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Micropogonias Furnieri) Y SUREL (Trachurus Lathami) EN EL RÍO DE LA PLATA

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Micropogonias Furnieri) Y SUREL (Trachurus Lathami) EN EL RÍO DE LA PLATA Universidad de la Republica Facultad de Ciencias Tesis de Maestría PEDECIBA Biología – Opción Ecología DISTRIBUCIÓN Y ECOLOGÍA TRÓFICA EN LARVAS DE CORVINA (Micropogonias furnieri) Y SUREL (Trachurus lathami) EN EL RÍO DE LA PLATA Orientador: Dr. Danilo Calliari Sección Oceanología Co-orientador: Dr. Marcelo Loureiro Sección Limnología INSTITUTO DE ECOLOGÍA Y CIENCIAS AMBIENTALES Montevideo, 2011 Universidad de la Republica Facultad de Ciencias Tesis De Maestría PEDECIBA Biología – Opción Ecología DISTRIBUCIÓN Y ECOLOGÍA TRÓFICA EN LARVAS DE CORVINA (Micropogonias furnieri) Y SUREL (Trachurus lathami) EN EL RÍO DE LA PLATA Mario Vera Sierra Orientador: Dr. Danilo Calliari Sección Oceanología Co-orientador: Dr. Marcelo Loureiro Sección Limnología INSTITUTO DE ECOLOGÍA Y CIENCIAS AMBIENTALES Montevideo, 2011 ÍNDICE PÁGINA Lista de figuras (capitulo 1) iii Lista de figuras (capitulo 2) iv Lista de tablas (capitulo 1) v Lista de tablas (capitulo 2) vi Resumen 1 Abstract 2 Introducción general 3 Factores abióticos 3 Factores bióticos 4 Mortalidad y reclutamiento 5 El ictioplancton y los estuarios 5 Área de estudio 7 Sobre las especies a estudiar 8 Ecología trófica del ictioplancton 10 Referencias 13 Capitulo I 1. Introducción 20 2. Objetivos 23 2.1 Objetivo general 23 2.2 Objetivos específicos 23 3. Materiales y métodos 23 3.1 Trabajo de campo 23 3.2 Trabajo de laboratorio 24 3.3 Análisis de datos 25 4. Resultados 28 4.1 Variables ambientales, crucero octubre 2006 28 4.2 Abundancia de larvas de corvina 29 4.3 Abundancia de larvas de surel 31 4.4 Variables ambientales crucero, marzo del 2007 39 4.5 Abundancia de larvas de corvina 40 4.6 Abundancia de larvas de surel 41 5. Discusión 47 5.1 Condiciones ambientales 47 5.2 Distribución de tallas 48 5.3 Abundancia y relación con variables ambientales 49 5.4 Solapamiento espacial 51 5.5 Adaptacion de M. furnieri y T. lathami al ecosistema del Río de la Plata 52 6. Referencias 54 i CAPITULO II 1. Introducción 42 2. Justificación e hipótesis 45 2.1 Hipótesis 46 3. Objetivos 47 3.1 Objetivo general 47 3.2 Objetivos específicos 47 4. Métodos 48 4.1 Trabajo de campo 48 4.2 Trabajo de laboratorio 48 4.3 Análisis de datos 48 5. Resultados 52 5.1 Composición y abundancia de las presas potenciales en el zooplancton en octubre de 2006 52 5.2 Composición y abundancia de las presas potenciales en el zooplancton en marzo de 2007 52 5.3 Morfometría 55 5.4 Número de presas en función de la talla larval 57 5.5 Incidencia alimentaria 58 5.6 Índice de importancia relativa (iir) 59 5.7 Índice de solapamiento dietario d 67 5.8 Amplitud de nicho 67 5.9 Índice de diversidad de presas 69 6. Selectividad de presas 70 7. Discusión 72 7.1 Morfometría 72 7.2 Descriptores del comportamiento trófico 73 7.3 Solapamiento trófico 74 7.4 Amplitud de nicho 75 7.5 Diversidad de presas y selectividad 77 8.Discusión general 80 9. Referencias 83 ii LISTA DE TABLAS CAPÍTULO I Tabla 1. Gradiente Horizontal Local de salinidad (GHL) máximo, mínimo y promedio (± desviación estándar) en superficie y fondo en los transectos 1(T1). 2 (T2) y 3 (T3), durante el crucero de Octubre 2006…………………………………………………………………………………………… 30 Tabla 2. Correlación de Spearman (rs) entre la Abundancia de larvas de M. furnieri y T. lathami vs. Temperatura (superficie y fondo), salinidad (superficie y fondo), Coeficiente de estratificación (CS), Gradiente horizontal local (GHL superficie y fondo) y profundidad durante octubre de 2006. p= nivel de probabilidad asociado. n = número de estaciones en las que ocurrieron las especies………………………………....………………............34 Tabla 3. Comparación de las variables ambientales en las cuales ocurrieron M. furnieri y T.lathami durante la campaña de octubre 2006. U = estadístico de Mann Whitney, p= nivel de probabilidad asociado, n= número de observaciones. n = 12 (M. furnieri), y n = 9 (T. lathami)…………………….....................................................................................35 Tabla 4. Gradiente Horizontal Local de salinidad (GHL) máximo. Mínimo y promedio (± desviación estándar) en superficie y fondo en los transectos 1(T1). 2 (T2) y 3 (T3). Durante el crucero de Marzo 2007…………………………………………………………………………………………… 42 Tabla 5. Correlación de Spearman entre la abundancia de larvas de M. furnieri y Temperatura (superficie y fondo), salinidad (superficie y fondo), Coeficiente de estratificación (CS), Gradiente horizontal local (GHL superficie y fondo) y profundidad durante la campaña de Marzo de 2007 y teniendo en cuenta ambas campañas (n = número de estaciones en las que ocurrieron las especies)……………………………………………………………………………………… 42 Tabla 6. Comparación de las variables ambientales en las cuales ocurrieron M. furnieri y T.lathami durante la campaña de Marzo 2007, u = estadístico de Mann Whitney, p= nivel de probabilidad asociado, n= numero de observaciones, n = 11 (M. furnieri), y n = 2 (T. lathami)…………………………………………………………………………………………43 iii CAPÍTULO II Tabla 1. Abundancia (ind m3) de presas >200 µm en las estaciones donde ocurrieron Micropogonias furnieri (M) y Trachurus lathami (T) durante el crucero de Octubre de 2006. (Valor en negrita corresponde al máximo por estación)………………………………………………………………………………………..53 Tabla 2. Abundancia (ind m3) de presas >200 µm en las estaciones donde ocurrieron Micropogonias furnieri (M) y Trachurus lathami (T) durante el crucero de Marzo de 2007. (Valores en negrita corresponden al valor máximo por estación)………………………………………………………………………………………..54 Tabla 3. Resultados de la relación entre las variables morfométricas ancho de boca y largo de mandíbula, en funcion del largo corporal, (y=a*xb). Se muestran a (intercepto), b (pendiente), EE (error estándar), r2 (coeficiente de correlación), p (nivel de probabilidad asociado) y n (número de observaciones)………………………………………………………………………………...60 Tabla 4. Frecuencia de ocurrencia (Fi), proporción (N), e Índice de importancia relativa (IIR) de cada ítem en la dieta de M. furnieri, expresado en porcentaje. Larvas en preflexión y postflexión capturadas en los cruceros de Octubre de 2006 y Marzo de 2007. n = número de larvas analizadas………………………………………………………………...64 Tabla 5. Índice de solapamiento dietario (D) para el total de las larvas y entre estadíos. El índice D fue calculado según la composición de la dita teniendo en cuenta los ítems en común y los anchos de presa en común…………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………..67 Tabla 6. Comparación de los valores de amplitud de nicho entre especies (M. furnieri y T.lathami) y entre estadíos (PF y PsF). U = estadístico de Mann Whitney, p= nivel de probabilidad asociado, n= número de observaciones: n = 9 (M. furnieri PF), n = 2 (M. furnieri PsF), n = 9 (T. lathami PF) y, n = 4 (T. lathami PsF)…………………………………………………………………………………………….68 Tabla 7. Índice de selectividad de ítems presa por estación (aplicado a larvas con ancho de boca mayor a 0,5mm) en larvas de M. furnieri durante las campañas de octubre de 2006 y marzo de 2007…………………..……………………………………………………70 Tabla 8. Índice de selectividad de ítems presa por estación (aplicado a larvas con ancho de boca mayor a 0,5mm) en larvas de T. lathami durante las campañas de octubre de 2006………………………………………….....................................................................71 iv LISTA DE FIGURAS CAPÍTULO I Figura 1. Río de la Plata (arriba) y ubicación de las estaciones de muestreo por transecta (abajo: T1, T2 y T3) que cubren parte del Río de la Plata medio y exterior. Los círculos blancos corresponden a estaciones donde se realizaron muestreos hidrográficos y de plancton; los círculos negros corresponden a estaciones.……………………………………………………………………………………..24 Figura 2. Representación de las mediciones realizadas a las larvas de M. furnieri y T. lathami. Ancho de la boca (Ab, arriba), largo de mandibula (Lm, abajo y en el medio), largo notocordal (Ln, en el medio) y longitud standart (Ls, abajo) Imagen tomada y modificada de Johnson 1978 en: http://www.odu.edu/sci/cqfe/Research/Chesapeake%20Bay/Atlantic%20croaker/Atlanti c_croaker.htm................................................................................................................25 Figura 3. Distribución de salinidad en durante la campaña de Octubre de 2006 a lo largo de los Transectos 1 (arriba), 2 (medio) y 3 (abajo)………………………………………………………………………………………….29 Figura 4 Distribución salinidad y temperatura (Cº) durante el crucero de Octubre de 2006. Temperatura de superficie (A), temperatura de fondo (B), salinidad de superficie (C), salinidad de fondo (D)………………………………………………………………………………………………29 Figura 5 Número de observaciones respecto al largo corporal (LC) de M. furnieri (n=171) (A) y T. lathami (n= 206) (B) durante la campaña de Octubre 2006……………………………………………………………………….............................31 Figura 6. Largo corporal (LC) promedio por estación para M. furnieri (A) y T. lathami (B) durante Octubre 2006. Las barras de error corresponden a la desviación estándar………………………………………………………………………………………..33 Figura 7. Temperatura de ocurrencia de larvas de M. furnieri y T. lathami (superficie: A y fondo: B) durante la campaña de 2006…………………………………………………………………………………………….35 Figura 8. Salinidad de ocurrencia de larvas de M. furnieri y T. lathami (superficie: A y fondo: B) durante la campaña de 2006…………………………………………………………………………………………….35 Figura 9. Abundancia de larvas de M. furnieri (A) y T. lathami (B) expresada en Ind 10m-3 durante la campaña de octubre de 2006. Círculos blancos: preflexión; círculos negros: post-flexión…………………………………………………………………………………….36 Figura 10. Frecuencias acumuladas (DFA) de ocurrencia
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