106 BIBLIOGRAPHY A Note on Information Sources Various types of materials were used in preparing this history. At the outset, an extensive computer search of the Department of Energy (DOE) library, including the data base at the Oak Ridge Laboratory, revealed that the type of technical reports there would not be helpful in developing this history. Pri­ marily, three other sources of information were relied upon: materials from DOE Archives, which were identified and assembled by Roger Anders of DOE's History Division; the data bases of the Library of Congress, which led to a review of newspapers, periodicals, technical journals, and books; and inter­ views. Three classes of information were used: technical events and developments, institutional developments, and related events in the milieu. The five categories of materials used are discussed below. Printed reports and government documents were used to identify particular facts about the RTGs and the program. Some of the materials provided relevant facts covering broad time periods; other sources pinpointed narrow time periods and revealed program status at a time, or presented important decisions or statements relevant to the program. A few of the materials focused on particular aspects of the program. Books and pamphlets provided a breadth and depth of understanding. Several stand out for an understanding of the technology and the broad and changing issues of the time period covered: the historical documents about the AEC, ERDA, and the DOE, and the energy chronology produced by the history staff of DOE (Buck, Dean, and Holl) were invaluable in succinctly presenting relevant events in the institutional environment. The work on radioisotopic power generation by Corliss and Harvey was a valuable primer in the technology. For background on the times and glimpses of the views of top-level scientists and adminisfrators, the cited books by Seaborg, Webb, Killian, Kistiakowsky, and Levine were profitable. The Newell book also proved helpful in tracing the history of NASA. Detailed information on specific space missions was found in several NASA documents on Apollo, Viking, and Bibliography 107 Voyager; the books by Washburn added an emotional dimension. The books by Rolph and Ford aided in understanding the changing milieu at the time the AEC was disbanded. Articles from newspapers, periodicals, and technical journals were used to obtain insights into the changing technical, political, and social milieu during the period covered by the history. The articles used in the text are presented in chronological order since the chronology of changing foci and issues was most significant to the history. All of the newspaper articles came from the DOE archives: "Other Articles" cited were uncovered in a topical search for specific facts. Unpublished materials encompass a number of different types of items uncovered during the research, ranging from documents prepared by program participants, such as Mike Dix and Tom Kerr, to remarks of key functionaries on particular occasions. It is possible that some of this may have been published at a later date. It should be noted that archives materials were extremely helpful throughout the research and writing of this history. "Letters", "memos", and "news releases" are not cited in the Bibliography although they are cited with full dates in the chapter notes; such materials were invaluable in obtaining insight into day-by-day issues discussed and acted upon by key administrators during particular time periods. They were most numerous in the archives for the AEC years but much less so for ERDA and DOE. Interviews were emphasized throughout the research, to preserve an oral history of the program on tape. All interviewees were cooperative, helpful, and for the most part eager to share their recollections. Some are now retired but made themselves available for interviews; others took time from busy work schedules to be interviewed. The list of those interviewed represents coverage of differing but important perspectives on and involvements in the program. 108 Printed Reports and Government Documents Bennett, Gary L., James J. Lombardo, and Bernard J. Rock. Nuclear Electric Power For Space Systems: Technology Background and Flight Systems Program. Published paper delivered at 16th Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, Atlanta, Georgia, August 9-14, 1981. Bennett, Gary L., James J. Lombardo, and Bernard J. Rock. U.S. Radio­ isotopic Thermoelectric Generator Space Operating Experience (June 1961- December 1982), paper presented before the 18th Intersociety Energy Con­ version En^neering Conference, Orlando, Florida, August 21-26, 1983. Craig, Carol. RTG Source of Power: A History of the Radioisotopic Generators Fueled at Mound. Miamisburg, Ohio: Mound Public Relations, 1983. Eisenhower, Dwight D. Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: DwightD. Eisenhower, 1953. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1960. Harvey, D.G. and T.J. Dobry. Safety Analysis of the Transit Generator The Martin Company, MND-P-2479, March 1961. National Aeronautics and Space Adminisfration. Aeronautics and Space Re­ port of the President: 1980 Activities. Washington: National Aeronautics and Space Adminisfration, 1980. U.S. Atomic Energy Commission. Snap Nuclear Generator Press Kit Wash­ ington: Atomic Energy Commission, June 26, 1961. U.S. Atomic Energy Commission. Systems for Nuclear Auxiliary Power: A Report by the Commission — 1964. TID-20103. Washington: U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, February 1964. U.S. Atomic Energy Commission. Twenty-third Semiannual Report of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, January 1958. U.S. Congress. Hearings Before Subcommittees of the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy (Outer Space Propulsion By Nuclear Energy). Eighty-Fifth Congress, January 22, 23, and February 6, 1958. Washington: U.S. Govern­ ment Printing Office, 1958. U.S. Congress. Hearings Before Subcommittees of the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy (Development, Growth, and State of the Atomic Energy Industry). Eighty-Seventh Congress, February 21, 23, 24, 27, 28; March 1, 2, 109 and 3, 1961. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1961. U.S. Congress. Hearings Before the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy (Development, Growth, and State of the Atomic Energy Industry). Eighty- Seventh Congress, March 20, 21, 22, and 23, 1962. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1962. U.S. Congress. Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Research, Develop­ ment and Radiation of the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy (Space Nuclear Power Applications). Eighty-Seventh Congress (Second Session), September 13, 14, and 19, 1962. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1962. U.S. Congress. Hearings Before the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy (Development, Growth, and State of the Atomic Energy Industry). Eighty- Eighth Congress, February 20 and 21, 1963. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1963. U.S. Congress. Hearings Before the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy (First Session on Space Nuclear Power Generators). Eighty-Ninth Congress, August 6, 1965. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1966. U.S. Congress. Hearings Before the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy (Authorizing Legislation Fiscal Year 1967). Eighty-Ninth Congress (Second Session), January 25, February 15, and March 4 and 8, 1966. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1966. U.S. Congress. Hearings Before the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy (Authorizing Legislation Fiscal Year 1968). Ninetieth Congress (First Session), Part 3, February 28, March 2 and 3, 1967. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1967. U.S. Congress. Hearings Before the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy (Authorizing Legislation Fiscal Year 1969). Ninetieth Congress (Second Ses­ sion), Part 1, January 30 and 31, February 5 and 6, 1968. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1968. U.S. Congress. Hearings Before the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy (Authorizing Legislation Fiscal Year 1970). Ninety-First Congress (First Ses­ sion), Part I, April 17 and 18, 1969. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1969. U.S. Congress. Hearings Before the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy (Authorizing Legislation Fiscal Year 1971). Ninety-First Congress (Second Session), Part 1, February 18 and 19, 1970. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1970. U.S. Congress. Hearings Before the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy no (Authorizing Legislation Fiscal Year 1972). Ninety-Second Congress (First Session), Part 3, March 9, 16, and 17, 1971. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1971. U.S Congress. Joint Hearing Before the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy Congress of the U. S. and the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs of the U.S. Senate (Nomination ofDr Robert C. Seamans, Jr., To Be Administrator, £/?D/4; Ninety-Third Congress, (Second Session), Decemberll, 1974. Wash­ ington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1974. U.S. Congress. Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Legislation of the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy (ERDA Authorizing Legislation Fiscal Year 1977). Ninety-Fourth Congress (Second Session), Part 2, February 4, 1976. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1976. U.S. Congress. United States Code: Congressional and Administrative News. Eighty-Third Congress — Second Session, 1954, Vol. 2. West Publishing Co. and Edward Thompson Company, 1954. Books and Pamphlets AUardice, Corbin and Edward R. Trapnell. The Atomic Energy Commission. New