A Room with a View: Excavations at Ravelrig Quarry | 137
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Proc Soc Antiq Scot 143 (2013), 137–156A ROOM WITH A VIEW: EXCAVATIONS AT RAVELRIG QUARRY | 137 A room with a view: excavations at Ravelrig Quarry Christine Rennie* ABSTRACT Excavations at Ravelrig Quarry, City of Edinburgh (NGR: NT 1434 6696) revealed activity from the Late Neolithic, and Late Bronze Age, although the main phase of activity was the construction of a palisaded homestead during the Early Iron Age. Inside an oval-shaped palisade was a circular ring-groove roundhouse and a possible second circular structure comprising ditches and post-holes. The roundhouse contained a central hearth with associated post-holes, two large pits and features that appear to represent the early formation of a ring-ditch. This phase has been radiocarbon dated to 600–400 cal BC. INTRODUCTION The area around the site consisted of very uneven terrain with frequent bedrock outcrops, In January 2009, Tarmac Limited commissioned which generally dropped away to the north, GUARD Archaeology Ltd (formerly Glasgow interspersed with several distinct terraces. University Archaeological Research Division) The general area of the site is shown as being to carry out the excavation of three enclosures cultivated from the later 18th century (Laurie and associated features in advance of a 1766) until the mid-19th century (Ordnance quarry extension at Ravelrig Quarry, City of Survey 1853). The superficial geology Edinburgh (illus 1 and 2). These previously comprised silts and gravels, while the bedrock unrecorded features were uncovered during an consisted of Dalmahoy sill of Carboniferous evaluation of the proposed quarry extension in date (BGS 1956). December 2008 and January 2009 (Maguire 2010). The archaeological site was centred at approximately NGR: NT 1434 6696 and lay ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONTEXT on the south-east side of the existing Ravelrig Quarry. The site, the main part of which lay The landscape immediately west of the at 198m AOD, occupied two terraces on the archaeological site is dominated by the loca- north-facing slope of Ravelrig Hill and had tions of two Scheduled Monuments, Dalmahoy commanding views to the west, north and east. Hillfort (SAM 1213; NMRS NT16NW 1) and Old Ravelrig Quarry lay immediately east Kaimes Hillfort (SAM 1172; NMRS NT16NW of the excavation and a track relating to the 2). The fort on the former is believed to date quarry ran through the approximate centre of to the early medieval period when the summit the site. Surviving earth works associated with of the hill was fortified by a series of walls the 19th-century quarry were investigated and and ramparts leading up to a citadel with a recorded as part of the excavation, but are not single narrow entrance (Stevenson 1951: 191). included in this report, which relates solely to Possible prehistoric activity at Dalmahoy is the prehistoric remains. suggested by the remains of three hut circles, * GUARD Archaeology Limited, 52 Elderpark Workspace, 100 Elderpark Street, Glasgow G51 3TR 138 | SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND, 2013 Hope Bay Forth Road North Queensferry Bridge Toll 4 Forth Bridge Barnbougle Castle QUEENSFERRY B924 Services EDINBURGH S Dalmeny House Dalmeny Newton Oceanp Terminal Dundas 1 4 Leith Castle A90 Cramond Granton Cramond B9085 12 Kirkliston Bridge 9 Edinburgh Mon a Tower 1a Airport 3 B701 Portobell Turnhouse Palace Ingliston 8 3 Corstorphine 822 Duddingston Newbridge Gogar Castle Canal 1 A8 7 Burnside Ratho New m Station Area shown2 in 3 Suntrap Morningside Craigmillar B7030 1 Castle 5 detail below Ratho Craiglockhart A7 Inverness Hermiston Danderhall Bonnington Aberdeen Juniper Colinton A772 14 Liberton 7 A71 Green Fairmilehead Gilmerton LIVINGSTON 5 Mon Wilkieston S Currie 5 Kaimes East Calder Dreghorn Fort Services Hillend A720 Eskba Kirknewton Straiton Oakbank 1618 LOANHEAD B7031 Balerno Harlaw A768 LASSWAD Edinburgh Reservoir 13 BONNY Glasgow Leith A703 Bilston Polton Ravelrig Threipmuir Woodhouselee B704 of Castlelaw Castle A6094 Quarry Reservoir Roslin 1636 Easter Reservoir A70 Dalhousie Water Glencorse Howgate Chapel Resr Milton Castle Rosewell Bavelaw Loganlea Bridge Castle Castle Reservoir A702 Auchendinny Harperrig Reservoir 1898 10 3 3 3 13 15 14 000 mE 000 mE 000 mE Ravelrig Hill Area A 667000 mN Dalmahoy Hill Ravelrig Quarries Area C Area B Kaimes Hill 666000 mN Key Wooded area survey 0 500 m Metal detection survey Reproduced by permission of Ordnance Survey on Stone wall survey behalf of the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationary Survey area Office. All rights reserved. Licence number 100029241. Illus 1 Site location map A ROOM WITH A VIEW: EXCAVATIONS AT RAVELRIG QUARRY | 139 which were surveyed and also described, by V G Childe in 1940 found evidence for three although the dating should be regarded as phases of occupation, these being distinguished speculative as none of the hut circles were by remodelling of the ramparts and the excavated (ibid: 190). construction of hut circles (Childe 1941: 53–4). Archaeological investigations at the fort A recently published account of excavations on Kaimes Hill have been carried out since carried out by D D A Simpson during the 1960s the mid-19th century, when the Reverend J and 1970s concludes that: Clason described the remains in his account of the various campaigns of archaeological investi- Ratho parish, included in the second Statistical gation at Kaimes Hill suggest a protracted and Account of Scotland (Clason 1839 Vol 1: 91–2). probably intermittent use of the site, beginning in Excavation in advance of quarrying carried out the Mesolithic period [represented by microliths] 3 667000 mN 3 14 14 750 mE 800 mE Quarry A Earthworks A’ Hearth Waste Structure B Palisade Palisade Structure A Structure B Hearth Waste Key bedrock 666950 mN 0 20 m Illus 2 Pre-excavation plan 140 | SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND, 2013 and extending through to the present day (Simpson technique consistent with a later Bronze Age et al 2004: 109). date. No negative features produced radiocarbon dates that correspond with Late Neolithic or Although Simpson found evidence of Bronze later Bronze Age activity on the site. Age settlement, the majority of the remains from this date are ritualistic in function and comprise a cup-and-ring marked stone, a EARLY IRON AGE SETTLEMENT kerbed cairn and standing stones. The Iron Age remains on the site comprise ramparts The settlement at Ravelrig comprises an oval that were apparently constructed to channel palisaded enclosure surrounding a roundhouse movement within the hillfort and control (Structure A) and a possible roundhouse access to the upper terrace (Simpson et al 2004: (Structure B), both defined – at least partially – 110–11). Radiocarbon samples from Ramparts by a ring-groove. 1 and 2, and from Houses 2, 4 and 5 all give dates of after 380 cal bc. Some Roman Iron The Palisade Age activity is indicated by the recovery of a A large oval-shaped pit (175) with a post-hole coin of Septimius Severus (ad 193–211), but (165) dug into its south end lay to the north of the general paucity of Roman artefacts suggests the palisade entrance. The pit was truncated by that Kaimes Hill was not occupied during the the palisade ditch (028) and must, therefore, Roman Iron Age, and that the settlement and pre-date the outer enclosure. This pit may social functions of the hillfort may have, have been dug in order to remove boulders ‘transferred to Dalmahoy Hill, where an Early from the area prior to the construction of the Historic centre may well have developed’ palisade. No datable evidence was recovered (Simpson et al 2004: 114–15). from the pit fills, although the later post-hole contained a postpipe (157), and two worked stones (SF65 and 66) were recovered from the EVIDENCE FOR PRE-IRON AGE ACTIVITY post-hole fill. The palisade comprised an oval-shaped The excavation and post-excavation analysis trench enclosing an area that measured 28m identified phases of activity at Ravelrig Quarry north/south and 34m east/west. The palisade from the Late Neolithic, later Bronze Age and trench was investigated by the digging of 23 slot Early Iron Age that were broadly determined trenches and was found to be 150m long, 0.28m by radiocarbon dates, artefactual dating and wide and up to 0.30m deep, with straight sides stratigraphic relationships. The Late Neolithic culminating in a U-shaped base (illus 4). The is represented by imported Yorkshire flints primary fill of the ditch for most of its circuit found on the site that had been reduced using a contained numerous large packing stones, with Levallois-like technique that dates these artefacts spacing between the stones ranging from over to the Late Neolithic (see Lithic Assemblage 3m at the west to an average of about 2m at the below). As the flints were recovered mainly from south of the trench. Most were set in an upright occupation layer 005 in Structure A and from the position and formed a double row of stones fills of the palisade trench and the ring-groove that may have contained wattlework panels of Structure A, their deposition is most likely to (Maguire 2010: 22). Analysis of the botanical be residual and the result of backfilling features remains from fills 006, 102, 118, 125, 130, 174 during construction of the Iron Age structures. and 192 of the palisade trench might suggest A second group of lithic artefacts comprised that the palisade comprised woven willow local pebbles primarily reduced using bipolar panels supported by upright oak posts. Some of Slot FF Slot PP 205 195 199 200 197 Slot II Slot DD Slot EE Slot AA Slot BB Slot