey, settled in Virginia
• led a regiment of sharpshooters
• Siege of Boston, Saratoga, Cowpens
• used guerrillas warfare tactics, including the targeted shooting of British officers
• cousin of Daniel Boone October 22, 2020
The Battle of Yorktown October, 1781 • British General Charles Cornwallis and an army of 7,500 were camped at Yorktown, Virginia (located on a peninsula)
•Washington devises secret plan to trap him
•his Continental Army and an army of 5,000 French soldiers march 200 miles from New York City to Yorktown October 22, 2020
•the key to victory relied on the French navy arriving in Chesapeake Bay to prevent the British from escaping by sea
•It works - the French navy shows up, the American and French armies bombard the British, and Cornwallis surrenders
•while fighting still took place after Yorktown, the battle convinced the British it was time to give it up October 22, 2020 October 22, 2020 October 22, 2020
The Treaty of Paris (1783)
•negotiations to end the war take place in Paris, France
•Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and John Jay represent America
•the treaty was ratified (approved) by the Second Continental Congress in April of 1783 and was signed on September 3, 1783 October 22, 2020
Americans Receive:
•recognition from England of their independence
•territory extending from the Atlantic Ocean to the Mississippi River and from Canada to Florida
•England will withdraw troops from American territory October 22, 2020
Washington's Farewell
•British leave New York City in November, 1783
•Washington gives up command of the army and delivers farewell address to his officers in December, 1783
"With a heart full of love and gratitude, I now take my leave of you."
•Officially resigns three weeks later in presence of Continental Congress and retired to his home, Mount Vernon (Virginia) October 22, 2020
"Having now finished the work assigned me, I retire...and take my leave of all the employments of public life."
remember Cincinnatus? October 22, 2020
Influence
•French Revolution in 1789
•1804 Haiti earns independence from France