Thermodynamics
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Abstract 1. Introduction 2. Robert Stirling
Stirling Stuff Dr John S. Reid, Department of Physics, Meston Building, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB12 3UE, Scotland Abstract Robert Stirling’s patent for what was essentially a new type of engine to create work from heat was submitted in 1816. Its reception was underwhelming and although the idea was sporadically developed, it was eclipsed by the steam engine and, later, the internal combustion engine. Today, though, the environmentally favourable credentials of the Stirling engine principles are driving a resurgence of interest, with modern designs using modern materials. These themes are woven through a historically based narrative that introduces Robert Stirling and his background, a description of his patent and the principles behind his engine, and discusses the now popular model Stirling engines readily available. These topical models, or alternatives made ‘in house’, form a good platform for investigating some of the thermodynamics governing the performance of engines in general. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1. Introduction 2016 marks the bicentenary of the submission of Robert Stirling’s patent that described heat exchangers and the technology of the Stirling engine. James Watt was still alive in 1816 and his steam engine was gaining a foothold in mines, in mills, in a few goods railways and even in pioneering ‘steamers’. Who needed another new engine from another Scot? The Stirling engine is a markedly different machine from either the earlier steam engine or the later internal combustion engine. For reasons to be explained, after a comparatively obscure two centuries the Stirling engine is attracting new interest, for it has environmentally friendly credentials for an engine. This tribute introduces the man, his patent, the engine and how it is realised in example models readily available on the internet. -
Champ Math Study Guide Indesign
Champions of Mathematics — Study Guide — Questions and Activities Page 1 Copyright © 2001 by Master Books, Inc. All rights reserved. This publication may be reproduced for educational purposes only. BY JOHN HUDSON TINER To get the most out of this book, the following is recommended: Each chapter has questions, discussion ideas, research topics, and suggestions for further reading to improve students’ reading, writing, and thinking skills. The study guide shows the relationship of events in Champions of Mathematics to other fields of learning. The book becomes a springboard for exploration in other fields. Students who enjoy literature, history, art, or other subjects will find interesting activities in their fields of interest. Parents will find that the questions and activities enhance their investments in the Champion books because children of different age levels can use them. The questions with answers are designed for younger readers. Questions are objective and depend solely on the text of the book itself. The questions are arranged in the same order as the content of each chapter. A student can enjoy the book and quickly check his or her understanding and comprehension by the challenge of answering the questions. The activities are designed to serve as supplemental material for older students. The activities require greater knowledge and research skills. An older student (or the same student three or four years later) can read the book and do the activities in depth. CHAPTER 1 QUESTIONS 1. A B C D — Pythagoras was born on an island in the (A. Aegean Sea B. Atlantic Ocean C. Caribbean Sea D. -
EM Waves, Ray Optics, Optical Instruments Mar
Gen. Phys. II Exam 3 - Chs. 24,25,26 - EM Waves, Ray Optics, Optical Instruments Mar. 26, 2018 Rec. Time Name For full credit, make your work clear. Show formulas used, essential steps, and results with correct units and significant figures. Points shown in parenthesis. For TF and MC, choose the best answer. OpenStax Ch. 24 - Electromagnetic Waves 1. (3) Which type of electromagnetic (EM) waves has the highest frequency in vacuum? a. x-rays. b. infrared. c. red light. d. blue light. e. ultraviolet. f. AM radio. g. all tie. 2. (3) An EM wave is traveling vertically upward with its magnetic field vector oscillating north-south. Its electric field vector is oscillating a. north-south. b. east-west. c. vertically up and down. 3. (3) The first physicist to confirm the generation and detection of EM waves by using LC oscillator circuits was a. Alexander Bell. b. James Watt. c. Andr´e-Marie Amp`ere. d. Heinrich Hertz. e. Carl Friedrich Gauss. 4. (3) TF In vacuum, electromagnetic waves of higher frequencies travel faster than lower frequencies. 5. (3) TF EM waves in vacuum can be considered to be transverse waves. 6. (3) TF Earth's ozone layer is important in blocking dangerous infrared light from the sun. 7. (3) Which physical effect did James Clerk Maxwell add into the equations of electromagnetism that carry his name, based on theoretical reasoning? a. changing magnetic fields produce electric fields. b. changing electric fields produce magnetic fields. c. moving electric charges produce magnetic fields. d. moving electric charges experience magnetic forces. -
Physics H190 Spring 2005 Notes 1 Timeline for Nineteenth Century Physics
Physics H190 Spring 2005 Notes 1 Timeline for Nineteenth Century Physics In these notes we give a timeline of major events in 19th century physics, to orient ourselves to the way Planck and other physicists thought about physical problems in the late nineteenth century, and also to understand the open problems that existed at that time. We will start with thermal physics in the nineteenth century, which is most relevant to the story of black body radiation, although toward the end of the century thermal physics becomes mixed with electromagnetic theory. Indeed, the problem of black body radiation was fundamentally one of understanding the thermodynamics of the electromagnetic field. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, the prevailing theory of thermal physics was the caloric theory, in which heat was conceived of as a fluid, called caloric, which presumably permeated all bodies. A given body had more or less caloric, depending on its temperature. The theory gave a satisfactory accounting of a certain range of experimental data, including quantitative issues. For example, one could define a certain quantity of heat (the calorie) as the amount of heat (caloric) needed to heat one gram of water by one degree Centrigrade. If the water later cooled off by contact with colder bodies, one could say that the caloric had flowed out. It is remarkable that Carnot in 1824 gave a formulation of what is now considered the second law of thermodynamics, considering that it was based on the (defective) caloric the- ory. Of course, Carnot did not call it the second law, since the first law of thermodynamics was not known yet. -
1 3.1 What Is Heat?
Last revised 30/03/2021 3.1 What is heat? Curriculum links ACSSU155 Energy appears in different forms, including movement (kinetic energy), heat and potential energy, and energy transformations and transfers cause change within systems. KEY IDEAS • Energy isn’t stuff. • Energy looks different in different situations – it can be transferred from one object to another. • The temperature of an object can be raised by doing work on it (e.g. friction). • Temperature is related to the movement (kinetic energy) of the particles in a substance. ACSHE226 Science knowledge can develop through collaboration across the disciplines of science and the contributions of people from a range of cultures. Lesson outcomes At the end of this activity students will be able to: • describe how Count Rumford’s observations provided evidence against the caloric theory of heat. What ideas might your students already have? • Students will have a general understanding that heat flows from hot objects to cold. This will be covered in Activity 3.3. The common use of the word flow is unfortunate, as it suggests a fluid. Key vocabulary Heat Teacher content information It is not the most desirable approach to introduce weapons of war as teaching tools, but this particular experiment was a fundamental and famous one, which transformed our understanding of heat and energy. Cannons originated in ancient China along with the gun powder required to fire them. They were important in warfare for many centuries and modern artillery guns are simply a later modification. Only recently have powered missiles replaced modern artillery. Cannons were traditionally made by casting in solid metal, usually bronze or iron. -
Lectures 7-8 Thurs 23.Iv.09 HAS 222D Introduction to Energy
Lectures 7-8 Thurs 23.iv.09 HAS 222d Introduction to energy & environment Atmosphere-ocean: circulation The atmosphere/ocean system is a ‘heat engine’ largely driven by the sun…that is, a contraption in which heated fluid (air or water) expands and, under gravity, becomes buoyant and rises. The ‘input and output’ temperatures differ by very roughly 300C and so the heat engine cannot convert more than about 10% of the heat flow to the Earth into mechanical energy of the circulation (10% is from the Carnot efficiency, (T -T )/T using 300K and 270K as the absolute temperatures 1 2 1 meet: Benjamin Thompson (Count Rumford) 1753-1814 http://www.rumford.com/Rumford.html determining the conversion of mechanical energy into thermal energy (‘heat’) A cannon barrel is bored from solid iron by a pair of horses connected to an auger...(drill)…Rumford built a box around the barrel, filled it with water and kept track of the rising water temperature. This established he equivalence of thermal energy and a known about of mechanical energy (exerted at a rate of 2 horsepower!) Rumford Company - Baking Powder - 10 oz by Rumford Company Buy new: $2.39 In Stock (3) Grocery: See all 4 items The origin of the Rumford brand name is traced to Count Rumford (Benjamin “James” Thompson of Woburn, Massachusetts), a gifted inventor and scientist. Thompson, who is said to have bootlegged physics courses at Harvard when still a poor boy, became one of the discoverers of the Law of Conservation of Energy, and left the endowment for the Rumford Professorship in 1814. -
7. Documentation
7. Documentation Papahänaumokuäkea Marine National Monument 7. Documentation 7.a Photographs, Image Inventory and Other Audiovisual Materials (Photo: James Watt) Table 7.1: Image inventory and authorization Id. No. Format Caption Date Photographer / Copyright owner Contact details: Non- Director of (if different than copyright owner exclusive the video photographer/ cession of director of video) rights Birds 1 JPEG French Frigate Shoals 2005 James Watt Sue Watt Sue@Seapics 1 - Red Footed Boobie 808-329-4253 Sunset Birds 2 JPEG Kure - Laysan 2005 NOAA Andy.Collins@ Y Albatross NOAA.gov Birds 3 JPEG Laysan - Great 2005 James Watt Sue Watt Sue@Seapics 1 frigatebird 808-329-4253 Birds 4 JPEG Laysan - Laysan Duck 2005 James Watt Sue Watt Sue@Seapics 1 808-329-4253 Birds 5 TIF Midway Atoll - White 2007 Sandra Hall USFWS Barbara_ Y Tern Chick [email protected] Cetaceans 1 JPEG Humpback Whale 2007 Doug Perrine HIHWNMS Naomi.Mcintosh@ 2 224 Mother and Calf NOAA.gov Cetaceans 2 JPEG Leaping Dolphin 2005 Andy Collins NOAA Andy.Collins@ Y NOAA.gov Cetaceans 3 JPEG Midway - Spinner 2005 James Watt Sue Watt Sue@Seapics 1 Dolphin bottom view 808-329-4253 Coral & JPEG French Frigate Shoals 2007 JE Maragos USFWS Barbara_ Y Invertebrates - Acropora Coral [email protected] 1 Coral & JPEG French Frigate Shoals 2005 James Watt Sue Watt Sue@Seapics 1 Invertebrates - Table coral 808-329-4253 2 Coral & JPEG Hertwigia Sponge 2007 NOWRAMP NOAA Andy.Collins@ Y Invertebrates NOAA.gov 3 Coral & JPEG Kure - Triton Trumpet 2005 James Watt Sue Watt Sue@Seapics 1 Invertebrates 808-329-4253 4 Coral & JPEG Kure-Banded Spiny 2005 James Watt Sue Watt Sue@Seapics 1 Invertebrates Lobster 808-329-4253 5 7. -
Electronics 101
Electronics 101 NANT – New York John Sweeny OFF Saturday – September 28th, 2013 Is this your understanding of a Dialysis Machine? 2 Electricity is intimidating because… Human aren’t equipped to detect it …until it’s to late ! You have five senses: ◦ See (10,000 volts) ◦ Hear (5,000 volts) ◦ Taste (???) ◦ Smell (ozone from movement in air) ◦ Feel ( a/c > 20 volts, static > 3,000 volts) Skin is your best protection if it’s dry. Electricity tends to flow on the outside of the body. The heart is mid-torso. 3 Basic Electron Characteristics 4 Electrical Terminology Coulomb (Q) – mks system’s unit of charge. 1 coulom b of charge passing a point in a wire in 1 second equals one ampere. 1 coulomb = 6.24 x 1018 electrons ◦ Charles Augustin Coulomb (1736 – 1806) Volt (()V) – measure of ppgyotential energy in an electric field. 1 volt = one joule of energy per one coulomb of charge. (1 watt = 1 joule/second) ◦ Alessandro Volta (1745 – 1827) ◦ Created the first chemical battery 5 Electrical Terminology Ampere (I) – The unit of current = a “flow rate” of one coulomb per second in a wire ◦ Andre Marie Ampere (1775 – 1836) ◦ Established the relationshippy between electricity and magnetism. Ohm (R or Ω) – the unit of resistance = 1 ohm is the ratio of one volt/one ampere. The reciproca l of resistance is conductance. ◦ Georgg( Simon Ohm (1789 – 1854) ◦ Discovered the direct proportionality of current in a conductor to the voltage applied (V = IR, R = V/I, I = V/R) 6 Electrical Terminology Watt – Unit of power in the mks system. -
Great Moments in Science and Technology English, Spanish, French: 103 X 15 Min
SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY MEDICINE DOCUMENTARY 15 MIN. VERSIONS Great Moments in Science and Technology English, Spanish, French: 103 x 15 min. Arabic: 89 x 15 min. The viewer gains an insight into both the scientific and the socio-political background to an Portuguese: 33 x 15 min. invention or discovery. Pioneers of science are portrayed, and the nature of their research and its further development through to the present are reconstructed. RIGHTS Not available worldwide. Computer animations are used to make certain processes easier to understand and to show Please contact your regional how various systems function. Re-enacted scenes illustrate the conditions under which the distribution partner. scientists worked and the approach they took. Particularly impressive are the historical film sequences, some of which date back to the early days of cinematography. ORDER NUMBER 24 4110 | 01 – 103 01 Wilhelm C. Röntgen: X-rays 30 Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch: English, Spanish, French 02 The Lumière Brothers: Bacteriology Cinematography 31 Edward Jenner, Paul Ehrlich, 24 4110 | 01 – 89 03 Otto Lilienthal: The Glider Emil von Behring: Vaccination Arabic 04 Werner von Siemens: 32 Alexander Fleming, Howard Florey, The Electric Dynamo Ernst Chain: Penicillin 24 4110 | 01 – 32, 47 05 Nikolaus August Otto: 33 Horace Wells, William Morton, Portuguese The Four-stroke Engine John Warren: Anaesthesia 06 Louis Daguerre: The Camera 34 Joseph Lister, Ignaz Semmelweis: 07 Karl Friedrich Drais: The Bicycle Antisepsis 08 Heinrich Hertz: Electromagnetic Waves 35 Ramón y Cajal: Neuron Theory 09 The Wright brothers: The Aeroplane 36 Frederick Banting, Charles Best, 10 Thomas Alva Edison: The Light Bulb John Macleod, James Collip: Insulin 11 Johann Philipp Reis, 37 Karl Landsteiner: Alexander Graham Bell: The Telephone The AB0 Blood Group System 12 Samuel F. -
Biography: Sir Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford
Biography: Sir Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford Much of what we know today about heat began with the ideas of Count Rumford which he developed in the late eighteenth century in Munich, Germany. That, how- ever, is not all for which Rumford is famous. He originated the study of human nutri- tion and the insulating properties of clothing, created the soup kitchen, and invented thermal underwear, the coffee percolator, the kitchen oven, and central heating, to mention but a few of his many innovations. Rumford was not born with that name and not in Germany. In 1753, in the town of Woburn, Massachusetts, USA, Ruth and Benjamin Thompson became the proud parents of a baby boy, whom they named Benjamin. This biography is about Benjamin who, at the age of 39, became Count Rumford of the Holy Roman Empire. Benjamin’s father died when the child was only two mation to the British. Local activist groups fighting years old. His mother’s hasty remarriage provided Ben- against British rule accused him of being a British spy jamin with a stepfather whom he disliked. Fortunately, and pursued him. When an angry mob came to his unlike most other children his age, Benjamin was sent home, he was already well on his way to Boston. Soon, to grammar school at age eight. By age 13, having ac- it grew too risky for British loyalists to remain in Amer- quired a mastery of advanced algebra, geometry, as- ica, and, in April of 1776, Thomson was evacuated to tronomy, and even higher mathematics, he left school London, England. -
Guides to the Royal Institution of Great Britain: 1 HISTORY
Guides to the Royal Institution of Great Britain: 1 HISTORY Theo James presenting a bouquet to HM The Queen on the occasion of her bicentenary visit, 7 December 1999. by Frank A.J.L. James The Director, Susan Greenfield, looks on Front page: Façade of the Royal Institution added in 1837. Watercolour by T.H. Shepherd or more than two hundred years the Royal Institution of Great The Royal Institution was founded at a meeting on 7 March 1799 at FBritain has been at the centre of scientific research and the the Soho Square house of the President of the Royal Society, Joseph popularisation of science in this country. Within its walls some of the Banks (1743-1820). A list of fifty-eight names was read of gentlemen major scientific discoveries of the last two centuries have been made. who had agreed to contribute fifty guineas each to be a Proprietor of Chemists and physicists - such as Humphry Davy, Michael Faraday, a new John Tyndall, James Dewar, Lord Rayleigh, William Henry Bragg, INSTITUTION FOR DIFFUSING THE KNOWLEDGE, AND FACILITATING Henry Dale, Eric Rideal, William Lawrence Bragg and George Porter THE GENERAL INTRODUCTION, OF USEFUL MECHANICAL - carried out much of their major research here. The technological INVENTIONS AND IMPROVEMENTS; AND FOR TEACHING, BY COURSES applications of some of this research has transformed the way we OF PHILOSOPHICAL LECTURES AND EXPERIMENTS, THE APPLICATION live. Furthermore, most of these scientists were first rate OF SCIENCE TO THE COMMON PURPOSES OF LIFE. communicators who were able to inspire their audiences with an appreciation of science. -
Chapter IX Atoms, Caloric, and the Kinetic Theory of Heat
Chapter IX Atoms, Caloric, and the Kinetic Theory of Heat It troubled me as once I was, For I was once a child, Concluding how an Atom fell, And yet the Heavens held. The Heavens weighed the most by far, Yet Blue and solid stood, Without a bolt that I could prove. Would Giants understand? - Emily Dickinson The idea that there is an indivisible unit of matter, an atom, dates back to the Greeks. It was advocated by Leucippus and Democritus, and ridiculed by Aristotle. The modern theory got going around 1785-1803 with the experiments and interpretations of Lavoisier, Dalton, and Proust (Joseph the chemist, not Marcel the writer). The most important result was that chemical reactions always involved different substances in definite proportions – which Dalton interpreted as arising from the pairing of elements to form molecules, in definite proportions (1:1, 1:2, etc.) This didn't persuade many physicists, however; it was one fairly complex hypothesis to explain one type of experimental result. In addition, the postulated atoms had a size and mass smaller than anything that can be directly observed. Not observable... this sounded suspicious. Meanwhile, there was a fierce debate raging in physics about the nature of heat. Lying in a hot bath, or at the side of a hot fire, or under the hot Sun, one gets a strong impression that heat is a fluid. The fluid received an official name – caloric – and many books were written exploring the properties of caloric. For one thing, it's self-repellent – that's why heat always spreads to its - 2 - adjacent surroundings.