Festival Jungle, Policy Desert?
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FFEESSTTIIVVAALL JJUUNNGGLLEE,, PPOOLLIICCYY DDEESSEERRTT?? FESTIVAL POLICIES OF PUBLIC AUTHORITIES IN EUROPE Comparative report (draft version not to be quoted or published) Prepared by: Dorota Ilczuk (Warsaw School of Social Psychology, Pro Cultura) Magdalena Kulikowska (Pro Cultura)1 1 With contribution from the Pro Cultura Foundation Team: - Aleksandra Litorowicz – desk research - Anna Stępniewska – co-author of chapter 4 - Iwona Wyżga – graphics and design 1 Part I 1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 4 1.1. Origin of the idea ....................................................................................................................................... 4 1.2. Research methodology ................................................................................................................................ 4 1.3. Definitions ................................................................................................................................................... 6 1.4. Data sources................................................................................................................................................ 7 2. Publicly supported, international festivals with an artistic orientation – the European landscape.............................................................................................................................. 8 2.1. How many and where.................................................................................................................................. 8 2.2. Art forms...................................................................................................................................................... 9 3. Public authorities’ support for festivals ......................................................................... 10 3.1. Motives ...................................................................................................................................................... 10 3.2. Publicly supported festivals’ arena........................................................................................................... 13 3.3. Which level of public authority is most engaged?..................................................................................... 17 3.4. Funding schemes....................................................................................................................................... 18 3.5. Scale of public funding of festivals............................................................................................................ 23 3.6 In-kind support ........................................................................................................................................... 26 4. Case studies – comparative overview ............................................................................ 27 4.1 Character, mission and legal status of festivals chosen as case studies .................................................... 27 4.2 Duration, audience, sold tickets ................................................................................................................. 31 4.3 Festivals’ budgets: income and expenditure .............................................................................................. 33 4.4 Support from public authorities ................................................................................................................. 40 5. Festival policies of public authorities ............................................................................. 43 6. Conclusions and recommendations (to be elaborated after the RT conference)........... 46 Part II Country by country presentation of national reports......................................................... 47 AUSTRIA.......................................................................................................................................................... 47 BULGARIA....................................................................................................................................................... 63 CROATIA ......................................................................................................................................................... 74 ENGLAND........................................................................................................................................................ 81 ESTONIA.......................................................................................................................................................... 95 FINLAND ....................................................................................................................................................... 105 FLANDRES .................................................................................................................................................... 116 FRANCE......................................................................................................................................................... 124 GERMANY ..................................................................................................................................................... 135 2 HUNGARY ..................................................................................................................................................... 155 GREECE ........................................................................................................................................................ 168 ITALY ............................................................................................................................................................. 175 POLAND ........................................................................................................................................................ 184 PORTUGAL ................................................................................................................................................... 199 RUSSIA........................................................................................................................................................... 216 SERBIA........................................................................................................................................................... 221 SLOVAKIA ..................................................................................................................................................... 227 SPAIN............................................................................................................................................................. 235 SWEDEN........................................................................................................................................................ 253 TURKEY......................................................................................................................................................... 264 Appendix 1: Questionnaire ............................................................................................... 284 3 1. Introduction 1.1. Origin of the idea Cultural Information and Research Centres Liaison in Europe (CIRCLE) and the European Festival Research Project (EFRP), together with Interarts have conducted an international research project devoted in general terms to the issue of festivals and public authorities’ approaches to them. Festivals are rapidly becoming one of the most important cultural phenomena on the European cultural scene. Such events generate a variety of cultural expressions and illustrate many social practices. As most festivals aim to present varied artistic and cultural practices, they constitute an invaluable source of information on specific communities of different origins, beliefs, opinions and traditions. Modern festivals very often provide the arena for intercultural interactions, as well as an important factor in the re-organisation of public space. The complex character of festivals, the multitude of their functions (social, artistic, cultural, economic) and the broad spectrum of their impact cannot be ignored. The impact that festivals have on the overall shape of culture within specific territory has also been noticed by public authorities in European countries which have already, or are starting to, include festivals in their agendas. Even so, the approaches of public authorities to festivals have not yet been analysed and it has become clear that there is a serious lack of dependable information in this field. Anthropological, sociological and economic approaches have already been presented within the framework of the European Festival Research Project, but making the picture complete requires an analysis and evaluation of public policies towards festivals. This research project therefore aims to make a significant contribution to the process of creating a consistent and rational information base on the subject. In order to achieve this, CIRCLE decided to join forces with EFRP and to carry out, in cooperation with Interarts, a research project entitled „Festival Policies of Public Authorities in Europe”. The project was realised between May and October 2007. 1.2. Research methodology The whole research project consists of four stages: - international survey based on a questionnaire, 4 - preparation of an international