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A Framework for Open Source Projects
A Framework for Open Source Projects Master Thesis in Computer Science submitted by Gregor J. Rothfuss [email protected] of Zurich, Switzerland Register No. 97-711-915 Supervisor: Prof. K. Bauknecht Department of Information Technology University of Zurich Zurich, November 12, 2002 Abstract The historical roots of Open Source are outlined. A comparison between Open Source projects and classical projects highlights strengths and weaknesses of both, and defines their attributes. Existing Open Source theories are evaluated, and the requirements for a framework for Open Source projects are determined. The framework introduces the notions of actors, roles, areas, processes and tools, and depicts their interrelationships in a matrix. Each aspect of the framework is then further developed to serve both as a conceptual foundation for Open Source and a help for organizing and managing Open Source projects. Die Geschichte von Open Source wird aufgezeigt. Ein Vergleich zwischen Open Source und klassischen Projekten beleuchtet Stärken und Schwächen beider Ansätze, und definiert deren Atribute. Existierende Open Source Theorien werden evaluiert, und die Anforderungen für ein Rahmenwerk über Open Source ermittelt. Das Rahmenwerk führt die Begriffe Akteur, Rolle, Bereich, Prozess und Werkzeug ein und illustriert deren Zusammenspiel in einer Matrix. Die einzelnen Aspekte des Rahmenwerks werden vertieft und dienen als konzeptuelle Grundlage für Open Source sowie helfen bei der Organisation und dem Management von Open Source Projekten. 2 Acknowledgements I would like to thank Prof. Dr. Kurt Bauknecht, head of the “Information Management” research group at the Department of Information Technology at the University of Zurich who made this master thesis possible. I would like to thank for valuable discussions and suggestions Carl P. -
Introduction to Free Software, February 2008
Free Software Jesús M. González-Barahona Joaquín Seoane Pascual Gregorio Robles PID_00148386 GNUFDL • PID_00148386 Free Software Copyright © 2010, FUOC. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License" GNUFDL • PID_00148386 Free Software Index 1. Introduction........................................................................................ 9 1.1. The concept of software freedom.................................................. 9 1.1.1. Definition ....................................................................... 10 1.1.2. Related terms ................................................................. 11 1.2. Motivations ................................................................................. 12 1.3. The consequences of the freedom of software ........................... 12 1.3.1. For the end user ............................................................ 13 1.3.2. For the public administration ....................................... 14 1.3.3. For the developer ........................................................... 14 1.3.4. For the integrator .......................................................... 15 1.3.5. For service and maintenance providers ......................... 15 1.4. Summary .................................................................................... -
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ISSN: 10240802 ISSN 1023-9006 MultidimensionalA priority for Europe space • Europe’s troubled seas p. 3 • Probiotic foods p. 8 • Hard questions about software p. 33 2 RTD info N° 38 July 2003 Editorial deserves particular mention. A number of coun- A press service such as AlphaGalileo (www.alpha Communicating tries have launched schemes which enable journal- galileo.org) provides access to pertinent national ists and scientists to swap roles. A scientist is information across an increasing area of Europe. in the European invited to write an article while a journalist tries But why not create a genuine European scientific dimension his or her hand at scientific research. As one press agency whose mission would be to ensure programme organiser explains, after such an cross-border media coverage of European experience researchers cease to fear journalists. Research Area activities? On 30 June, following an initiative by the Research We believe that such initiatives should be encour- Directorate-General’s Information and Communi- aged at European level. In this respect, the Brussels meeting was perhaps cation Unit, some 50 European journalists gathered a first step towards the creation of a ‘European in Brussels to exchange experiences and impres- As the European Research Area becomes a reality, scientific communication area’ as a natural corol- sions of their profession, as well as the difficulties Europe is sorely lacking a mechanism enabling it to lary of the European Research Area. experienced by the scientific press. The aim was not draw full benefit from its ‘home grown’ research to give vent to their woes but to see how they could activities. -
Wikireader Free Software and Free Contents
WIKIREADER FREE SOFTWARE AND FREE CONTENTS A COLLECTION OF ARTICLES FROM WIKIPEDIA, THE FREE ENCYCLOPEDIA Last change: June 28th, 2004 W I K I M E D I A F O U N D A T I O N IMPRINT Authors: The volunteer writers of the english Wikipedia Editor: Thomas R. "TomK32" Koll Notable Wikipedians for this WikiReader: Used fonts: FreeSerif und FreeMono Cover: Last change in this edition: June 28th 2004 at 22:40 CEST Webdress of Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org ISSN (Onlineedtion): 1613-7752 ISSN (Printedtion): not known yet A complete list of used articles and the names of all registered authors who worked on these articles can be found in the appendix. WIKIREADER INTERNET 1 ON WIKIPEDIA Wikipedia is a free encyclopedia which was started to give everyone a free source of knowledge which you not only can read but also extend in form of writing for it. On the website http://en.wikipedia.org you can not only find the current articles of Wikipedia but you can also start writing imediately without registration or identification. With this revolutionary method more than 700.000 articles were written since 2001 in more than 40 languages, and it's growing faster. In some languages Wikipedia is the first ency- clopedia ever. Since 2003 the Wikimedia Foundation is taking care of running the farm of webservers and also hosts and supports other projects like the multilinugual dictionary Wiktionary and the textbooks project WikiBooks. ON WIKIREADER WikiReader is a randomly published series of collections of Wikipedia articles, a detai- led overview over a certain topic presented in a editored form. -
T Racing the D Ynabook : As Tudy of T Echnocultural T Ransformations
T RACING THE DYNABOOK: A STUDY OF TECHNOCULTURAL T RANSFORMATIONS by John W. Maxwell MPub, Simon Fraser University, 1997 B.A. (honours), University of British Columbia, 1988 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in The Faculty of Graduate Studies (Curriculum and Instruction) UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA November, 2006 © John W. Maxwell, 2006 i Abstract The origins of the personal computer are found in an educational vision. Desktop computing and multimedia were not first conceived as tools for office workers or media professionals— they were prototyped as “personal dynamic media” for children. Alan Kay, then at Xerox’ Palo Alto Research Center, saw in the emerging digital world the possibility of a communications revolution and argued that this revolution should be in the hands of children. Focusing on the development of the “Dynabook,” Kay’s research group established a wide-ranging conception of personal and educational computing, based on the ideal of a new systems literacy, of which computing is an integral part. Kay’s research led to two dominant computing paradigms: the graphical user interface for personal computers, and object-oriented programming. By contrast, Kay’s educational vision has been largely forgotten, overwhelmed by the sheer volume of discourse on e-learning and the Web. However, an historical analysis of Kay’s educational project and its many contributions reveals a conception of educational computing that is in many ways more compelling than anything we have today, as it is based on a solid foundation of educational theory, one that substantially anticipates and addresses some of the biggest civil/political issues of our time, those of the openness and ownership of cultural expression. -
DE-BUGGING OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE LICENSING Robert W
DE-BUGGING OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE LICENSING Robert W. Gomulkiewicz* Given enough eyeballs, all bugs are shallow.1 Eric S. Raymond I. INTRODUCTION Home computer users and businesses often rely on software developed by unconventional programmers2 known as “hackers.”3 Hackers claim that the code they develop is superior in quality to the code developed by commercial software firms because hackers freely share the code they develop.4 This code sharing enables a multitude of programmers from around the world to rapidly find and fix bugs.5 The legal mechanism that enables hackers to deploy this * Mr. Gomulkiewicz is Director of the Intellectual Property Law and Policy Graduate Program and Research Associate Professor of Law at the University of Washington School of Law. Formerly, he was an Associate General Counsel with Microsoft Corporation and chair of the UCITA Working Group of the Business Software Alliance. The views expressed in this article are the personal views of the author. The author would like to thank Tom Quinn for his insights into the open source community, and Carolyn Quinn and Andrea Lairson for listening patiently to many hours of discussion on the subject. 1. Eric Steven Raymond, The Cathedral and the Bazaar, at http://www.tuxedo.org/~esr/ writings/cathedral-bazaar/cathedral-bazaar/index.html [hereinafter Raymond, The Cathedral and the Bazaar] (last visited Sept. 22, 2002). 2. Open source leader Bruce Perens refers to hackers as “unconventional programmers.” See Bruce Perens, The Open Source Definition, in OPENSOURCES: VOICES FROM THE OPEN SOURCE REVOLUTION 171, 173 (Chris DiBona et al. eds., 1999), available at http://www.netlibrary.com/ebook_info.asp?product_ id=24215 [hereinafter Perens, The Open Source Definition] (last visited Sept. -
Open Systems in Practice and Theory
OPEN SYSTEMS IN PRACTICE AND THEORY: THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF PARTICIPATORY INFORMATION NETWORKS A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Shay David May 2008 © 2008 Shay David OPEN SYSTEMS IN PRACTICE AND THEORY: THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF PARTICIPATORY INFORMATION NETWORKS Shay David, Ph.D. Cornell University 2008 Over the last several years there has been a dramatic shift in the role of amateurs, volunteers and hobbyists as it pertains to the production, distribution and use of information and communication technologies. The work presents four case studies that explore this transition and aim to explain how and why large-scale, participatory systems that are open to volunteer contribution are becoming important in our time. The cases include: (1) Linux, a free computer operating system, that is disrupting proprietary software models (2) BiOS, an initiative that aims to import participatory models into the life sciences; (3) the American Radio Relay League, a volunteer organization that connects radio hams in order to relay messages from coast to coast; and (4) the Ground Observer Corps, a cold-war paramilitary organization that uses volunteers as human radars for detecting enemy aircraft. The dissertation explores continuities and discontinuities between these systems and traditional information networks, develops the analytic term ‘open systems’, and builds an explanatory framework that shows how relevant social groups who negotiate laws, norms, markets, and technical architectures, or code, effect the social construction of these systems. The work uses this framework to explore the clashes between the ideologies of openness and enclosure. -
A Study of Intellectual Property and Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) Licensing Schemes from a Relational Contract Perspective
The London School of Economics and Political Science Authoring Collaborative Projects: A Study of Intellectual Property and Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) Licensing Schemes from a Relational Contract Perspective Chenwei Zhu Submitted to the London School of Economics and Political Science for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy London, October 2011 1 Declaration I certify that the thesis I have presented for examination for the PhD degree of the London School of Economics and Political Science is solely my own work. The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgement is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without the prior written consent of the author. I warrant that this authorisation does not, to the best of my belief, infringe the rights of any third party. 2 Abstract The emergence of free and open source software (FOSS) has posed many challenges to the mainstream proprietary software production model. This dissertation endeavours to address these challenges through tackling the following legal problem: how does FOSS licensing articulate a legal language of software freedom in support of large-scale collaboration among FOSS programmers who have to face a rather hostile legal environment underlined by a dominant ideology of possessive individualism? I approach this problem from three aspects. The first aspect examines the unique historical context from which FOSS licensing has emerged. It focuses on the most prominent “copyleft” licence—GNU General Public Licence—which has been shaped by the tension between the MIT-style hacker custom and intellectual property law since the 1980s. -
Sandbox Culture a Study of the Application of Free and Open Source Software Licensing Ideas to Art and Cultural Production
Sandbox Culture A Study of the Application of Free and Open Source Software Licensing Ideas to Art and Cultural Production Aymeric Mansoux Supervisor: Matthew Fuller Thesis presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Centre for Cultural Studies, Goldsmiths, University of London, February 2017 I, Aymeric Mansoux, confirm that the work presented in this thesis ismy own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. Date: February 19, 2017 Signed: Abstract In partial response to the inability of intellectual property laws to adapt to data-sharing over computer networks, several initiatives have proposed techno-legal alternatives to encourage the free circulation and transfor- mation of digital works. These alternatives have shaped part of contem- porary digital culture for more than three decades and are today often associated with the “free culture” movement. The different strands of this movement are essentially derived from a narrower concept of soft- ware freedom developed in the nineteen-eighties, and which is enforced within free and open source software communities. This principle was the first significant effort to articulate a reusable techno-legal template to work around the limitations of intellectual property laws. It also of- fered a vision of network culture where community participation and sharing was structural. From alternate tools and workflow systems, artist-run servers, net- work publishing experiments, open data and design lobbies, cooperative and collaborative frameworks, but also novel copyright licensing used by both non-profit organisations and for-profit corporations, the impact on cultural production of practices developed in relation to the ideas of iii free and open source software has been both influential and broadly ap- plied. -
Open Source Free Software and Contractual Issues
15 Tex. Intell. Prop. L.J. 157 Texas Intellectual Property Law Journal Winter 2007 Article OPEN SOURCE, FREE SOFTWARE, AND CONTRACTUAL ISSUES Dr. José J. González de Alaiza Cardonaa1 Copyright (c) 2007 State Bar of Texas, Intellectual Property Law Section; Dr. José J. González de Alaiza Cardona Table of Contents I. Introduction 159 II. General Part 159 A. Open Source Numbers 159 B. Technical Concepts 162 C. Historic Overview 165 D. Free Software Foundations and Perspectives 170 1. Introduction 170 2. Definition 170 3. Moral Foundations 171 4. Legal Approach 173 5. Software Development 174 6. Economic Models 177 E. Free Software v. Open Source Software 178 1. Introduction 178 2. Terminology 179 3. Definitions 181 4. Philosophy 183 5. Representative Licenses: GNU GPL v. BSD License 184 6. Conclusions 184 III. Contractual Issues 185 A. Introduction 185 B. Contract v. License 186 1. Relevance of the Discussion 186 2. Conceptual Approach 188 3. The Dual Solution 190 C. Consideration 193 1. Introduction 193 2. Definition 193 3. Peppercorn Theory 193 4. Consideration in Copyleft Software Licenses 194 D. Clickwrap and Shrinkwrap Agreements 194 1. Introduction 194 2. Shrinkwrap and Clickwrap Licenses in the Courts 195 3. Enforceability of Copyleft Licenses as Shrinkwrap or Clickwrap Contracts 199 4. Unenforceability of Copyleft Licenses as Shrinkwrap or Clickwrap Contracts 201 E. Privity 202 1. Introduction 202 2. Privity Concerns in Copyleft Software Licenses 202 3. Relativization of Privity Concerns in Copyleft Software Licenses 203 F. Warranty Disclaimer 204 1. Introduction 204 2. Merchants 204 3. Non-Merchants 206 G. Copyright v. Contract 207 1.