INSECTA MUNDI, Vol. 16, No.4, December, 2002 161

A new species of the Brachypsectra from the Dominican Republic, with connections (Coleoptera: Brachypsectridae)

Robert E. Woodruff Florida State CollectionofArthropods Florida Department ofAgriculture and Consumer Services P.O. Box 147100 Gainesville, Florida 32614-7100

ABSTRACT. Withthe descriptionofBrachypsectra uiuafosile n. sp., from the Cabo Rojodesert area ofHispaniola, the beetle family Brachypsectridae now contains 4 described species. The family was originally known from the DominicanRepublic by Miocene amber oflarvae. Genitalia are illustrated for the first time for the family. Relationships of the family within the are briefly discussed.

Introduction Head (Fig. 1,2,7,8). Visible from above; short, broad, with central depression, slightlycarinate above The family Brachypsectridae has been an enig­ eyes; surface moderately punctate. Clypeal suture matic one since discoveryand description ofthe first moderately impressed (Fig. 7,8). Antennae (Fig. 3,7) species, Brachypsectra fuloa (LeConte 1874). Origi­ 11 segmented, antennomeres 4-10 serrate to nearly nallydescribedin the family , it was placed pectinate; terminal antennomere ovoid. Antennal in a new family Brachypsectridae by Horn (1881). base inserted under narrowed frons in depression in Although larvae had been collected as early as 1892 front of the eyes. Head vestiture consisting of re­ (Anonymous, 1908), they were not recognized or curvedsetae,forwardprojecting, nearlyevenlyspaced associated with adults until nearly 40 years later. (about0.75 distance ofsetal length).Mouthparts (Fig. Blair (1930) described 2 newspeciesofBrachypsectra 3) inconspicuous from above; labrum small, oval; from India and Singapore, based partly on specimens mandibles compact, blunt, densely punctate at base, reared from larvae collectedfrom beneath tamarind not projecting; maxillary palpi extending beyond bark. This association confirmed the unique body clypeus (Fig. 7-8), apicalsegment elongate (2.5 times form of these strange larvae. The following year, length of previous segment) and acute. Labial and Bovingand Craighead (1931) described and illustrat­ maxillary palpi bright yellow in contrast to darker ed the larva ofB. [ulua LeConte. These were actually mandibles and remainder of venter. Eyes large, no­ mentionedmuch earlier (but notidentified)by Barber ticeable from above, nearly round. (1905). Pronotum (Fig. 1). Convex, broader than long, generallytrapezoidal in outline, with front narrower. Brachypsectra vivafosile Woodruff, Posterior angles projecting(as in Elateridae), basally new species accompaniedby an angular, slightlycurved, carinate ridge for nearly one third pronotallength. Basal line Holotype male: Dominican Republic: Province of or depression not evident; outline undulating, with Pedernales, Cabo Rojo, Alcoa Headquarters, 3-VlI­ noticeable broad indentation at scutellum. Lateral 1998, R.E. Woodruff& R.M. Baranowski, blacklight margins complete, sharply carinate as in Elateridae. trap. Vestiture similar to head, but varying in directionas Description. General Form (Fig. 1-2). Similar a "cow lick" pattern. Punctures shallow, nearly uni­ in nearly allrespects to the type ofthe genus (B. [ulua form in sizeand shape, separated by their diameter or LeConte). Color uniformly chestnut brown. Resem­ slightly more. bling members ofthe family Elateridae, but lackinga Elytra(Fig.l). Entire, ovoid, widest in posterior well-developed "click" mechanism. Length 4.0mm two thirds; not acuminate. Striae numbering 9, su­ (total, including head), width 2mm. Body widest tural one forming continuous groove and connecting behind middle, color uniformly testaceous, with fine, to marginal one. All striae terminating before apex, sparse goldenvestiture. except sutural and marginal. Strialintervals weakly 162 Volume 16, No.4, December, 2002, INSECTA MUNDI

Figures 1-6. Scanning electron microscope photographs of Brachypsectra vivafosile n. sp., holotype male: 1) Habitus, dorsal view; 2) Habitus, ventral view; 3) Right antenna, ventral view; 4) Male genitalia, lateral view (ventral at top); 5) Male genitalia, dorsal view; 6) Male genitalia, ventral view. convex, more so near humeri, the 7th weakest in Venter. (Fig. 2, 9,10). Prosternum relatively anterior 2/3, intervals punctate as pronotum, from large, nearly as long as broad, forming the typical which arise about 2 rows of setate each. Shoulders "chinpiece" belowthe mouthparts. Intercoxalprocess prominent, rounded, striae deeper near base. Scutel­ well-developed(Fig. 9),projectingposteriorlybetween lum slightly convex, nearly triangular or shield­ procoxa, terminating in truncate apex, appearing to shaped, angles rounded, fittingunder a central, basal articulate with mesosternalfossa, but notforming the depressionofpronotal margin. Vestiture ofelytra and socalled "click mechanism"ofElateridae (appearance scutellum similar in size to that of head and prono­ only, no observation ofliving ). Mesosternum tum; somewhat denser and projecting posteriorly. short, fossa narrow, the sides setate, projecting Epipleural fold prominent, entire, widest and more posteriorly for half the length of the metacoxa; cavi­ concave at basal 1/3. Elytral tips not projecting or ties open behind, separated. Mesosternum (Fig. 2) acuminate, but gently tapering to apex. long and broad, with central line. Posterior margin INSECTA MUNDI, Vol. 16, No.4, December, 2002 163

Figures 7-12. Scanning electron microscope photographs of Brachypsectra vivafosile n. sp., holotype male: 7) Head, anterior view, showing antennal insertions; 8) Mouthparts, anterior view, showing clypeus, mandibles, maxillary palpi; 9) Venter, showing base of legs, procoxae and intercoxal projection, mesocoxae and narrow fossa; 10) Venter, showing posterior legs and abdomen, metacoxae (transverse), trochanter (oval), setation of legs and abdomen; 11) Enlargement of right foretarsus, showing 5 segments and setation; 12) Posterior tarsal claw, ventral view, showing "bull horn" shape and sculpture. diagonal, forming a depression at junction of abdo­ spurs absent, vestiture similar throughout (Fig. 10). men, coxae groovedfor reception ofposteriorfemora. Tarsi all 5 segmented; claws not cleft, but widely Legs (Fig. 2, 9-12) long and slender. Femora separated, "bullhorn" shaped, with noticeablesculp­ broader than tibiae, flattened cylindrical, posterior ture (at high magnification) on each claw (Fig. 12); ones shorter and more convex. Tibiae all narrow, tarsal vestiture similar to tibiae. elongate (as long as or longer than femora), pro- and Abdomen (Fig. 2, 10). Abdomen with 5 free mesotibiae longer than posterior tibiae; terminal visible sternites, first slightlykeeledbetween meta- 164 Volume 16, No.4, December, 2002, INSECTA MUNDI coxae. Vestiture denser and moreobvious than that of in Europe(Brodzinsky, pers.comm.), and exactwhere­ dorsum; setae more closely spaced and numerous in abouts are unknown. central portion of first 4 sternites; setae on 5th less Comparison with B. fulva. [Since 2 of the 3 numerous and finer, surface shinier beneath. Ulti­ known species are Asian and extremely rare, they mate visible tergite margin clothed with about 15 werenot availablefor comparison].AlthoughB. oioafos­ exceptionally long setae (at point of genitalic exser­ ile is slightly smaller and slightly darker, it is ex­ tion; about length of para meres; Fig. 5). tremely similar to B. fulva. The third antennomere is Male Genitalia (Fig. 4-6). Ofthe typicalelaterid much longer than the fourth in B. fulva, and the type. Parameres broad at base, terminating in trun­ serration begins on antennomere 5 (Fig.13-14). InB. cate apex, with diagonally, posteriorly projecting vivafosile the third and fourth are similar in length, hook. Clothedwith sparse short setae on dorsum and but the serration begins on antennomere 4 (Fig. 3). venter. Central piece (intromittent organ) narrow, All specimens of B. fulva that I have seen are pale cylindrical, acute, projectingbarelybeyondparamere yellow or straw colored; this may be natural, or it may tips. In lateral view (Fig. 4, venter at top) tips of both be due to factors ofcollectionor preservation or desert structures curved slightly ventrally. Compare with bleachingofdead specimens (severalare partial bod­ Elateridae (Fig. 15,16). ies). All B. vivafosile are uniformly chestnut brown Variation. The type series is remarkably simi­ and vary little; they are all fresh and were collected lar in appearance and in all salient characters. Vari­ into 70% isopropyl alcohol and later dry mounted. ation was noted in total length (3.5 to 4.8mm, with Length averaging about Lmm longer in B. fulva. most about 4mm) and width (1.6 to 2.5mm). The width measurements are imprecise, because most Etymology: The name vivafosile is a corruption of specimens were mounted from alcohol and elytra the Spanish/Latin viva andfosile, in reference to the oftenseparate on drying. Lawrence (in litt.) recorded antiquity of this species, which appears to be a true length measurements from 32 maleB. fulva varying "livingfossil". from 3.7 to 6.3mm, with most over 5mm. The 4 females he examined were from 5 to 7.7mm long. The : There seems to be no disagreement color is quite uniform and darker (chestnut) than the among modern workers (Beutel, Crowson, Lawrence) B. fulva (fulvous) examined. These differences may be that Brachypsectridae is a valid and unique family. due to ageor preservation. Minorvariation was noted Its exact placement within the Coleoptera is less in vestiture. certain.A revisionofthe familyis under wayby Cleide Types. Holotype and 27 (male) paratypes (all Costa, et al., and the descriptionofthis new speciesis from typelocality; numbers ofspecimensinbrackets): being made available to expedite that study. As [4] I-VlI-1998, [17]3-VlI-1998, [2]20-Vl-1999, [1]21­ mentioned, Brachypsectra has been placed in the Vl-1999, [2] 23-Vl-1999, [2]24-VI-1999, all collected Dascillidae(LeConte, 1874), a part ofthe by R.E. Woodruff and R.M. Baranowski. All are (Chu, 1949), Dryopoidea(White, 1983), Cantharoidea deposited in the Florida State Collection of Arthro­ (Lawrence, 1991), Artematopoidea (Crowson, 1973), pods, except 1 paratype in each of the following: although current placement is in the Elateroidea Australian Nationallnsect Collection, Canberra; U.S. (Beutel, 1995; Crowson, 1955; Kasap and Crowson, National Museum, Washington; American Museum 1975; Lawrence 1982, 1987; Lawrence and Newton, of Natural History, New York; Museo Nacional de 1995; Young, 2002). The prosternal process (Fig. 9), Historia Natural, Santo Domingo; and Museu de although appearing to not form the "click" mecha­ Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. nism with the mesosternal fossa, appears to be the Larvae. Although modern larvae were not dis­ precursor of such an arrangement. The size of the covered during our searches, the unusual shape will fossa and prosternal process apex vary slightly in undoubtedly be similar to that illustrated by the specimens of the new species. It may represent the photograph (Fig. 17) of one of the amber fossils moreprimitive conditionwithin the Elateroidea. The (courtesy of Rafael Wu). Although 3 larval amber male genitalia have not been illustrated previously. fossils have been figured in publications (Poinar, Blair (1930:47) briefly characterized them for the 1992; Wu, 1996), all are unavailable for study. That genus as "genital armature consisting of a median figured by Poinar (p. 136) is in the private collection lobe (penis) and two lateral lobes (parameres). The of Cardoen (in Miami, Florida or Chile). Thoseshown latter sharply reflexed outwards at apex." Young by Wu (Fig. 198,225) were sold to private collections (2002) stated that parameres had "excurvedapices". INSECTA MUNDI, Vol. 16, No.4, December, 2002 165

Figures 13-14. Scanning electron microscope photos of Bracliypsectra fulva LeConte. 13) Frontal view; note 3n l antennomere longer th th than 4 and serration starting on 5 • 14) Ventral view; A: prosternal process; B: mesosternal fossa; C: chin piece; D: procoxa; Antennomeres numbered 1-6, 11. Figures 15-16. Scanning electron microscope photo of male genitalia of an undetermined species of Elateridae from Guatemala. 15) Dorsal view; 16) Ventral view. [Compare with Brachypsectridae in Fig. 5-6]. 166 Volume 16, No.4, December, 2002, INSECTA MUNDI

The basic shape (Fig. 4-6) is similar to that of the typical form of many Elateridae (Fig.15-16). Although the 3 described speciesofBracypsectra (fuluaLeConte, lampyroides Blair, andfusculaBlair) are seldomcollectedand poorlyrepresented in collec­ tions, Fleenorand Taber (1999) collectedmorethan 50 adults of B. fulua in light traps in Bastrop County of east central Texas. Besidesthe new speciesdescribed here, a new species has been mentioned from Winjan­ na Gorge, Western Australia (Lawrence, 1991; Lawrence & Britton, 1991). Because itis known from only the larva,ithas notyetbeendescribed (Lawrence, pers. comm.). Ironically, the first recordofthe family Brachypsectridae from the Caribbean, was based on larvae that I identified from Dominican Republic amber, and illustrated by Poinar (1992) and Wu (1996). One ofthese is illustrated here in Fig. 17.This specieshas notbeenformally describedbecauseitwas known from onlythe larva. Recently, Marc Branham (pers. comm.) indicated that an adult has been discov­ ered in Dominican amber. Only a direct comparison with the new species describedherein will determine ifthey are conspecific. Because I had identified the larva of the family from Dominican amber, I knew that it was at least present in Hispaniola during the Miocene (15-30 millionyears before present), and I was familiar with modern specimens from Arizona in the Florida State CollectionofArthropods. Knowingthe disjunct, relict­ ual distribution of the species, Dr. R.M. Baranowski Figure 17. Brachypsectra sp. larva in Dominican Republic and I were elated to collect adults in a blacklight trap amber (photo by and courtesy of Rafael Wu). at Cabo Rojo, Dominican Republicin 1998and 1999. Jokingly, I suggested to my companion that this was is desert, with an almost impenetrable jumble of "The longest life cycle recorded in the king­ thorns and spines of several endemic cacti. The dom; from the larva in the Miocene to the present general habitat is shown in Fig. 18. There is often a adults."Although we cannot be certain that the fossil very strong sea breeze (traps blewdown on occasion). larvae are conspecific with modern adults, their An isolated lime tree was support (about 5 ft. above relictual nature suggests this may be possible. In the ground) for an 8 watt trap in the open, and a 15 watt sandfly genus Phlebotomus (Diptera: Psychodidae), trap was sheltered next to the building at ground Dr. DavidYoung studied my amber fossils, as wellas level. The elevation here is about 50 ft. modern species in the Dominican Republic. Even Once adults were captured, a special effort was though male genitalia in this genus are very diagnos­ made to locatelarvae.Mostofthe desert trees here are tic, he was unable (pers. comm.) to distinguish some dwarfed, and no loose bark was found in the area. fossils from modern specimens. Another area (at 300 meters elev.) of dead wood (mahoganytrees harvested for lumber) was examined Biology. Unfortunately we could make no observa­ with negativeresults. A newspeciesofCerambycidae tions on biologyor behavior ofthe new species, except (Parandraceps turnbowi Giesbert) was describedfrom that adults were attracted to blacklight (UV). The the same general area of our traps (the cut area traps werelocatedbehind a houselocatedon the far tip leading to the water tower ofAlcoa). It is also home to of Cabo Rojo, which is one of the driest points in the a giant, endemic land iguana and the rare endemic DominicanRepublic (averagerainfall is about 4 inch­ mammal, Selenodon. A single Hatiella palm was the es' with someyears having none). It is locatedhigh on onlytree visible above the cactus desert. a rockoutcrop (karst) just above the sea. The habitat INSECTA MUNDI, Vol. 16, No.4, December, 2002 167

The first specimens (4) were collected on July 1, They seem to be opportunistic predators (feeding on and 17 morewere taken on July 3, 1998. OnJuly4was ants, pseudoscorpions, immature solpugid, roaches, the first rain ofthe year. We had operated traps there and especially spiders). Their habitat under bark is several days before without collectingthis species. It also frequented by many other which are appeared that beetles somehowdetected the pending likely prey. Larvae of many predaceous Elateridae rain for their flight activity. Our schedule did not frequent this habitat also. permit a longer stay, so little can be said ofthe flight One element ofbehavior requires observation of period. However, in 1999we returned to the same site living specimens. None were collected live in this in June and obtained 7 specimens from the following study. Published reports, by those observing living 5 day collections: 20-VI, 2 were found in the 15 watt adults, fail to mention an important consideration. It trap; 21-VI, lin 15watt; 22-VI, none; 23-VI, lin each has beenpresumed that the wellknown clickinghabit trap; 24-VI, 1 in each trap. Thus, 5 were taken in the is correlated with the structure of the intercoxal protectedareaofthe 15 watt trap, while 2 were taken process and its articulation with the mesosternal in the open in the 8 watt trap. Another trap located fossa. We do not know ifBrachypsectrahas the ability near the cafeteria produced no specimens during this to "click" or to snap and right itself if placed on its time. back. Comparing the Elateridae, they appear to have All records I have seen for B. fulva are from May a tighter articulation and "click" by snapping the through July. Fleenor and Taber (1999) found that in intercoxal process into the fossa. Lawrence (in litt.) Texas the flight period started on July 24 (8 adults in indicated that "...some features are correlated with 2 blacklight traps), with subsequent weekends re­ the elaterid clicking mechanism which can be seen. cording 38, 5, and 4 respectively; for nearly a month The most obvious would be the more or less globular of activity. It is not known ifbeetles emerged at these procoxae without large, movable trochantins." times, or if rains triggered activity. Barber (1905) kept a larva in the laboratory for over 2 years, before Distribution. B. vivafosile is known only from the it apparently died of starvation. This suggests that type locality of Cabo Rojo, Province of Pedernales, desert populations may survive for longperiodswith­ DominicanRepublic, nearly at sea level. This locality out food or rain. Obviously, if this beetle has been is only a few miles from Haiti, and since the habitat around since the Miocene, it must have adapted to is similar there, it would also be expected in that many drastic changes of environment and is a hardy country. survivor of an ancient fauna. The term "The Texas Beetle" was first coined by The first real work on larval behavior was by my good friend Dr. Ross H.Arnett, Jr.(1962), because Schlinger (quoted in Crowson, 1973). Under bark of he wanted to use common names for each of the eucalyptus trees in California, he found that larvae families in his "Beetles of the United States". Al­ impaled spiders with their tails. Recent papers by though it was originallydescribedfrom "Texas" with­ Neck (1993) and Fleenor and Taber (1999) have out further locality, its much wider distribution summarized known feeding habits and behavior. makes the commonname inappropriate. It appears to

Figures 18-19. Type locality and general habitat at Cabo Rojo, Provo Pedernales, Dominican Republic. Karst topography with pitted limestone and cactus desert. 168 Volume 16, No.4, December, 2002, INSECTA MUNDI me, becauseit seemsto occupy sucha unique position, The scanning electron microscope (SEM) work, that "Enigmatic Beetles" would be a better name for done at the Smithsonian, was assisted by Elisabeth the family. Arnett (1985) recorded B. fulva from Roberts and Walter R Brown. I thank Paul Skelley Texas, California, and Utah. Since there are few for assistancewithSEMworkonB. fulva and Elaterid publishedrecords, I have recordedthe following infor­ genitalia. For preparation of the plates from the mationfrom specimens examined during this study: digital images in Fig. 1-12, I thank my good friend ARIZONA (although Arizona was mentioned in and compleat artist, George Venable. For logistical White, 1983, no specific recordshave previouslybeen support and many kindnesses, while studying the published). New state records: Santa Catalina National Collection, I thank friends Jill and Warren Mts., Sabino Canyon, 15-16-VI-1968, Menke & Flint Steiner and EricGrissell. The offices ofVida Silvestre [1,USNM] ;Santa Catalina Mts., foothills, 21-VII - 70, and Ministerio de Agricultura, in the Dominican K. Stephan [2 damaged, possiblyfrom rodent nests, Republic graciously provided collecting and export FSCA]; Santa Catalina Mts., Molino Cyn., 23-VI-68, permits for my many expeditions there. The National K. Stephan ( 1 damaged, FSCA]; Pima Co., Tucson, 1­ Park Service provided collecting permits and also V-70, K. Stephan [1damaged, FSCA]; Nogales, June facilitated our trips. Over the years, many staff 8-19,1919, F.J. Dyer [1, USNM];Youngsburg, 16-V­ members ofthe Museo Nacionalde Historia Natural 26, E.V. Walter (1'#6574) [1 larva, USNM; pinned, (Santo Domingo) and Grupo Jaragua have assisted with a note in the corner of the tray: "Elateroid!! (?) our field work in various ways. I thank RM. Bara­ Not Helodid, Parnidae or Dascillidae. Forbes 1925"]; nowski and T.J. Henry for their considerable contri­ Cochise Co., 1 mi. S. Portal, 5-VIII-65, 4800ft., at butions and companionship in the field. I thank John light, L.L. Lampert [2 FSCA]; Cochise Co., Chir­ Lawrence and Mark Branham for providingreviews icahua Mts., 5000 ft., 23-VI-73, K. Stephan [ 1, ofan earlier version, improvingseveral aspectsofthe FSCA]; SantaCruz Co.,Adobe Cyn., April14, 1974,K. manuscript. Stephan [1larva, FSCA]; Pima Co., Redington Pass, I thank my dear friend, the late Jake Brodzinsky, June 16,1972,K. Stephan [1,FSCA]; MEXICO (new who first brought the larva in amber to my attention country record): Lower California [Baja], San and for his diligencein providingsuchunusualfossils Fernando, 31-VII-38,Michelbacher & Ross [2,USNM; to the scientists who study them. I also thank Rafael 1 male dissectedby H.S. Barber]; UTAH: St. George, Wu for use of his photograph of the larva in amber, 11-VII-55, G.F. Knowlton 7795 [1, FSCA, from the used here in Fig. 17. Thisis Entomology Contribution RH. Arnett collectionand probablythat used for the No. 956, Bureau of Entomology, Nematology and illustrationinhisbook (1960)]; CALIFORNIA: Impe­ Plant Pathology, DivisionofPlant Industry, Florida rial Co., 1.4 mi. SW Glamis, 10 Feb. 1974, under bark Department ofAgriculture & Consumer Services. ofCercidiumfloridum [1pinned larva, FSCA]; TEX­ AS: (labelled "!Entopotype, from colI. Belfrage HSB References cited 1939") [1, USNM]. Presumably the latter is a part of the originalcollectionfrom which LeContedescribed Anonymous. 1908. Minutes of 218 th regular meet­ the species. ing. Proceedings ofthe Entomological Societyof Washington 10: 14. Acknowledgments Arnett, R.H., Jr. 1962. The beetles of the United States. Amanualforidentification. CatholicUni­ The Cabo Rojo area was originally the base of versity of America Press, Washington, D.C. operations for the Alcoa mining company(now under xi+1055p. [Brachypsectridae: p. 529-530;fig. 1.52]. management ofIdeal Dominicana). The area is being Arnett, R.H., Jr. 1985. American insects. A hand­ mined for fine limerock, under contract with the book of the insects of America north of Mexico. government, although it is in the Parque Nacional Van Nostrand Reinhold Co.,New York. xiii+850p. J aragua. We thank the above companiesand especial­ [Brachypsectridae: p. 317]. ly Ramon Caceres, RafaelReyes, and Hans Leiterfor Arnett, R.H., Jr., N.M. Downey, and H.E. Jaques. many favors and logistical assistance while there. 1980. How to knowthe beetles. 2nded. William C. Theyalso have hosteda variety ofother entomologists Brown Co., Dubuque, Iowa. 416p. for many years. Thanks are due to the late Prof. Barber, H.S. 1905. Illustrations ofan undetermined EugenioMarcano and Hector Ludovino Dominguez, coleopterouslarva. Proceedingsofthe Entomolog­ for introducing me to this site nearly 30 years ago. icalSociety of Washington 7: 117-121. [Alapsus INSECTA MUNDI, Vol. 16, No.4, December, 2002 169

by Young (2002) omitted this reference & cited F.W. Stehr). Kendall/Hunt Publishing Co.,Dubu­ another Barber (1905) paper on Phengodes]. que, Iowa. 974p. Beutel, R.G. 1995. Phylogenetic analysis of Elater­ Lawrence,J.F., andE.B. Britton. 1991. Coleoptera. iformia (Coleoptera: ) based on larval p. 543-683In The Insects ofAustralia. 2nd ed. Vol. characters. Journal ofZoologicalSystematics and 2. Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Re­ Evolutionary Research 33: 145-171. search Organization. Cornell University Press, Blair, K.G. 1930. Brachypsectra, LeC.-The solu­ Ithaca, N.Y. 595p. tion of an entomologicalenigma. Transactions of Lawrence, J.F., and E.B. Britton. 1994. Austra­ the Entomological Society ofLondon 78:45-50. lian beetles. Melbourne University Press. Carl­ Borror, D.J., and D.M. Delong. 1964.Anintroduc­ ton, Victoria. x+192p. tion to the study of insects. Revised ed. Holt, Lawrence, J.F., A.M. Hastings, M.J. Dallwitz, Reinhart, and Winston, NewYork. xi+819p. [Brae­ T.A. Paine, and E.J. Zurcher (1995 onwards). hypsectridae: p. 293-294]. (Coleoptera): Descriptions, illus­ Boving,A.G.,andF.C. Craighead. 1931. Anillus­ trations, identification, and information retrieval trated synopsisofthe principallarvalforms ofthe for families and sub-families. Version 22nd De­ order Coleoptera. EntomologicaAmericana 11: 1­ cember 2000. http://biodiversity.uno.edu/delta/. 351. Lawrence, J.F., and A.F. Newton, Jr. 1995. Chu, H.F. 1949. How to know the immature insects. Families and subfamilies of Coleoptera (with William C. Brown Co., Dubuque, Iowa. 234p. selected genera, notes, references and data on [Brachypsectridae: p. 96, fig. 239]. family-group names). In Biology, phylogeny, and Crowson, R.W. 1955. The natural classification of classification of Coleoptera. Papers celebrating the families of Coleoptera. Nathaniel Lloyd and the 80 th birthday of Roy A. Crowson (ed. J. Pa­ Co.,Ltd., London, England. 187p. kaluk and S.A. Slipinsky). Muzeum i Instytut Crowson, R.W. 1973. On a new superfamily Artem­ ZoologiiPAN, Warsaw, Poland. [Brachypsectridae: atopoidea ofpolyphagan beetles, with the defini­ p. 836-837, 848. tion of two new fossil genera from the Baltic Lawrence, J.F., N.B. Nikitsky, andA.G. Kirejt­ amber. Journal of Natural History 7: 225-238. shuk. 1995. Phylogenetic position ofDeclinidae FerrisG.F.1927.Notesonanentomologicalenigma. (Coleoptera: ) and comments on the Canadian Entomologist 59: 279-281. classificationof Elateriformia (sensulato). p. 375­ Fleenor, S.B., and S.W. Taber. 1999. Review of 410 In Biology, phylogeny, and classification of BrachypsectraLeConte with a new record of the Coleoptera. Papers celebrating the 80 th birthday Texas beetle (B. fulvaLeConte; Coleoptera: Brae­ of Roy A. Crowson (ed. J. Pakaluk and S.A. hypsectridae). ColeopteristsBulletin 53: 359-364; Slipinsky). Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii PAN, 2 fig., 1 table. Warsaw, Poland. Geiser, S.W. 1933. G.W. Belfrage's Texas localities. LeConte, J.L. 1874. Descriptions of new Coleoptera Entomological News 44: 127-132. chiefly from the Pacific slope of North America. Horn, G.W. 1881. Notes on Elateridae, Cebrionidae, Transactions ofthe American EntomologicalSo­ Rhipiceridae, and Dascyllidae. Transactions of ciety 5: 43-292. the American EntomologicalSociety9: 76-90; 2pl. LeConte, J.L., and G.H. Horn. 1883. Classification Kasap, H., and R.A. Crowson. 1975. A compara­ ofthe Coleoptera of North America. Smithsonian tive anatomical study of Elateriformia and Das­ Miscellaneous Collections 507:xxxviii+567p. cilloidea (Coleoptera). Transactions of the Royal Neck, R.W. 1993. Notes on habits and on rearing Entomological Societyof London 126: 441-495. BrachypsectrafulvaLeConte (Coleoptera: Brae­ Lawrence, J.F.1982. Coleoptera. p. 482-553.InS.B. hypsectridae). ColeopteristsBulletin47: 291-292. Parker (ed.). Synopsis and classification ofliving Pic, Maurice. 1914. Dascillidae, Helodidae, Eu­ organisms. Vol. 2. McGraw-Hill, New York. cinetidae. Coleopterorum Catalogus Pars 58:1­ Lawrence, J.F. 1987. Rhinorhipidae, a new beetle 65. (S. Schenkling, ed.). W. Junk, Berlin, Germa­ from Australia with comments on the phylogeny ny. ofthe Elateriformia. Invertebrate Taxonomy2: 1­ Poinar, G.O., Jr. 1991. Hymenaea protera n. sp. 53. (Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae) from Domini­ Lawrence, J.F.1991. Brachypsectridae (Cantharoi­ can amber has African affinities. Experentia 47: dea). p. 421-422In: Immature Insects. Vol. 2 (ed. 1075-1082. 170 Volume 16, No.4, December, 2002, INSECTA MUNDI

Poinar, G.O., Jr. 1992. Life in amber. Stanford tridae: p.131, fig. 198; p. 136, fig. 225]. This book UniversityPress, Stanford, California. xiii+350p; was originally published in Chinese, but this 147 fig. [Brachypsectridae: 131, 135-136,285,fig. editionis in English. The date ofpublication does 74]. not appear in the book, but a notefrom the author White, R.E. 1983. Afieldguideto the beetlesofNorth gives it as 1996. America. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, Massa­ Young, D.K. 2002. Brachypsectridae. p. 148-149. In chusetts. 368p. [Brachypsectridae: p. 159-160, American beetles. VoL 2 Polyphaga: Scarabae­ fig. 63]. oideathrough Curculionoidea. (Editors: R.H. Ar­ Wu, Rafael J.C. [1996]. Secrets of a lost world: nett, Jr., M.C. Thomas, P.E. Skelley, J.H. Frank). Dominican amber and its inclusions. Privately xvi+861p. published. 222p.; 645 color photos. [Brachypsec-