READING REFERENCES FALL of the BERLIN WALL 30Th Anniversary

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READING REFERENCES 2019 Council Library

FALL OF THE BERLIN WALL 30th anniversary

"The fall of the Berlin Wall", view from the exhibition "The image of Europe", source: EC - Audiovisual Service

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Introduction

To mark the 30th anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall, the Council Library has compiled a bibliography relating to the developments following the historic events of 1989, such as EU enlargement and democratic transition in the CEE states. The bibliography contains a selection of books, articles, online material, as well as papers from our Think Tank Review. It also contains open-access materials, including publications from other EU institutions, such as the latest European Parliament Think Tank publication on the path of German reunification. Most materials can be accessed via Eureka.

Euphoric crowds of people cheered as the Wall crumbled. Families, once divided by concrete, could finally reunite with their loved ones. The fall of the Berlin Wall was the beginning of the end to the so-called Iron Curtain, and led to future EU enlargement, in which new member states from Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) were welcomed into the European Union. Overnight, the world had changed.

The fall of the Berlin Wall is an important milestone in EU history and triggered a domino effect of events that propelled democratic change in the CEE region. Within days of the fall of the Wall, the European Parliament held a plenary debate on the situation in the CEE states. European Council members François Mitterrand, then President of France, and Helmut Kohl, Federal Chancellor of West Germany, attended the debate. It was during this meeting that Chancellor Kohl stated "Germany will be completely united only if progress is made towards the unification of our old continent. Policy on Germany and policy on Europe are completely inseparable".

Resources selected by the Council Libraries

Please note:

This bibliography is not exhaustive; it provides a selection of resources made by the Council Library. Most of the titles are hyperlinked to Eureka, the resource discovery service of the Council Library, where you can find additional materials on the subject. Access to some resources might be limited to registered Council Library users or to users in subscribing institutions.

The contents are the sole responsibility of their authors. Resources linked from this bibliography do not necessarily represent the positions, policies, or opinions of the Council of the European Union or the European Council.

Reuse of the covers is prohibited, they belong to the respective copyrightholders.

Additional resources may be added to this list by request - please contact the Council Library to suggest a title: [email protected]

Books

Europe since 1989 transitions and transformations William Outhwaite London: New York: Routledge, 2016 Access via Eureka

"Europe Since 1989 charts the development of Europe east and west since the 1989 revolutions. It analyses the emergent European society, the development of a European public sphere, and civil society. Most books on Europe are heavily biased to the West and Europe Since 1989 takes the opposite approach. It argues that the transformation of the post- communist world has implications for the whole of Europe and explores the interplay between long-term fundamental tendencies and chance events and the possible futures which confront contemporary Europe. With close attention to political, economic and other social transformations, and an appendix which gives special attention to European macro regions (Nordic/Baltic Europe, Mediterranean Europe), it offers a sociology of Europe with a strong interdisciplinary emphasis."

Europe since 1989: a history Philipp Ther (author) ; Charlotte Hughes-Kreutzmuller (translator) Princeton, New Jersey ; Oxford, England: Princeton University Press, 2016 Available on request via Eureka

"The year 1989 brought the fall of the Berlin Wall and the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe. It was also the year that the economic theories of Reagan, Thatcher, and the Chicago School achieved global dominance. This book focuses on the history of post-1989 Europe. The author describes how liberalization, deregulation, and privatization had catastrophic effects on former Soviet Bloc countries. He illustrates how the capitalist West's effort to reshape Eastern Europe in its own likeness ended up reshaping Western Europe as well, in part by accelerating the pace and scope of neoliberal reforms in the West, particularly in reunified Germany."

Europeanization revisited: Central and Eastern Europe in the European Union Michał Matlak; Frank Schimmelfennig; Tomasz P. Woźniakowski ; European University Institute ; Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies Florence: EUI, 2018 OPEN ACCESS via Eureka

"How has the Europeanisation of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) changed after accession, and how has it played out in the politics and the economies of the region? In 2004 and 2007, the European Union (EU) completed its Eastern enlargement, the largest intake of new member states in its history. EU accession also constituted a watershed in the history of the CEE. In the course of enlargement, these countries have undergone pervasive “Europeanisation” – a process of EU-driven change of their political and economic systems."

Central and southeast European politics since 1989 Sabrina P. Ramet Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010 Available at Council Library Main Collection (094335)

"The collapse of the communist monopoly across Central and South-eastern Europe in 1989/1990 initiated a process of rapid political, economic, and cultural change. While Bosnia- Herzegovina, Croatia, and Serbia went on to suffer three and a half years of war, all the states of the region have confronted challenges as they dismantled communist institutions and drafted new laws, in some cases ignoring their own laws. Indeed, in certain countries, local politicians have done their best to corrupt the media and the economy, with recent years seeing some states move in an illiberal direction. Throughout the region, however, there has been a strong interest in enjoying the benefits of membership of the European Union and NATO."

1989: the struggle to create post-Cold War Europe Mary Elise Sarotte Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2009 Audio: M. E. Sarotte's talks at the Woodrow Wilson Centre Available at Council Library Main Collection (092581)

"1989 explores the momentous events following the fall of the Berlin Wall and the effects they have had on our world ever since. Based on documents, interviews, and television broadcasts from Washington, London, Paris, Bonn, Berlin, Warsaw, Moscow, and a dozen other locations, 1989 describes how Germany unified, NATO expansion began, and Russia got left on the periphery of the new Europe."

Die Mauer: Geschichte einer Teilung Edgar Wolfrum München: C.H.Beck oHG, 2009 OPEN ACCESS Online

"Eine Mauer um Berlin zu bauen, um 16 Millionen Menschen einzusperren, diese Idee war ungeheuerlich. Wieso reagierten die Westmächte so lax, während die Deutschen geschockt waren? Warum rissen die Berliner die Mauer nicht ein? Was bedeutete die Einmauerung für das Leben in der DDR? Wer gewöhnte sich an die Mauer? Menschen, die von Deutschland nach Deutschland wollten, setzten ihr Leben aufs Spiel, viele Fluchten misslangen, etliche glückten. Von West-Berlin aus glich die Mauer seit den 1980er Jahren einer knallbunt bemalten Leinwand, doch im Osten wurde der Todesstreifen mit modernsten elektronischen Mitteln perfektioniert. 1989/90 kam das Ende der DDR als Mauerstaat. Warum fiel das unmenschliche Bauwerk so plötzlich, welche Rolle spielte Gorbatschow?".

Der Preis des Wandels: Geschichte des europäischen Ostens seit 1989 Reinhold Vetter Freiburg: Herder Verlag, 2019 Available on request via Eureka

"1989/90 ging von den Gesellschaften östlich des Eisernen Vorhangs ein großer Freiheitsimpuls aus. Doch der brachte dort den Verlust von Arbeitsplätzen, sozialer Sicherheit und politischen Gewissheiten. Die jüngste Geschichte Ostmitteleuropas ist voller Brüche, Neuanfänge und Umwälzungen. Viele Staaten haben eine atemberaubende Entwicklung hinter sich. Aus ihr erklären sich auch jene Phänomene, die uns mit Blick auf Ungarn, Polen u.a. aktuell beschäftigen."

La chute du mur de Berlin: la fin du rideau de fer Véronique Van Driessche ; Pierre Frankignoulle ; 50Minutes Bruxelles, Belgium: 50Minutes, 2014 Available on request via Eureka

"9 novembre 1989. Après plus de 28 ans, le mur séparant Berlin-Ouest, démocratie à l’occidentale, et Berlin-Est, bastion de l’URSS, tombe enfin. Marquant la fin d’une guerre froide qui aura divisé le monde au lendemain de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, la chute du mur de Berlin annonce celle de tout un régime. Bientôt, les pays-satellites de l’URSS reprendront, eux aussi, une liberté trop longtemps sacrifiée à l’impérialisme soviétique, signant la fin du bloc de l’Est."

The idea of a United Europe: political, economic and cultural integration since the fall of the Berlin wall Jamal Shahin ; Michael Wintle (Eds.) London; New York: Macmillan, 2000 Available at Council Library Main Collection (069434)

"The Idea of a United Europe examines the issues thrown up by the reintegration of Europe since 1989-90 through the primary perspective of European identity. Authors from Britain, Germany, and the Netherlands reviewed Europe's progression after a decade had passed since the end of the Cold War. Differences within Europe and unifying factors were both assessed in the course of the quest to examine what 'Europe' had become and would become at the turn of the millennium."

German reunification: a multinational history Frédéric Bozo ; Andreas Rödder ; Mary Elise Sarotte (Eds.) Abingdon: Routledge, 2017 Available at Council Library Main Collection (105491)

"The reunification of Germany in 1989-90 was one of the most unexpected and momentous events of the twentieth century. Embedded within the wider process of the end of the Cold War, it contributed decisively to the dramatic changes that followed: the end of the division of Europe, the collapse of the Warsaw Pact, the origins of NATO’s eastward expansion and, not least, the creation of the European Union. Based on the wealth of evidence that has become available from many countries involved, and relying on the most recent historiography, this collection takes into account the complex interaction of multinational processes that were instrumental in shaping German reunification in the pivotal years 1989-90."

20 years without the Berlin Wall: a breakthrough to freedom Natalia Bubnova (Ed.) Moscow: Carnegie Moscow Center, 2011 OPEN ACCESS Online

"Enormous societal and political shifts twenty years ago opened prospects for a new, united Europe and put an end to the Cold War and the nuclear standoff. Despite Russia’s enormous role in this peaceful departure from totalitarianism, the country’s course in the subsequent two decades has not been so straightforward. The book focuses on the outcome of transformation in Russia and other post-communist nations, comparing Russia’s experience with that of the Central and Eastern European states."

European Union - the second founding: the changing rationale of European integration Ludger Kühnhardt ; Universität Bonn. Zentrum für europäische Integrationsforschung (ZEI) Baden-Baden: Nomos, 2010 Available at Council Library Main Collection (094999)

"The original founding of European integration in 1957 was based on the notion of internal reconciliation among European states and societies. Since the 1990s European integration has become, increasingly, a political project with implications for the internal structure of its member states and their societies. At the same time, with the end of the Cold War, the rational of European integration has begun to change: European integration is about a new global role of Europe, its contribution to the management of global affairs and its ability to cope with the effects of globalisation on Europe."

The fall of the Berlin Wall and European integration In: 20 years after the fall of the Berlin Wall Ludger Kühnhardt Singapore: Konrad Adenauer Stiftung, 2009 OPEN ACCESS Online

"1989 was the year of peaceful revolutions across communist Europe. The symbolic breakdown of the Berlin Wall on November 9, 1989, will forever be remembered as a day of history, comparable to the storm of the Bastille during the French Revolution exactly two centuries earlier. 1989 was a turning point for European integration."

From Eastern Bloc to European Union: comparative processes of transformation since 1990 Günther Heydemann ; Karel Vodička (Eds.) New York: Berghahn Books, 2017 Available on request via Eureka

"More than 25 years after the fall of the Soviet Union, European integration remains a work in progress, especially in those Eastern European nations most dramatically reshaped by democratization and economic liberalization. This volume assembles empirically grounded studies of eleven states-- Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Slovenia, and the former East Germany - that went on to join the European Union. Each chapter analyses the political, economic, and social transformations that have taken place in these nations, using a comparative approach to identify structural similarities and assess outcomes relative to one another as well as the rest of the EU."

Innovation, inclusion, and integration: from transition to convergence in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union Pradeep Mitra Washington, DC: World Bank, 2008 Access via Eureka

"Since the fall of the Berlin Wall the transition countries of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union have witnessed dramatic changes in outputs, the nature of jobs, standards of living, patterns of trade and the quality of education and health services. All the reports in this series offer specific policy recommendations that are intended to help the countries of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union promote economic growth and foster higher living standards in the rapidly changing world in which they are undertaking the transition to a market economy."

Enlargement policy towards Central and Eastern Europe: what EU policy-makers learned In: European enlargement across rounds and beyond borders Haakon A. Ikonomou ; Aurélie Andry ; Rebekka Byberg (Eds.) London, England ; New York, New York: Routledge, 2017 Access via Eureka

"For the quarter-century following the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, the EU had a near monopoly on transformative power in its neighbourhood, which influenced the following decades of enlargement. This chapter reviews six major lessons drawn by European Union (EU) policy-makers following the 'big bang' enlargement of 2004 and 2007, which brought 12 new members into the EU. The chapter argues that domestic politics have increasingly constrained the EU's external policies; especially by changing enlargement from an elite-led and largely consensus- based project to a much more contested one. Populist politics began to surge in both the EU and enlargement countries during the Euro and migration crises, bringing controversy to issues such as internal mobility from poorer to richer parts of the EU. It covers both the period of post-1989 'Euphoria and the political events of the 2000s to 2010s."

Globales oder semi-globales Dorf? In: Die Globalisierung der Wirtschaft: Ursprünge und Auswirkungen Jean-Yves Huwart ; Loïc Verdier Paris: OECD Publishing, 2014 Access via Eureka

"Mit der Öffnung der ehemals kommunistischen Ostblockstaaten für die Marktwirtschaft und der Revolution der Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologie setzte in den 1990er Jahren weltweit eine beispiellose Integration vieler Volkswirtschaften ein. Im Waren- und Kapitalverkehr erreichte die Globalisierung, von wenigen Ausnahmen abgesehen, ein enormes Ausmaß. Bei Dienstleistungen und Arbeitskräften nahm der Grad der Globalisierung zwar in einigen Bereichen zu, blieb aber insgesamt eher begrenzt."

Le Parlement européen et l’unification de l’Allemagne Das Europäische Parlament und die deutsche Einheit Marc Birchen ; European Parliament ; Directorate-General Presidency Luxembourg: Publications Office, 2009 OPEN ACCESS Version française Deutsche Version

"La chute du mur de Berlin dans la nuit du 9 au 10 novembre 1989, symbole de la fin de la guerre froide, entraîne toute une série d’événements qui changeront pour toujours le visage de l’Europe. Bien que les chefs d’État des quatre forces d’occupation ainsi que des deux États allemands soient considérés comme les principaux protagonistes de cette unification, l’emprise de la CEE ne doit pas être sous-estimée. La présente étude vise à présenter le travail politique que réalisa le PE dans le contexte de l’unification allemande. Le travail de la commission temporaire toucha à de multiples domaines. L’étendue de cette étude ne permet toutefois d’approfondir que trois aspects spécifiques, qui concernent plus directement l’action et les compétences institutionnelles de la Communauté européenne, tels que les questions institutionnelles, les implications budgétaires et la politique de sécurité."

1989: An introduction to an international history In: The fall of the Berlin Wall: the revolutionary legacy of 1989 Jeffrey A. Engel (Ed.) Oxford: Oxford University Press , 2009 Available at Staff Library Main Collection (eng94(100)ENGE)

"This introductory chapter focuses on the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 and its aftermath. More specifically, it examines how leaders in the world's four principal strategic centers—Europe, the Soviet bloc, China, and the United States—viewed the reforms, protests, revolutions, and suppressions they witnessed, fostered, and even fell victim to. It also considers how Mikhail Gorbachev of the Soviet Union, Deng Xiaoping of China, George Bush of the United States, Helmut Kohl of Germany, and Margaret Thatcher of Britain thought the end of the long-running Cold War would affect their nations and the world. Finally, the chapter explains how the global battle of communism versus capitalism framed these leaders' worldview."

Twenty years after communism: the politics of memory and commemoration Michael Bernhard ; Jan Kubik (Eds.) New York: Oxford University Press, 2014 Available at Council Library Main Collection (101324)

"While the fall of the Berlin Wall is positively commemorated in the West, the intervening years have shown that the former Soviet Bloc has a more complicated view of its legacy. In post- communist Eastern Europe, the way people remember state socialism is closely intertwined with the manner in which they envision historical justice. Twenty Years After Communism is concerned with the explosion of a politics of memory triggered by the fall of state socialism in Eastern Europe, and it takes a comparative look at the ways that communism and its demise have been commemorated (or not commemorated) by major political actors across the region."

1990: the beginning of a new era In: Democratic change in Central and Eastern Europe 1989-90 the European Parliament and the end of the cold war Aline Sierp; European Parliament ; Directorate-General for Parliamentary Research Services Luxembourg: Publications Office, 2015 OPEN ACCESS via Eureka

"This is an analysis made by the Historical Archives of the European Parliament. It looks at the European Parliament's role in the events leading to democratic changes in Central and Eastern Europe. This section looks at the (Economic) Relations with Central and Eastern Europe, the economic to political relations, Poland, the GDR and German unification, cooperation with the USSR, and The Europe Agreements."

The impact of passive leverage: the EU and Eastern Europe, 1989 - 1994 In: Europe undivided: democracy, leverage and integration after Communism Milada Anna Vachudová London ; New York: Oxford University Press, 2005 Available at Council Library Main Collection (100023)

"Europe Undivided analyses how an enlarging EU has facilitated a convergence toward liberal democracy among credible future members of the EU in Central and Eastern Europe. It reveals how variations in domestic competition put democratizing states on different political trajectories after 1989, and how the EU's leverage eventually influenced domestic politics in liberal and particularly illiberal democracies. In doing so, Europe Undivided illuminates the changing dynamics of the relationship between the EU and candidate states from 1989 to 2004."

The making of the new Europe: the European Councils in Brussels and Copenhagen 2002 Peter Ludlow Brussels: EuroComment, 2004 Available at Council Library Bibliographies of the Council (EC.B 2004 lud)

"During the second half of 2002, the European Councils' in Brussels and Copenhagen decided to admit ten new members to the European Union from Central and Eastern Europe and the Mediterranean in May 2004. This book looks at the EU enlargement from the 1950s to the 1990s and the different negotiations that occurred up until 2002."

After the Berlin Wall: memory and the making of the new Germany, 1989 to the present Hope M. Harrison Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019 Audio: H. M. Harrison's public lecture at the LSE Coming soon

"The history and meaning of the Berlin Wall remain controversial, even three decades after its fall. Drawing on an extensive range of archival sources and interviews, this book profiles key memory activists who have fought to commemorate the history of the Berlin Wall and examines their role in the creation of a new German national narrative. With victims, perpetrators and heroes, the Berlin Wall has joined the Holocaust as an essential part of German collective memory. Key Wall anniversaries have become signposts marking German views of the past, its relevance to the present, and the complicated project of defining German national identity. Considering multiple German approaches to remembering the Wall via memorials, trials, public ceremonies, films, and music, this revelatory work also traces how global memory of the Wall has impacted German memory policy. It depicts the power and fragility of state-backed memory projects, and the potential of such projects to reconcile or divide."

30 Years since the Fall of the Berlin Wall: turns and twists in economies, politics, and societies in the post- communist countries Alexandr Akimov ; Gennadi Kazakevitch (Eds.) London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2020 Coming soon

"The year 2019 marks 30 years since the fall of the Berlin wall. This symbolic event led to German unification and the collapse of communist party rule in countries of the Soviet-led Eastern bloc. Since then, the post-communist countries of Central, Eastern and South-eastern Europe have tied their post- communist transition to deep integration into the West, including EU accession. This book, with an internationally respected list of contributors, seeks to address and compare those diverse developments in communist and post-communist countries and their relationship with the West from various angles."

Selected articles

A peaceful revolution: 30 years fall of the Berlin Wall Goethe-Institut ; German Consulate General New York, 2019 Access Online

"For more than 28 years, the Berlin Wall was the symbol of the division of Germany and the world. On November 9, 1989, something happened that no one could have imagined or foreseen: The Berlin Wall fell. Even 30 years later, dealing with this epochal era that changed Germany, Europe, and the world is extremely rewarding. This multimedia publication gives an overview on the developments."

European Parliament and the path to German reunification European Parliament History Series European Parliament Think Tank, 2019 Access Online

"This year marks the 30th anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall, set in motion by the events of 9 November 1989, which led to Germany’s full reunification within less than a year. The accession of the German Democratic Republic (GDR) to the Federal Republic of Germany (Federal Republic) completed the reunification process on 3 October 1990. The European Parliament followed the chain of profound political developments triggered by the fall of the Berlin Wall closely."

The legacy of 1989 was western complacency Tony Barber Financial Times, 1 October 2019 Access Online

"In 1989, as during Europe’s 1848 revolutions, the people [of Soviet-led countries] wanted civic freedoms and, in many cases, liberation from foreign overlords and their first independent states of modern times. But after 1989 the adoption of the western model — complete with EU membership, global capitalism and a liberal political philosophy — created tensions between liberalism allied to internationalism and the assertion of a newly acquired national sovereignty."

Liberal overreach and the misinterpretation of 1989 Thomas Kleine-Brockhoff The German Marshall Fund, 13 September 2019 Access Online

"This piece is part of a full report, "Reassessing 1989," which looks at the major events of that year, including the fall of the Berlin Wall, the Tiananmen Square protests, and the breakup of Yugoslavia."

States of change: attitudes in Central and Eastern Europe 30 years after the Fall of the Berlin Wall Lan Bui-Wrzosińska Open Society Foundations, November 2019 Access Online

"Despite deep concerns about the future of democracy, people in Central and Eastern Europe retain a strong attachment to civil society and faith in the freedoms achieved with the collapse of Communism. This study is based on polling by YouGov conducted in Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and Slovakia. States of Change provides a snapshot of current opinion on democracy, freedom of speech, the market economy, and the media in the former Eastern Bloc and Germany."

After the Wall fell: the poor balance sheet of the transition to capitalism Branko Milanovic Challenge, 04 March 2015, Vol.58(2), pp.135-138 Access via Eureka

"Many Western economists were rapturous about the prospects for Eastern Europe's transition to rapid growth and solid democracy once the Berlin Wall fell in 1989. The march to capitalism was to be paved with gold. However, most of the nations did poorly. Here is the disappointing scorecard."

Central and Eastern European constitutionalism : a quarter century after the fall of the Berlin Wall: introduction to the symposium Michel Rosenfeld ; Wojciech Sadurski ; Roberto Toniatti International Journal Of Constitutional Law, 2015, Vol. 13(1), pp.119-123 Access via Eureka

"More than quarter-century after the fall of Communism — not a single episode, of course, but a sequence punctuated by such events as the 1989 Round Table in Poland leading to the first non- Communist government in the region; the fall of the Berlin Wall followed by the reunification of Germany; the 'Velvet Revolution' in Czechoslovakia; and much bloodier events in Romania, etc. — I.CON decided to devote this Symposium to current constitutional developments and trends in the region of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). Enough time has passed since 1989 and its immediate aftermath to take stock, but the quarter-century span that encompasses the new constitutional trajectory at stake remains short enough to underscore that constitutionalism in the region is still a work-in-progress. Adapted from the source document."

Political culture still divided 25 years after reunification? Felix Arnold ; Ronny Freier ; Martin Kroh German Institute for Economic Research, 2015 Access via Eureka

"The study shows that 25 years after the Reunification, the people of eastern and western Germany still differ in their political engagement and attitudes. They differs in terms of party attachments and actual turnout in national and state elections. There are also still distinct differences in the political party systems. In particular, Die Linke plays a major role in eastern Germany but this party has not been able to establish itself in the former West German states. However, according to authors' data, individuals' attitudes to the welfare state, which differed significantly at the beginning of the 1990s, have converged since."

25 anni dopo, l'eredità del Muro di Berlino Istituto per gli Studi di Politica Internazionale, 2014 Access via Eureka

"This article looks back at the fall of the Berlin Wall and its impact on ideology, on the end of bipolarism and on European integration. It notes that many of the promises of that time are still to become true, and the main feature of the new international system seems to be its unpredictability, while new fractures emerge and new walls are raised."

La voie de l’intégration pour l’Europe Reza Moghadam Finances & Développement, Mars 2014 Access Online

"Certains événements cruciaux de ces 25 dernières années ont fait avancer l’intégration européenne : la chute du Mur de Berlin en 1989, la vague d’adhésions des pays d’Europe centrale à l’Union européenne (UE) en 2004 et le lancement de l’euro en 1999. La crise actuelle offre une bonne occasion de jauger les progrès accomplis et le chemin qui reste à parcourir."

Varieties of capitalism and development in transition economies since the fall of the Berlin Wall Pasquale Tridico Challenge, 01 May 2012, Vol.55(3), pp.90-128 Access via Eureka

"With the benefit of more than twenty years of hindsight, we can begin to draw conclusions about the varieties of economic transition adopted in countries under Soviet influence after the fall of the Berlin Wall. This economist draws the conclusions that the most important developments were in public investment, such as education and health, as well as expanding political rights. The author argues that those aspects were crucial for the economic growth and human development."

Germany's economy: 20 Years after Berlin Wall fall Marta Gotz Transformations in Business & Economics, Transformations in Business and Economics, 2010, Vol.9 (3), pp.18-36 Access via Eureka

"This paper seeks to offer a comprehensive review of key economic developments of two decades of the reunited Germany. It particularly examines the current economic landscape; investigates convergence processes taking place since the Reunification and tries to identify some of the most likely, though less recognized impediments hampering full catching up. It draws on existing literature--both academic papers as well as professional business magazines and journals and refers to authors' own calculations based on available German Statistical Office data. Analysis has been conducted with a certain "East-West" perspective, referring to former DDR and BRD division guiding and organizing the research work."

20 Years: Fall of the Berlin Wall Wilhelm Hofmeister ; Megha Sarmah (Eds.) Singapore: Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung, 2009 Access Online

"In this issue of Panorama, a selected group of German authors present the implications the Fall of the Wall had for Germany, Europe and the international system. In addition, authors from different countries and regions describe and evaluate the perception and consequences of the Fall of the Berlin Wall from an “outsider’s point of view”."

Europe's true stories Timothy Garton Ash Prospect Magazine, Issue 131, February 2007 Access Online

"In this proposal, the author argues that European identity will not be constructed in the fashion of the historic European nation, once humorously defined as a group of people united by a common hatred of their neighbours and a shared misunderstanding of their past. No good will come of such a mythopoeic falsification of our history ("From Charlemagne to the euro"). The nation was brilliantly analysed by the historian Ernest Renan as a community of shared memory and shared forgetting; but what one nation wishes to forget another wishes to remember. The more nations there are in the EU, the more diverse the family of national memories, the more difficult it is to construct shared myths about a common past."

Enlargement of the European Union: an analysis of the negotiations for countries of the Western Balkans International Energy Agency ; OECD OECD Papers, 12 November 2007, Vol.7(2), pp.1-50 Access via Eureka

"The European Union has made it clear on numerous occasions that the future of the Western Balkan nations lies within the Union. After the Balkan wars of the 1990s, accession is seen as a guarantee of peace and stability in the region by both the 27 countries of the Union and by the six Western Balkan countries : Albania, Bosnia and Herzogovina, Croatia, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Montenegro and Serbia. This jointly-held belief is, however, an objective, which can only be reached when the six countries meet the conditions set by the Union for accession. Part of this preparation will take place through the implementation of the Stabilisation and Association Agreements (SAAs), which have been or are in the process of being negotiated with these countries."

L'influence de l'Allemagne dans l' intégration des pays d'Europe centrale et orientale au sein de l'union européenne Julie Lécuyer L'Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Juillet 2007 Access Online

"En combinant plusieurs approches historique, géographique, politique et économique, nous cherchons à déterminer l'influence de l'Allemagne dans l'intégration des PECO au sein de l'UE, en mettant en relation les stratégies des acteurs allemands, le jeu d'influence institutionnelle au sein de I'UE et les réalités caractéristiques des relations Allemagne-PECQ."

Patterns of industrial change in the post-communist EU candidate countries Alexander Tubke Post-Communist Economies, 01 June 2003, Vol.15(2), pp.181-207 Access via Eureka

"Ten post-communist countries are currently in the process of joining the European Union. This prospect, combined with their past industrial orientation and the unprecedented dynamics of the transition process after the fall of the Berlin wall, makes these countries an ideal case for examining the factors and results of industrial change. This article assesses the main issues and derives a qualitative picture on current trends and the nature of this process. It shows that, just one year before accession of the first countries, reforms still need to be fostered in many of them. Although signs of emerging strength in a small number of sectors are starting to show, EU membership will only lead to positive results for both parties if industrial change and value creation are able to take effect and provide economic prosperity."

Evolucion politica de los paises del Centro y Este de Europa desde la caida del muro de Berlin Ramon de Miguel y Egea Informacion Comercial Espanola Revista de Economia, 2000, (786), pp.9-24 Access via Eureka

"The emblematic collapse of the Berlin Wall in 1989 marked the end of the Communist era for Central and Eastern European countries and the beginning of political and economic change. After more than ten years, the absolute priority of Central European countries is full integration in the Euroatlantic institutions and, in particular, the European Union. This article reviews the most relevant events of this important period, now on the verge of culmination in the form of a new panorama in 17 European political geography."

A partnership for accession? The Implications of EU conditionality for the Central and East European applicants Heather Grabbe San Domenico di Fiesole (FI): European University Institute ; Robert Schuman Centre Working Paper, 1999 Access Online

"This paper traces how the Accession Partnerships emerged and analyses their implications for eastward enlargement. Over the past decade, the EU has progressively increased the scope of its political and economic conditions for CEE, moving from external relations based on trade and aid to areas at the heart of domestic policy-making. For the five applicants in negotiations, the EU has become the key external driver of policy reform. This paper argues that possible contradictions between accession requirements and CEE development goals need closer examination."

Selected audiovisual material

Videos about the Berlin Wall from the Consilium Newsroom Brussels : Council of the EU Access Online

20th Anniversary of the Fall of the Berlin Wall, 9 November 2009 General views of the Celebrations commemorating the 20th Anniversary of the Fall of the Berlin At the "Fall of the Wall" anniversary Speech on the "POST-WALL EUROPE" by Herman VAN ROMPUY, President of the European Council, at the commemoration of the Fall of the Berlin Wall on 9 November 2013 in Berlin. Milestones in 60 years of EU history This clip features footage illustrating the major milestones in EU history since 1957, including the fall of the Berlin wall and accession of new member states.

30 Years after the fall of the Berlin Wall: German historical memory and national identity Hope M. Harrison LSE IDEAS, 23 October 2019 Access Online

"The history, meaning and legacy of the Berlin Wall remain controversial three decades after its fall. Approaching the 30th anniversary on 9 November, Germans are engaged anew in debates about the history and aftermath of communist East Germany and its Wall. This public lecture will examine the arc of memory politics in Germany since 1989, including the impact of the rise of the far right as well as German plans for the 30th anniversary of the fall of the Wall."

Tunnel 29 BBC, 2019 Access Online

"Thirty years after the fall of the Berlin Wall, Helena Merriman tells the extraordinary true story of a man who dug a tunnel into the East, right under the feet of border guards, to help friends and strangers escape."

The Cable Podcast: The Fall of the Berlin Wall 30 Years On The German Marshall Fund of the United States, The Cable Podcast, October 31, 2019 Access Online

"Three decades ago in 1989, people in East Germany took to the streets to protest communist rule. The “Peaceful Revolution” led to the fall of the Berlin Wall on November 9, paving the way for German reunification the following year. But the euphoria soon wore off for many in the former East, and it’s having political consequences today: eastern Germany has become the bastion of the far-right Alternative for Germany party. Karen Donfried and Jeff Gedmin join Susan and Greg to discuss the legacy of 1989 and serious challenges facing the country’s political establishment today. Then ICWA fellow Emily Schultheis reports from Germany, where she speaks to young eastern Germans born in 1989 about their identity."

9. november - Berlin Berlingske Podcast, 1989 - Med Lykke Friis & Nynne Bjerre, October 2019 Access Online

"9. november 1989 er gået over i verdenshistorien som den dag, der blev begyndelsen til enden for Østtyskland og DDR. En perlerække af tilfældigheder, halve beslutninger og ikkegennemtænkte situationer fører frem til, at Muren falder. Kom med tilbage til den historiske dag, hvor Berlin muren falder og den dag, der bliver enden på DDR. Med Lykke Friis og Nynne Bjerre."

Zeitreise: Tag der Deutschen Einheit Deutsche Welle, 2019 Access Online

"Zeitreise - Stationen auf dem Weg zur Deutschen Einheit. Ein Podcast aus dem Archiv der Deutschen Welle."

1 May 2004 - 2014: 10 Years of EU Enlargement - Luuk van Middelaar Brussels : Council of the EU, 2014. Access Online

"Luuk van Middelaar, historian and speechwriter of President Herman Van Rompuy, recalls the fall of the Berlin Wall and how Europeans from both sides of the Iron curtain re-discovered each other. Extract of the film From Crisis, Opportunity - Europe's story."

From the fall of the Berlin wall to the EU-10 enlargement European Commission, April 2014 Access Online

"This clip has been produced in order to commemorate the 20th Anniversary of the fall of the Berlin wall and the Iron Curtain and the 5th Anniversary of the EU10 Enlargement. With images from the archives of the Audiovisual service -EbS- of the EU institutions, the clip illustrates some of the moments of this part of the History which are linked to the construction of the European project."

Witnessing the Fall of the Berlin Wall: A Conversation with Tom Brokaw and Mary Elise Sarotte Harvard University, November 2014 Access Online

"Tom Brokaw, Special Correspondent for NBC News, joined Mary Elise Sarotte, Visiting Professor of Government and History at Harvard University, in the John F. Kennedy Jr. Forum for the 25th anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall. Brokaw discussed the role of journalism at that time his personal experience covering the historic event. Mr. Brokaw also touched on his coverage of the protests in Tiananmen Square, China, and negotiations between Mikhail Gorbachev and U.S. leaders leading up to 1989’s historic events."

1989: The Struggle to Create Post-Cold War Europe Woodrow Wilson Center, April 2013 Access Online

"A panel discussion with Mary Sarotte, at the time at University of Southern California, and Brent Scowcroft, Former National Security Adviser of the USA. The panel discussion partly focuses on Sarotte's book 1989: The Struggle to Create Post-Cold War Europe".

EU Enlargement and European Identity from Ankara to Lisbon Brown University, December 2009 Access Online

"Brown University's Watson Institute for International Studies presents the panel discussion as part of the The European Union in a Moment of Crisis event, exploring the EU in a pivotal moment in history. The panellists analyse the institutional, financial, and foreign policy issues. The past European Commission President Romano Prodi (former Italian prime minister) and former Austrian Chancellor Alfred Gusenbauer (a Watson Institute visiting professor) discuss the sweeping changes that continue to reshape Europe, 20 years after the fall of the Berlin Wall."